Circulatory System Overview

Circulatory System

• The heart is a hollow, muscular organ about the size of a fist.
• Coronary vessels surround the heart.
• The heart pumps blood throughout the entire body.
• The heart has four chambers: right and left atria and ventricles.
• The heart has four valves: tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary, and aortic.
• The vena cava is the deoxygenated entrance, with superior and inferior sections.
• The right atrium and ventricle receive deoxygenated blood.
• The tricuspid valve controls blood flow between the right atrium and ventricle.
• The pulmonary valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.
• Gas exchange occurs in the lungs.
• The left atrium and ventricle receive oxygenated blood.
• The mitral valve controls blood flow between the left atrium and ventricle.
• The left ventricle is the heart's largest and strongest chamber.
• The aortic valve controls blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.
• The aorta is part of the systemic circulation.
• There are three types of blood circulation: coronary, pulmonary, and systemic.

Reproduction

• Reproduction is a biological process in which a species produces offspring.
• It is a continuous process.
• There are two different types: sexual and asexual.

Asexual Reproduction

• Binary fission: a type of cell division in which a cell splits into two daughter cells.
• Types include irregular (Amoeba), longitudinal (Euglena), and transverse (Paramecium).
• Budding: the offspring remains attached to the parent until it can detach and live independently.
• It occurs in unicellular and multicellular organisms.
• Parthenogenesis: an embryo develops without fertilization.
• Sporogenesis: process used in reproduction. It involves spores produced for reproduction.
• Fragmentation: parts of an organism break off and develop into new individuals.

Sexual Reproduction

• Fertilization: fusion of gametes (sperm and egg).
• Viviparity: embryo develops inside the parent's body.
• Oviparity: laying developing eggs.
• Formation of gametes: meiosis and cell division.
• Pollination: transfer of pollen from the stamen (male part of a flower) to the pistil (female part of a flower).

Regeneration

• Regrowth of lost body parts.

Genetic Engineering

• Manipulation of genetic material.
• Recombinant DNA Technology.
• Gene Modification.
• Process of genetic engineering.
• Gene cloning: producing large amounts of a gene.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

• Crops, animals, microorganisms, and pharmacies can be genetically modified.
• Improves yield, growth rates and nutritional value.