Earth And Life Science Q2 Notes PDF

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 2 SECOND QUARTER HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS, PARTS AND FUNCTION SYSTEM PARTS FUNCTIONS CIRCULATORY Heart, blood, blood vessels Transports gas...

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 2 SECOND QUARTER HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS, PARTS AND FUNCTION SYSTEM PARTS FUNCTIONS CIRCULATORY Heart, blood, blood vessels Transports gases, fluids waste products, nutrients, hormones to the body DIGESTIVE Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, Breakdown food into smaller particles stomach, small and large intestines, with help of enzymes so it can be rectum, anus absorbed and used by cells ENDOCRINE Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, Produces hormones, send chemical parathyroid, adrenal glands, pineal messages through the body, control body, reproductive organs growth, development and metabolism EXCRETORY/URINARY Kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, Eliminates, waste products from the urethra body INTEGUMENTARY Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands and oil Provides barrier against injury and glands infection, helps regulate body temperature, protects against dehydration, secretes sweat and gases LYMPHATIC/IMMUNE White blood cells, tonsils, adenoids, Protects the body against disease and thymus, spleen, lymph nodes infection MUSCULAR Skeletal, smooth and cardiac Allows for movement body parts, muscles digestion, circulation NERVOUS Brain, spinal cord, nerves Monitors and coordinates internal organ function and responds to changes in the external environment RESPIRATORY Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, lungs, Allows for gas exchange of carbon trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, dioxide and oxygen between blood, air alveoli REPRODUCTIVE Testes, penis, prostate, seminal Produce reproductive cells, produces vesicles, ovaries, vagina, uterus, hormones and nurtures developing fallopian tubes embryo SKELETAL Bones, cartilages, ligaments, Provides structure and support, allows tendons for movement, produces red and white blood cells, stores mineral reserves FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF LIFE All known organisms share certain general properties. To a large degree, these properties define what we mean by life. The following fundamental properties are shared by all organisms on earth. Cellular organization. All organisms consist of one or more cells—complex, organized assemblages of molecules enclosed within membranes. Sensitivity. All organisms respond to stimuli—though not always to the same stimuli in the same ways. Growth. All living things assimilate energy and use it to grow, a process called metabolism. Plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight to create covalent carbon bonds from CO2 and H2O through photosynthesis. This transfer of the energy in covalent bonds is essential to all life on earth Development. Multicellular organisms undergo systematic gene-directed changes as they grow and mature.  Reproduction. All living things reproduce, passing on traits from one generation to the next. Although some organisms live for a very long time, no organism lives forever, as far as we know. Because all organisms die, ongoing life is impossible without reproduction. Regulation. All organisms have regulatory mechanisms that coordinate internal processes. Homeostasis. All living things maintain relatively constant internal conditions, different from their environment. HOW CAN YOU DETERMINE LIFE 1.Movement -most animals move about, but movement from one place to another itself is not diagnostic of life. Most plants and even some animals do not move about, while numerous non-living objects, such as clouds, do move. The criterion of movement is thus neither necessary (possessed by all life) nor sufficient (possessed only by life) 2.Sensitivity - almost all living things respond to stimuli. Plants grow toward light, and animals retreat from fire. Not all stimuli produce response. This criterion, although superior to the first, is still inadequate to define life. 3.Death - the loss of life. Unless one can detect life, death is meaningless concept, and hence a very inadequate criterion for defining life. 4.Complexity - all living things are complex. Even the simplest bacteria contain a bewildering array of molecules, organized into many complex structures. However a computer is also complex, but not alive. Complexity is a necessary criterion of life, but it is not sufficient in itself to identify living things because many complex things are not alive. THEORIES ON HOW LIFE BEGUN 1. Extraterrestrial origin- The hypothesis explains that life originated on another planet outside our Solar System. Life was then carried to Earth on a meteorite or an asteroid and colonized Earth. However, this hypothesis has not been proven. 2. Panspermia- The theory presumes that the “seed” of life exists all over the universe and can be propagated through space, and that life on Earth originated from those seeds. 3. Divine creation- Many people believe that life was put on Earth by divine forces. Creation theories are common to many of the world’s religions and cultures. 4. Origin from nonliving matter- Scientist believed that life arose on Earth from inanimate matter after Earth had cooled. They stated that random events probably produced stable molecule that could self-replicate. Then, natural selection favored changes in the rate of reproduction which eventually led to the first cell. CONNECTION AND INTERACTION OF LIVING ORGANISM 1. ECOLOGY- It is the branch of biology that deals with the study of living organisms and their relationships with each other and their environment. 2. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS- A system consists of related parts that interact with each other to form a whole. It has different parts, but each plays a significant role for the whole to function as one. Without the help of each other, it cannot fully perform its function. 3. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION- Cells considered as the basic unit of life. All living organisms are made up of cell. When cell work together, they form tissues. A group of tissues that perform a same functions form the organs. A group of organs that works together form the different organ systems. An organism consist of many organ systems but function as one individual.  4. FORMS AND FUNCTIONS- The function of an organism or a part of an organism greatly depends on its form and structure. It is related to how it works. An example of this is the webbed foot of a duck which helps the duck swim and search for their food under water. Other birds have different structures of feet used for perching and grasping food. 5. REPRODUCTION AND INHERITANCE- Reproduction ensures the survival of species. All living organisms reproduce either through asexual or sexual reproduction. In asexual reproduction, the offspring inherits the genes from a single parent. However, in sexual reproduction, the offspring inherit the genes from two individual parents. Some examples of animals that undergo asexual reproduction include earthworms, hydra, planaria, and bacteria. Animals that undergo sexual reproduction include some reptiles, fishes, insects, and mammals. 6. ENERGY AND LIFE- Living organisms obtain energy from the food they eat. Plants undergo photosynthesis where they convert the energy from the sun into sugar. Since most of the animals cannot produce their own energy, they get the energy from the consumption and assimilation of the biomass of plants and other animals. 7. THERMAL REGULATION- The ability of an organism to regulate their internal conditions is called homeostasis. 8. ADAPTATION AND EVOLUTION- In a world that is continuously changing, life itself evolves. Evolution is the change in the physical and heritable traits of organisms over successive generations. Organisms change over time to acclimate to their environment to survive. If they fail to adapt to the changes, they usually become extinct. The Baiji white dolphin, for example, became extinct due to diminished food supply and in addition to that, the pollution caused by human activities. One contemporary example of adaptation is the Aedes aegypti or the mosquito famous for carrying dengue that caused major outbreaks nationwide. CELL - The basic unit of life - The fundamental structure and functional unit of life DISCOVERY OF THE CELL -the invention of microscope help scientists to study what living organisms composed of. -Robert Hooke, an English Scientist, first observed cell and in doing so he named them cells -He examined a slice of cork in a primitive microscope and he saw tiny boxes, which he thoughts looked like a room and led to him calling them cell. However what Hooke actually saw was the dead cell walls of plant cells (cork) as it appeared under the microscope. THE CELL THEORY The cell theory was first proposed by Matthias Schleiden (1838) and Theodore Schwann (1839). Rudolf Virchow (1855) later added the concept of formation of cells; to this theory. The cell theory is as follows: a. All living things are made of cells b. It is the smallest living unit structure and function of all organisms. c. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.