ეკონომიკისა-და-ბიზნესის-საფუძვლები-1 PDF

კონსტანტინე თოფურია ეკონომიკისა და ბიზნესის საფუძვლები საქართველოს უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა თბილისი 2015 ავტორი: კონსტანტინე თოფურია საქართველო, თბილისი, 0175, მ. კოსტავა 77ა. ელ. ფოსტა: [email protected]  sarCevi Tavi I. Ses...

კონსტანტინე თოფურია ეკონომიკისა და ბიზნესის საფუძვლები საქართველოს უნივერსიტეტის გამომცემლობა თბილისი 2015 ავტორი: კონსტანტინე თოფურია საქართველო, თბილისი, 0175, მ. კოსტავა 77ა. ელ. ფოსტა: [email protected]  sarCevi Tavi I. Sesavali 1 Tavi II. mikroekonomika _ rogor muSaobs bazari 21 Tavi III. makroekonomika, I nawili 48 Tavi IV. makroekonomika, II nawili 75 Tavi 5. globaluri ekonomika 98 Tavi 6. warmoeba 120 Tavi 7. sawarmoebi – biznesis wamowyeba, biznesis organizebis samarTlebrivi da struqturuli formebi 143 Tavi 8. sawarmos marTva _ menejmenti 170 Tavi 9. adamianuri faqtori menejmentSi _ lideroba da motivacia, gunduri muSaoba 186 Tavi 10. momxmarebelTan saerTo enis gamonaxva: marketingi rogorc xelovneba da mecniereba 207 Tavi 11. nawarmi, faswarmoqmnis, distribuciisa da promouSenis strategiebi 223 Tavi 12. finansuri aRricxva 261 Tavi 13. finansebis marTva 278  Tavi I. am TavSi Tqven gaigebT:  ras Seiswavlis ekonomika.  ras niSnavs resursebi da misi gamoyeneba sazogadoebis mier.  ra aris sawarmoo faqtori da ra gavlena aqvs mas ekonomikur keTildReobaze.  ras gulisxmobs warmoebis procesi.  ra aris saWiroeba, moTxovnileba da moTxovna.  ra rols TamaSobs bazari Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikur sistemaSi.  ra aris biznesi.  ras niSnavs samewarmeo saqmianoba.  ra aris biznesis socialuri da ekonomikuri daniSnuleba.  ras gviCvenebs ekonomikuri wrebrunvis modeli. ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. Sesavali ras Seiswavlis ekonomika? ekonomika _ rogorc mecniereba, Seiswavlis, rogor iyenebs sazogadoeba sakuTar resursebs im saqonlisa Tu momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad da gadasanawileblad, rac saWiroa misi saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. yovelive zemoTTqmuli ufro gasagebi rom gaxdes, saTiTaod ganvmartoT iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa: resursebi, warmoeba, saWiroebebi, moTxovnilebebi, saqoneli da momsaureba. intuitiurad albaT gesmiT maTi mniSvneloba, magrampirvel rigSi, avxsnaT Tu ras niSnavs sazogadoebis mier sakuTari resursebis gamoyeneba saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad. amisaTvis ganvmartoT ramdenime cneba: resursebi resursebi aris is, rasac sazogadoeba saqonlis Sesaqmnelad da momsaxurebis gasawevad iyenebs. magaliTad, saxnav-saTesad vargisi miwa erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi resursia, amaze qvemoT gveqneba saubari, Tumca dedamiwaze arsebuli es resursi ar aris mTlianad aTvisebuli, (albaT mravalgan ginaxavT daumuSavebeli miwebi). im saxnav-saTes savargulebs, romelsac sxvadasxva ferma amuSavebs, anu, zogadad, ama Tu im resursis im nawils, rac konkretul warmoebaSi gamoiyeneba sawarmoo faqtori ewodeba. cxadia, resursis rac ufro didi nawili iqneba sawarmoo faqtorad qceuli, miT metad iqneba konkretuli resursi aTvisebuli da gamoyenebuli. is sazogadoeba ki, romelic mis xelT arsebul resursebs maqsimalurad iTvisebs, ekonomikuri keTildReobis ufro maRali doniTac xasiaTdeba. resursebi da Sesabamisad, sawarmoo faqtorebic, 5 kategoriad iyofa:  bunebrivi resursi (miwa) _ bunebriv resursebs sxvagvarad miwasac uwodeben, Tumca aq, ra Tqma unda, mxolod miwa ar igulisxmeba, aramed bunebrivi resursia yovelive is, rac sasargebloa sakuTar bunebriv mdgomareobaSi: miwa, tye, wiaRiseuli, wyali da a.S. magaliTad, navTobis mwarmoebeli kompaniebi iyeneben bunebriv resurss wiaRiseuli navTobis saxiT. es maTi umTavresi sawarmoo faqtoria. aseve, sakurorto zonaSi arsebuli sastumro iyenebs bunebriv resurss, es iqneba mTa, zRva, tye, gansakuTrebuli buneba, hava Tu sxva, rac am sastumros gansakuTrebiT momxibvlels xdis damsveneblebisTvis.  adamianuri resursi (muSaxelis Sroma) _ yvela Sromisunariani adamiani, ukve dasaqmebuli an potenciuri muSaxeli adamianur resurss warmoadgens. am resursidan warmoebis faqtors warmoadgens nebismieri muSakis Sroma vinc monawileobs nawarmis SeqmnaSi. roca adamianur resursze vsaubrobT, aRsaniSnavia misi iseTi maxasiaTebeli rogoricaa janmrTeloba. cxadia janmrTeli TanamSromlebi gacilebiT mets Seqmnian, vidre igive raodenobiT, janmrTeloba Seryeuli muSa-xeli, romelic avadmyofobis gamo naxevrad acdens samsaxurs.  kapitaluri resursi _ adamianis mier Seqmnili resursTa erToblioba, rac nawarmis Sesaqmneladaa saWiro. kapitali sam kategoriad iyofa: fizikuri kapitali, rogoricaa: fuli, kompiuteruli da sxva teqnika, manqana-danadgarebi, xelsawyo-iaraRebi, Senoba- nagebobebi da a.S.; aramaterialuri kapitali: - rogoricaa kompiuteruli programa, raime produqtis warmoebis patenti Tu eqskluziuri ufleba, kompaniis reputacia (brendi, gudvili) da sxv.; adamianuri kapitali – specialuri codna da unarebi, romliTac TanamSromlebi arian aRWurvilni. 2 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I.  samewarmeo unari _ adamianis survili, Jini da mzadyofna riski gaswios axal-axali biznesebis wamosawyebad da gasaviTareblad; unari Tavi mouyaros resursebs da mimarTos isini nawarmis Sesaqmnelad.  codna _ kacobriobis mier dagrovili codna, rac moicavs uzarmazar speqtrs: codnas sabunebismetyvelo dargSi, sainJinro teqnologiebisa Tu kacobriobis istoriis Sesaxeb. sakacobrio codnis nawili, rac konkretul warmoebaSi SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes sawarmoo faqtoris saxiT aris: konkretul sawarmoSi dagrovili codna-gamocdileba, ama Tu im produqtis Sesaqmnelad saWiro sawarmoo teqnologia, raime samuSaos Sesrulebis meTodi, recepti da SesaZloa saidumlo teqnologiac. xSirad uWirT gansxvavebis danaxva codnas, rogorc sawarmoo faqtorsa da adamianur kapitals Soris. aq gansxvaveba isaa, rom sakacobrio codna TavisTavad arebobs - Cawerilia wignebSi, eleqtronul matareblebze da a.S., Tumca faqti, rom is arsebobs, veraferi xeiria sawarmosTvis, romlis TanamSromlebsac ar aqvT es codna SeTvisebuli da mas sawarmoo proceSi ver iyeneben. adamianur kapitals Seqmna da ganviTareba sWirdeba, rogorc sxva kapitalur resursebs. es TanamSromlebis ganaTlebiT trenirebiT da a.S. miiRweva. codna, rogorc resursi, sazogadoa, xolo adamianuri kapitali konkretul adamianzea mibmuli, misi ganuyofeli nawilia. Coga umetes SemTxvevaSi, yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomia (Tu raime saidumlo teqnologiasTan ar gvaqvs saqme, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gamagrilebeli sasmeli “koka kolas” recepti), Tumca misi gamoyeneba mxolod saTanadod momzadebul adamianebs SeuZliaT. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi romc aSendes “rols-roisis” Zravebis qarxana, miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa is aRiWurvos saWiro roboto-teqnikiTa da warmoebisTvis saWiro manqana danadgarebiT (fizikuri kapitaliT); miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianuri resursi saqarTveloSic uxvad moipoveba (bevri adamiania, vinc siamovnebiT imuSavebda msgavs qarxanaSi) da miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs sajarod xelmisawvdomi teqnologiuri codna imis Sesaxeb Tu rogor unda damzaddes kargi xarisxis Zravebi (codnis resursi), mainc gaWirdeba maRali xarisxis Zravebis warmoeba, radgan SesaZloa ar aRmoCndes saTanado resursi adamianuri kapitalis saxiT (injinrebi, kvalificiuri muSebi da a.S.) – maRali xarisxis Zravebis warmoebas gawvrTnili, saTanado codnisa da unarebis mqone xalxi sWirdeba. warmoeba warmoeba aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac sawarmoo faqtorebi, gardaiqmneba nawarmad anu, produqtad, romelsac Semdgom momxmarebeli moixmars sakuTari saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. magaliTad, roca limonaTis qarxana awarmoebs forToxlis limonaTs, is iyenebs: bunebriv resurss _ miwas, sadac dargulia forToxlis nargavebi da modis mosavali, havas, TviTon forToxals, da a.S.; adamianur resurss _ im momuSaveebis Sromas, vinc krefs forToxals, muSaobs qarxanaSi sawarmoo xazze, monawileobas iRebs forToxlis Semdgom gadamuSavebaSi, gadatvirTvaSi, qarxnis teritoriis dasufTavebaSi, dacvaSi, produqtis gayidvaSi, procesebis teqnikur da kompiuterul uzrunvelyofaSi da a.S.; kapitalur resurss _ fizikur kapitals: is satvirTo manqanebi, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba forToxlis gadazidva, is danadgarebi, romelTa saSualebiTac xdeba limonaTis Camosxma, konveierebi, kompiuterebi da a.S. adamianur kapitals: limonaTis damzadebis teqnologiis specialistebi da a.S. samewarmeo unars _ yovelivem gamarTulad rom imuSaos saTanado gaZRola, dagegmva da organizebaa saWiro, aseve sakuTar klientebsa Tu konkurentebTan urTierTobas Taviseburi alRo sWirdeba, konkurencias rom gauZlo mudam siaxleebis ZiebaSi unda iyo, rac TavisTavad moiTxovs garkveuli riskis gawevas. codnas – warmoebis TiToeul etapze garkveuli codnaa saWiro, magaliTad rogor dairgas da rogor iqnas movlili forToxali mosavlianobis maqsimizaciisaTvis, rogor momzaddes gemrieli limonaTi da a.S. 3 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. Sesabamisad, gamovida, rom TiToeuli boTli limonaTis Sesaqmnelad, garkveuli doziT, monawileobs bunebrivi resursebi, adamianuri resursebi, kapitali, samewarmeo unari da codna. yvela am resursis (sawarmoo faqtoris) gamoyenebiT iqmneba produqti, nawarmi, anu warmoebis Sedegi. im resursebs, rac sawarmoo faqtorebis saxiT gamoiyeneba warmoebis procesSi produqtis Sesaqmnelad Senatanebs vuwodebT, xolo warmoebis Sedegad miRebul produqts, nawarms - gamosavals. saWiroebebi, moTxovnilebebi da moTxovna risTvis ixarjeba resursebi da iqmneba produqti? produqti iqmneba raTa daakmayofilos momxmarebelTa saWiroebebi da moTxovnilebebi. saWiroeba aris is, rac aucilebelia gagaCndes, uromlisodac ver gadarCebi. amis kargi magaliTaia saWmeli. kvebis gareSe, cxadia ver vicxovrebT. aseve tanisamosi, TavSesafari da samedicino momsaxureba. moTxovnileba aris raime konkretuli produqtis qonis survili, rac Cvens saWiroebebs akmayofilebs. yovelgvari saWiroeba garkveul moTxovnilebaSi gamoixateba, rac kargi iqneba, gvqondes, magram ar aris aucilebeli. amis magaliTia musika. bevrma SeiZleba Tqvas, musika saWiroebaao, umusikod ar SemiZlia cxovrebao, magram is mainc moTxovnilebad darCeba, radgan musika, saWmlisgan gansxvavebiT, ar aris aucilebeli gadarCenisTvis. Tumca, saWiroeba da moTxovnileba Zalze zogadi cnebebia, realur cxovrebaSi rTulia gaarCio konkretuli produqti saWiroebaa Tu moTxovnileba. magaliTad, rogorc vTqviT, saWmeli aucilebelia gadarCenisTvis, yvelam saWiroa miviRoT garkveuli odenobiT cximebi cilebi da naxSir-wylebi, magram TiToeul Cvengans SeiZleba gansxvavebul saWmelze gauCndes moTxovnileba, viRacas xinkali moundes, viRacas Semwvari kartofili, da viRacas wiwiburis fafa. miuxedavad imisa rom kveba saWiroebaa is konkretuli saWmeli, romlis Wamac gvindeba moTxovnilebaa.. aseve aucilebelia zamTarSi rame CavicvaT, rom ar gaviyinoT, magram miuxedavad imisa, rom Cacma saWiroebaa, is, Tu konkretulad rogori tipis, stilisa Tu romeli firmis mier Sekerili tansacmlis yidvis survili gagviCndeba _ moTxovnilebaa. analogiurad, gadaadgileba aris saWiroeba, cxadia adamiani dabadebidan sikvdilamde erT adgilze ver iqneba xesaviT darWobili, magram is Tu ris saSualebiT gadaadgilebaze gauCndeba moTxovnileba, ukve individualuri gemovnebis sakiTxia, viRacas SeiZleba velosipedi izidavdes, sxvas konkretuli markis manqana, motocikli, TviTmfrinavi, cxeni, an saerTodac fexiT siaruli. rogorc vxvdebiT, saWiroeba zogadia da ar asocirdeba romelime konkretul produqtTan, maSin, roca moTxovnileba SeiZleba romelime konkretul produqtze gagviCndes. saWiroebebi maradiulia, _ adamians yovelTvis sWirdeboda da dasWirdeba kveba, magram moTxovnilebebi icvleba, Cndeba da qreba. magaliTad sxva adamianebTan komunikacia yoveli Cvenganis saWiroebaa, magram moTxovnileba imisa, rom komunikacia davamyaroT mobiluri telefonis saSualebiT, rac sruliad bunebrivia Cvens epoqaSi cxadia, aravis gauCndeboda ramdenime aTeuli wlis win. anu moTxovnileba SeiZleba Seiqmnas, Seicvalos da gaqres 4 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. kidec. am ukanasknelis magaliTi iqneba moTxovnileba sabeWd manqanaze. warmoidgineT ramdeni gverdi ibeWdeba yoveldRiurad sxvadasxva samsaxurebSi msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. daaxloebiT 30 wlis win sabeWdi manqana nebismieri ofisis ganuyreli atributi iyo, magram personaluri kompiuterebis gaCenam am ukanasknelze moTxovnileba praqtikulad nolamde daiyvana. moTxovna aris raimes qonis survili da misi yidvis SesaZleblobac. anu is, rac Cveni survilebidan rCeba, roca finansuri SesaZleblobebidan gamomdinare ocnebebs frTebi SeekvecebaT da fexs miwaze davdgamT. magaliTad, yvela Cvenganis saWiroebaa iqonios TavSesafari, raTa ar daawvimos da daaTovos Tavze, magram, rogorc vTqviT, yvela saWiroeba individualur moTxovnilebaSi gamoisaxeba. vTqvaT, SeiZleba gagviCndes moTxovnileba gvqondes sam sarTuliani vila, baRiT, auziT da kortebiT, magram saqme saqmeze rom midges, finansuri saSualebebidan gamomdinare moTxovna ganvacxadoT, anu, gamovTqvaT mzadyofna SeviZinoT 1-oTaxiani bina mravalsarTulian sacxovrebel korpusSi. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroeba iqneba raime saxis TavSesafari; moTxovnileba _ sam sarTuliani vila, baRiT, auziT da kortebiT; xolo moTxovna _ 1-oTaxiani bina mravalsarTulian sacxovrebel korpusSi. ekonomikis mTavari problema rogorc ukve vTqviT, sazogadoeba iyenebs mis xelT arsebul resursebs _ bunebriv resurss, adamianur resurss, kapitals, samewarmeo unars – raTa awarmoos produqti, rac daakmayofilebs mis saWiroebebsa da moTxovnilebebs, magram aq vawydebiT or fundamentur problemas:  resurebi aris SezRuduli  adamianTa moTxovnilebebi _ usazRvro es ki imas niSnavs, rom sazogadoebas arasodes ar eyofa resursi, raTa sakuTari moTxovnilebebi daikmayofilos. Sesabamisad, is mudmivad dgas arCevanis, anu, alternativis winaSe. vTqvaT, Tu qalaqis municipaliteti sadme parkis gaSenebas gadawyvets, vinaidan qalaqSi miwis farTi SezRudulia, iq, cxadia, veRar aSendeba sacxovrebeli kvartali, an savaWro centri da a.S. analogiurad, nebismieri Cvenganic mudmivad alternativis winaSe vdgavarT, vTqvaT Tu CavjdebiT taqsSi, SeiZleba fuli aRar gveyos imisTvis, rom viyidoT nayini da a.S. saqmes arTulebs isic, rom resursebi ar aris sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris Tanabrad gadanawilebuli, anu, sazogadoebis nawils meti resursi gaaCnia sakuTari moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, nawils ki naklebi, metic, sazogadoebis garkveul nawils imis sakmari resursic ki ar gaaCnia, rom elementaruli moTxovnilebebi daikmayofilos. ekonomikuri mecniereba, swored imas Seiswavlis, Tu rogor marTavs sazogadoeba mis xelT arsebul SezRudul resursebs. rogoraa is sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris gadanawilebuli, rogor unda moxdes resursebis optimalurad gamoyeneba da rogor unda gakeTdes arCevani, raTa maqsimaluri sargebeli iqnas miRebuli. resursebis SezRuduloba aris ekonomikuri mecnierebis gaCenis safuZveli, radgan, resursebi rom ar yofiliyo SezRuduli da sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis yvelaferi xelmisawvdomi yofiliyo, arc imis saWiroeba gaCndeboda vinmes Seeswavla Tu rogor marTavs sazogadoeba mis xelT arsebul resursebs da rogor gaakeTos arCevani sxvadasxva alternativebs Soris, imisTvis, rom SezRuduli resursebi maqsimalurad sasargebelod gamoiyenos. yovelive amaze didi xania ekonomistebi fiqroben da ekonomikuri keTildReobis gaumjobesebis sxvadasxva gzebs saxaven. arsebobs ori ZiriTadi koncefcia _ “memarjvene” da “memarcxene” da ekonomistebic am ori ideologiis irgvliv jgufdebian. es ori koncefcia Semdegia: 5 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I.  arsebuli resursebi ufro efeqtianad iyos gamoyenebuli  maqsimalurad Tanabrad gadanawildes dovlaTi sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris ekonomistebis im nawils, romelic ZiriTad aqcents resursebis ufro efeqtianad gamoyenebaze akeTebs, memarjvene ekonomistebs uwodeben, maT ekonomikur xedvas _ memarjvene xedvas. ekonomistTa es nawili miiCnevs, rom ekonomikuri keTildReobis zrda resursebis metad efeqtianad gamoyenebiTaa SesaZlebeli. magaliTad Tu 1 heqtari miwis nakveTis mosaxnavad SuasaukuneebSi arsebuli Sromis iaraRebis gamoyenebiT glexs Tveebi dasWirdeboda, axla traqtoris meSveobiT ramdenime saaTSi moxnavs, radgan traqtori, rogorc kapitaluri resursi, ufro efeqtiania, vidre Suasaukuneebis guTani. yovelive es, ki, imas niSnavs, rom roca xvna-Tesvis sezoni mova, ufro efeqtiani kapitaluri resursiT _ traqtoriT, Tanamedrove fermeri meti miwis damuSavebas SeZlebs, vidre Suasaukuneebis glexi, Sesabamisad met mosavalsac miiRebs, da sakuTar moTxovnilebebs ukeT daikmayofilebs. traqtori saSualebas gvaZlevs bunebrivi da adamianuri resursi ufro efeqtianad gamoviyenoT (imave moculobis miwaze, igive raodenobis muSaxeliT meti mosavali miviRoT). efeqtianobis gazrdis dadebiTi Sedegebi cxadad Cans kapitaluri resursis gaumjobesebisas, magaliTad, roca moigones manqanebi, dazga-danadgarebi, kompiuterebi, robotebi da a.S. cxadia adamianebis mwarmoebluroba gaizarda, meti produqtis Seqmna gaxda SesaZlebeli da Cveni ekonomikuri keTildReobac gaizarda. Tumca, ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom aseve mniSvnelovania adamianuri resursebis ufro efeqtianad gamoyenebac. magaliTad, zogjer sawarmoSi samuSao araa kargad gadanawilebuli TanamSromlebs Soris, da, erTidaigive saqmes ramdenime adamiani akeTebs ise, rom erTmaneTs xels uSlis, maSin, roca samuSaos sworad danawilebis SemTxvevaSi erTidaigive raodenoba muSaxels SeeZleboda igive droSi meti produqtis warmoeba. analogiurad, adamianuri resursis efeqtianoba gaizrdeba codnisa da gamocdilebis gazrdiTac. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania adamianis samewarmeo unaris, umniSvnelovanesi sawarmoo faqtoris maqsimalurad efeqtianad gamoyeneba. iseTi garemos Seqmna sadac mas maqsimaluri gamovlenis saSualeba eqneba. iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac izRudeba biznes-saqmianoba - saTakilod miiCneva an kanoni krZalavs, - cxadia am resursis efeqtianad moxmareba ver xdeba. ekonomistebis meore nawili met yuradRebas amaxvilebs resursebis uTanabrod ganawilebis problemaze, maT memarcxene Sexedulebis ekonomistebs uwodeben. maTi azriT, resursebis araTanabari gadanawileba istoriis garkveul etapze usamarTlod moxda. is kvlavac usamarTlod grZeldeba da, Tu sazogadoeba xelovnurad ar ecdeba misi yoveli wevrisTvis resursebze xelmisawvdomobis gaTanabrebas, bunebrivi ganviTareba gamoiwvevs mxolod imas, rom isini, visac meti resursi gaaCnia kidev ufro mets moixveWen, xolo maT visac naklebi resursi gaaCniaT, kidev ufro SeumcirdebaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom “memarjvene” da “memarcxene” Sexedulebebi Cven cal-calke ganvixileT, ar niSnavs rom zogierT ekonomists mxolod efeqtianobis gazrda adardebs, rolo zogs mxolod resursebis Tanabari gadanawileba. sinamdvileSi, umetesoba met- nakleb mniSvnelobas orive maTgans aniWebs, oRond zogisTvis prioriteti efeqtianobaa, zogisTvis Tanabroba. ekonomikur sistemaTa tipebi. rogor gamoviyenoT SezRuduli ekonomikuri resursebi sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad? ra saqoneli unda vawarmooT da ra tipis momsaxureba gavwioT? vin unda iTavos es saqme? rogor gadanawildes saqonelica da momsaxurebac mosaxleobaSi? zogierT qveyanaSi amgvar gadawyvetilebebs calkeuli pirovnebebi iReben da isini wyveten, rogor daxarjon an daabandon sakuTari Semosavali; anda _ garkveuli biznes-jgufebi _ im SemTxvevaSi, roca irCeven, ra saxis produqcia awarmoon an ra saxis momsaxureba gaswion; sxvagan ki msgavs gadawyvetilebebs xelisufleba iRebs. is, Tu ra rols asrulebs calkeuli pirovneba da xelisufleba resursebis gadanawilebaSi, ama Tu im sazogadoebis ekonomikur sistemazea damokidebuli, ekonomikuri sistema aris sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, resursTa gadanawilebis ZiriTad wes-kanonTa erToblioba. 6 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. ekonomikur sistemebs Soris gansxvaveba, ZiriTadad, ramdenime fundamentur garemoebebamde dadis. maT Soris umTavresia is, Tu:  vin flobs resursebs, warmoebis faqtorebs _ saxelmwifo Tu xalxi  rogor xorcieldeba dagegmva: centralizebulad Tu decentralizebulad vin flobs resursebs? kacobriobis istoriaSi iyo dro, roca sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis xelSi iyo ZiriTadad yvela resursi, Sesabamisad warmoebis faqtoric. magaliTad, amerikeli monaTmflobeli flobda rogorc bunebriv resursebs, ise kapitalsac da adamianur resurssac, aseve yvela resursi batonebis (feodalebis) xelSi iyo Sua saukuneebis evropaSi. Tumca, baton-ymobisa da monobis gadavardnis Semdeg aRaravis aqvs ufleba flobdes adamianur resurss. adamiani SeiZleba flobdes bunebriv resursebs, kapitals, misTvis xelmisawvdomi iyos sakacobrio codna, gaaCndes samewarmeo unari, magram adamianur resurss is ar SeiZleba flobdes. adamianuri resursi SeuZlia mxolod iqiraos. Sesabamisad, is, risi flobac SesaZlebelia aris bunebrivi resursebi da kapitali _ maT warmoebis saSualebebi ewodeba. magram vin unda flobdes warmoebis saSualebebs? cxadia, visac ekuTvnis es resursebi, anu warmoebis saSualebebi (saxnav- saTesi miwa, wiaRiseulis sabadoebi, qarxnebi, manqana-danadgarebi, kompiuterebi da a.S.) produqtsac is Seqmnis da sazogadoebis saWiroebebsa da moTxovnilebebsac is daakmayofilebs. resursebs SeiZleba flobdnen kerZo pirebi an saxelmwifo. Sesabamisad, warmoebasac, rac niSnavs resursebis gardaqmnas nawarmad, SeiZleba eweodnen kerZo pirebi (cal-calke Tu erTad) an saxelmwifo. Tu resursebs, Sesabamisad, warmoebis faqtorebs saxelmwifo flobs da warmoebasac is eweva, gamova, rom yvela sawarmo: dawyebuli msxvili qarxnebiT da damTavrebuli ubnis maRaziebiTa Tu kafe-barebiT saxelmwifos mier iqneba marTuli, da aseTi sawarmoebis xelmZRvanelebi saxelmwifo moxeleebi iqnebian. xolo, Tu resursebi saxelmwifos ar ekuTvnis, maSin aRmoCndeba, rom konkretuli pirebi, Tu pirTa jgufebi ewevian warmoebas da qmnian nawarms. kerZo pirebis sakuTrebaSi arsebul sawarmoebs biznesi ewodeba.  kapitalisturi  socialisturi kapitalistur sistemaSi resursebi ZiriTadad kerZo pirebis xelSia, Sesabamisad produqtis warmoebac kerZo seqtoris, anu biznesebis mier xdeba. socialistur sistemaSi resursebi ZiriTadad saxelmwifos xelSia da produqtsac saxelmwifo sawarmoebi qmnian. wminda saxiT kapitalisturi da socialisturi sistemebi ar arsebobs es ori ufro Teoriuli ukiduresobebia. sinamdvileSi dRes moqmedi yvela sistema Sereulia, orive am midgomis niSan-TvisebaTa matarebeli. anu, zogi resursi kerZo seqtoris, xolo zogic saxelmwifos xelSia. produqts kerZo biznesebic qmnian da saxelmwifoc. magaliTad, SeiZleba paralelurad arsebobdes saxelmwifo universitetica da kerZoc, iseve, rogorc samoqalaqo transportica da kerZo satransporto kompaniebic da a.S. Tumca, zogi qveyana ufro metad socialisturi sistemisken ixreba da uaxlovdeba socialisturi sistemis ideals, Tu magaliTad, umetesoba resursebi saxelmwifos xelSia da kerZo seqtori minimaluradaa ganviTarebuli; zogi ki ufro kapitalisturisken ixreba, Tu ekonomikis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala kerZo biznesebia da ara saxelmwifo. rogorc zeviT avRniSneT, memarjvene Sexedulebis mqone ekonomistebs gansakuTrebiT adardebT efeqtianobis gaumjobesebis sakiTxebi. vinaidan kerZo mepatrone metadaa dainteresebuli sakuTari warmoebis efeqtianobaSi, radgan amaze misi piradi keTildReobaa damokidebuli, kapitalisturi sistema ki, swored, kerZo biznesebs efuZneba, amitom memarjvene Sexedulebis ekonomistebi ufro kapitalisturi sistemis momxreni arian, radgan is warmoebis faqtorebis efeqtianobis gaumjobesebis met stimuls iZleva. ufro metic, erT-erTi warmoebis faqtoris, _ samewarmeo unaris gamovlena mxolod 7 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. kapitalistur sistemaSia Sesazlebeli. Tavis mxriv, memarcxene Sexedulebis mqone ekonomistebi ufro socialisturi sistemisken ixrebian, radgan aq ar aqvs adgili resursebis araTanabar gadanawilebas sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris, _ socializmSi xom yvela resursi saxelmwifos ekuTvnis. rogor xorcieldeba dagegmva? centralizebuli da decentralizebuli dagegmva dagegmva aucilebelia yvelgan, rogorc ekonomikaSi ise pirad cxovrebaSic. dagegmva niSnavs imis dadgenas, Tu ra resursebis Tavmoyra, rodis ra qmedebebis ganxorcielebaa saWiro dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad. ekonomikaSi uamravi ram igegmeba. magaliTad: ra produqti iwarmoos, ra raodenobiT, ra fasad gaiyidos konkretuli produqti. vTqvaT, fexsacmeli, wigni, da a.S., amisTvis fexsacmlis qarxana winaswar gegmavs ramdeni tyavi, Zafi Tu sxva saWiro masala rodis da ramdeni SeiZinos, aseve restorani gegmavs, ramdeni sakvebi produqti moimaragos, bankebi gegmaven ramdeni da ra raodenobiT sesxi gascen da a.S. ismis kiTxva: vin unda dagegmos yovelive es? saxelmwifom _ centralizebulad Tu TiToeulma sawarmom individualurad? imis mixedviT, Tu rogor xdeba dagegmva, ganasxvaveben ornair ekonomikur sistemas:  centralurad dagegmili ekonomika  Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika centralurad dagegmil ekonomikaSi imas Tu ra saqoneli unda iwarmoos, ra odenobiT unda iwarmoos da ra fasad gaiyidos saxelmwifo centralizebulad wyvitavs. xolo Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikur sistemaSi yovelive amis mamoZravebeli, ganmsazRvreli da maregulirebeli aris bazari (anu _ garigeba myidvelsa da gamyidvels Soris). ra produqti unda awarmoos biznesma? ra odenobiT? ra fasad gaiyidos? am yvelafers bazari gansazRvravs. Tu momxmarebels moswons konkretuli produqti, da awyobs misi fasi _ iyidis mas, Tu ara _ ar iyidis da Sesabamisad mwarmoebeli mocemul produqts an aRar awarmoebs, an gasayid fass Seamcirebs. ra raodenobiT iwarmoos produqti, amasac bazari gansazRvravs. bunebrivia, gagiCndebaT kiTxva, Tu rogor wyvitavs bazari, vTqvaT konkretuli produqti ra odenobiT unda iwarmoos? es ase xdeba: Tu raime produqtis naklebobaa (deficitia), magaliTad sazogadoebas meti kinoTeatri sWirdeba, vidre qalaqSia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, arsebuli kinoTeatrebi sul savse iqneba mayurebliT da bileTebi Znelad saSovni iqneba da, Sesabamisad, maRal fasSic gaiyideba. maSin viRac-viRaceebi kinoTeatris bizness sarfian saqmed miiCneven da axal kinoTeatrs aaSeneben, bileTis fasic TandaTan Semcirdeba. ase gagrZeldeba manam, sanam kinoTeatrebis raodenoba sakmarisi ar iqneba. Tu piriqiT moxda, da qalaqSi ufro meti kinoTeatria vidre saWiroa, moxdeba ise, rom isini xSirad naxevrad carielni imuSaveben, bileTebic iafad gaiyideba, da zogierTi kinoTeatris mepatrone gadawyvets daxuros is. ase Semcirdeba kinoTeatrebis raodenoba qalaqSi manam, sanam is optimalur raodenobas ar miaRwevs. ase karnaxobs bazari kerZo mwarmoeblebs ra unda awarmoon, ra odenobiT da ra fasad gayidon. rogorc Tavadac mixvdebodiT Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika, iseve, rogorc kapitalisturi ekonomikuri sitema TavisTavad, bunebrivad myardeba, xolo socialistur da centraluri dagegmvis ekonomikur sistemebs saxelmwifos mier damyareba sWirdeba. imisTvis rom socialisturi sistema damyardes saWiroa saxelmwifom sawarmoo saSualebebi CamoarTvas kerZo mflobelebs. iseve, rogorc centraluri dagegmvis sistemis Sesaqmnelad, saWiroa saxelmwifom SeuzRudos an saerTod CamoarTvas kerZo mewarmeebs gadawyvetilebebis miRebis ufleba da maT magivrad Tavad dagegmos. amitom, socialisturi da centraluri dagegmvis ekonomikuri sistemebi, rogorc wesi, naklebaddemokratiul reJimebSi xorcieldeba. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc wesi socialisturi ekonomikuri sistema da centraluri dagegmvis ekonomikuri sistema erTad Tanaarseboben, radgan Tu mTeli warmoeba saxelmwifos xelSi iqna, cxadia dagegmvasac is ganaxorcielebs. Tumca, istoriaSi yofila, SemTxvevebi, roca es ori sistema damoukidebladac arsebula. magaliTad faSistur germaniaSi sawarmoo saSualebebze kerZo sakuTreba iyo, Tumca dagegmva centralizebulad xorcieldeboda. anu, kerZo mewarmes ekuTvnoda sawarmo, hqonda ufleba daeqiravebina da daeTxova muSa-xeli, magram is Tu ra odenobiT xelfasi 8 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. unda gadaexada maTTvis, iseve, rogorc ra odenobiT produqti unda gamoeSva da ra fasad gaeyida, saxelmwifo udgenda. socialisturi da centraluri dagegmvis ekonomkuri sistemis saukeTeso magaliTi sabWoTa kavSiria, saxelmwifo, romelic iZulebiT aerTianebda 14 “moZme” respublikas. maT Soris erT-erTi saqarTveloc iyo. sabWoTa kavSiri I msoflio omis Semdeg ruseTSi burJuaziuli revoluciisa da mas Semdeg atexili samoqalaqo omis dasrulebis Semdeg Seiqmna, iq socialisturi wyoba damyarda da kerZo mewarmeebs sawarmoebi CamoarTves. kerZo mflobelTa xelSi arsebuli sawarmoebis saxelmwifos mflobelobaSi gadasvlas nacionalizacia ewodeba. anu, sabWoTa kavSiris mTel teritoriaze moxda kerZo warmoebebis nacionalizacia. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg saqarTveloSi da sxva yofil “moZme” aw ukve damoukidebel respublikebSi daiwyo nacionalizaciis sapirispiro procesi _ privatizacia, rac saxelmwifos xelSi arsebuli sawarmoebis kerZo biznesebad gadaqcevas niSnavs. amJamad socialisturi da centraluri dagegmvis ekonomikuri sistemebi mniSvnelovani saxecvlilebiT CineTis ZiriTad nawilSi da ramdenime sabWoTa kavSiris yofil satelit qveyanaSia SemorCenili, rogoricaa CrdiloeT korea da kuba. saqarTveloSi, aseve yvela ekonomikurad ganviTarebul qveyanaSi kapitalisturi Tavisufal sabazro urTierTobebze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri sistemaa. amitom, wignis danarCen nawilSi am sistemaze gveqneba saubari. Tavisufali sabazro sistema Tavis filosofiur wanamZRvrebs Tavisufali sabazro ekonomika XVIII sauk. iseT moazrovnes unda umadlodes, rogoric iyo adam smiti. misi moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, bazari TviTmaregulirebeli meqanizmis daniSnulebas asrulebs _ esaa is “uxilavi xeli”, romelic nebismieri saxis garegani Carevis gareSe uzrunvelyofs saqonlis warmoebas im odenobiT, rac sazogadoebas sWirdeba. am filosofiis mixedviT saxelmwifos roli ekonomikaSi mxolod imiT Semoifargleba, rom “araferSi ar Caerios” anu misces saSualeba bazris “uxilav xels” Tavad moagvaros Tavisi gasakeTebeli saqme. problemebi Tavisufal sabazro sistemaSi bazris “uxilavi xeli” idealurad anawilebs resursebs yovelgvari Carevis gareSe, Tumca aris situaciebi, roca “uxilavi xeli” uZluria, an misi moqmedeba dagvianebulia. ganvixiloT aseTi SemTxvevebi. situacias, roca bazari sakuTari ZalebiT ver axerxebs resursebis efeqtianad gadanawilebas, sabazro Cavardna ewodeba. sabazro Cavardnis magaliTebia:  mavne garegani efeqti _ magaliTad, roca qarxnis muSaobis Sedegad warmoiqmneba gamonabolqvi, rac abinZurebs garemos. cxadia veranairi sabazro Zalebi, ver aRmofqvravs am mavne zegavlenas bunebaze.  sabazro Zalaufleba _ magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom adamianisTvis sacicocxlod umniSvnelovanes raime produqts marto erTi mwarmoebeli awarmoebs da yvela iZulebulia is misgan iyidos. aseT SemTxvevaSi mwarmoebels saSualeba uCndeba aZviros da aZviros sakuTari produqti da bazris “uxilavi xeli” mas xels ver SeuSlis, radgan miuxedavad imisa rom mwarmoebeli fass zrdis, myidveli yovelTvis eyoleba imitom, rom, rogorc vTqviT, misi produqti aucilebelia adamianebisTvis. garda amisa, arsebobs SemTxvevebi, roca bazris “uxilavi xelis” moqmedeba dagvianebulia. mivubrundeT kinoTeatrebis magaliTs: rogorc zeviT vTqviT, warmovidginoT, rom qalaqSi bevrad naklebi kinoTeatria, vidre sazogadoebaSia amaze moTxovnileba. Sedegad miviRebT, rom kinoTeatrSi Sesvils msurveli bevrad meti iqneba vidre iq adgilebis raodenobaa, da administracias eqneba imis fufuneba, rom bileTebi maRal fasSi gayidos. yovelive amis gamo bevri mewarme kinoTeatris bizness momgebian saqmed CaTvlis da maT axali Teatrebis 9 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. aSenebis survili gauCndebaT. wina magaliTSi vTqviT, rom kinoTeatrebis Senebis procesi gagZeldeba manam, sanam isini qalaqSi sakmarisi raodenobiT ar aRmoCndeba. es gamoiwvevs mayureblebis gadanawilebas sxvadasxva kinoTeatrebSi, Sedegad ki, bileTis fasis, da, Sesabamisad, maTi gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavlis Semcirebas uwindelTan SedarebiT. es ki kinoTeatrebis biznesis momxibvlelobas gaanelebs da, Sedegad, maTi Senebis bumi Sewydeba. magram problema swored aq iCens Tavs: rodis mixvdebian mewarmeebi, rom kinoTeatrebis raodenoba qalaqSi sakmarisia da axlis Seneba aRar Rirs? warmoidgineT, rom aTma adamianma SeamCnia, rom qalaqSi kinoTeatrebis naklebobaa da gadawyvites maTi aSeneba, ise, rom erTmaneTis Sesaxeb araferi ician. ramodenime SedarebiT adre morCa Senebas, da rom amuSavda maTi kinoTeatrebi aRmoCnda, rom qalaqSi kinoTeatrebis raodenoba ukve sakmarisze meticaa. am dros danarCenebs jer ar daumTavrebiaT mSenebloba da ukve yovelive amaSi uamravi fuli daxarjes, vinZlo bankebidanac aiRes sesxebi, risi daabrunebac gauWirdebaT da amiT bankebsac problemebs Seuqmnian. bazris “uxilavi xelis” moqmedeba dagvianebuli aRmoCnda. da, bolos, arsebobs mTeli rigi produqtebisa, rac aucilebelia sazogadoebis saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, magram aravinaa msurveli rom isini awarmoos, radgan maTi warmoeba ar aris momgebiani. aseT produqtebs sazogadoebriv da socialur produqtebs uwodeben da maT momavalSi ufro vrclad SevexebiT. maT Sorisaa: sajaro skolebis mier uzrunvelyofili ufaso saganmanaTleblo momsaxureba, sazogadoebis naklebad SeZlebuli fenisTvis; meriis mier dagebuli gzebi da a.S.Bbazris “uxilavi xeli” am SemTxvevaSic uZluria, anu bazars aranairi meqanizmi ar gaaCnia imisa, rom aiZulos mwarmoebeli daagos gza vTqvaT, foTidan Tbilisamde. sazogadoebriv produqtebs saxelmwifo awarmoebs. aseve saxelmwifo umklavdeba “sabazro Cavardnebs”. Tu saqme mavne garegan efeqtTan gvaqvs, vTqvaT, roca xdeba garemos dabinZureba, saxelmwifo Sesabamis jarimebs uwesebs im warmoebebs, romlebic garemos gansakuTrebul zians ayeneben, aiZulebs Sesabamisi filtrebi daayenon an saerTod ukrZalavs maT saqmianobis gagrZelebas, raTa garemos naklebi ziani miadges. sabazro Zalauflebis SemTxvevaSi, roca mwarmoebeli borotad sargeblobs imiT, rom is raime saWiro produqtis erTaderTi mwarmoebelia da Tavis produqts Seusabamod Zvir fass adebs, saxelmwifo aiZulebs mas fasebi moaqcios garkveul logikur farglebSi. aseve saxelmwifo awarmoebs iseT produqtebs, rac saWiroa sazogadoebisTvis, magram kerZo mewarmeebs ar aqvT maTi warmoebis survili. magaliTad, saxelmwifo agebs xidebs, gzebs, awyobs parkebs da skverebs, aSenebs ufaso skolebs da saavadmyofoebs da a.S. garda amisa saxelmwifo cdilobs iseT procesebzec iqonios zegavlena, roca bazris “uxilavi xelis” moqmedeba gviandeba. amaze kinoTeatrebis zemoTmoyvanil magaliTSi gvqonda saubari. Tumca imas, Tu ra gziT cdilobs saxelmwifo aseTi procesebis regulirebas, Semdgom TavebSi ganvixilavT. ra aris biznesi? biznesi aris garkveuli organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT dafuZnebuli, awyobili, samewarmeo (mogebaze gamiznuli) saqmianoba, romelic qmnis produqts _ awarmoebs saqonels an eweva momsaxurebas _ momxmareblis moTxovnilebaTa dasakmayofileblad. rogorc vTqviT, biznesi aris garkveuli organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT dafuZnebuli saqmianoba. ras niSnavs es? imisaTvis, rom ama Tu im pirovnebam, an adamianTa jgufma awarmoos biznesi, aucilebelia, rom maT daafuZnon firma, romelsac erqmeva iuridiuli saxeli, iqneba aRricxvaze qveynis Sesabamis struqturaSi (magaliTad, samewarmeo reestris saagentoSi). Sesabamisad, eqneba saidentifikacio kodi da a.S. imis Sesabamisad, Tu ramdeni mowile hyavs am saerTo wamowyebas, ra tipisa da masStabis saqmianobas eweva is da a.S. biznesi SeiZleba ramdenimenairi organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT dafuZndes:  individualuri mewarmeobis formiT  amxanagobrivi formiT  korporaciuli formiT 10 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. magaliTad, Tqvens ubanSi momuSave sursaTis maRazia, iseve, rogorc sxvadasxva maRaziebi iseT savaWro centrebSi, rogoricaa “kidobani”, “pasaJi” da a.S., silamazis salonebi, sacxobebi, bazrobebze movaWreebi da a.S., rogorc wesi, individualuri mewarmeobis organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT ewevian samewarmeo saqmianobas, aq umetesad biznesis mflobelebi TviTon arian sakuTari saqmianobis marTvaSi da, zogjer, ara mxolod marTvaSi uSualod Cabmulni. maSin, roca sxvadasxva samSeneblo kompaniebi, bankebi, kvebis produqtebis, tansacmlis, teqnikis da a.S. mwarmoeblebi korporaciuli formiT arian dafuZnebulni, gaaCniaT organizaciuli struqtura, sxvadasxva ganyofilebebi, TanamSromlebs Soris ufleba-mosilebebi da angariS-valdebulebebi gamijnulia. mflobelebi, xSirad, ar arian kompaniis marTvaSi uSualod CarTulni, aramed saamisod kvalificiur menejerebs (mmarTvelebs) qiraoben. imis mixedviT, Tu rogori organizaciul- samarTlebrivi formiTaa dafuZnebuli biznesi gansxvavebuli iqneba misi organizaciuli agebuleba, marTvis forma; aseve, TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi garkveuli gansxvavebebi arsebobs dabegvris kuTxiT. biznesis organizaciul-samarTlebriv formebze, maT upiratesobebsa da naklovanebebze 7-e TavSi gveqneba dawvrilebiT saubari, am etapze sakmarisia vicodeT, rom yvela bizness aucilebelia gaaCndes garkveuli organizaciul-samarTlebrivi forma. ras niSnavs samewarmeo saqmianoba? samewarmeo (komerciuli) saqmianoba aris araerTjeradi saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba mogebis mizniT. is SeiZleba ganxorcieldes erTi pirovnebis, an pirTa jgufis mier. rogorc ganmartebidan Cans imisaTvis rom saqmianoba CaiTvalos samewarmeo saqmianobad, aucilebelia is akmayofilebdes Semdeg pirobebs:  araerTjeradoba  mogebaze gamiznuloba araerTjeradoba niSnavs, rom raime saqmianobas konkretuli piri an pirTa jgufi mravalgzis eweva. vTqvaT, Tu Tqven sazRvargareT mgzavrobidan dabrunebuli, ojaxis wevrs, saCuqrad, raime tansacmels CamoutanT, magram aRmoCndeba, rom is saaxlobloSi veravis moergo da Tqven mas maRaziaSi CaabarebT gasayidad; miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba es tansacmeli ufro Zvirad gayidoT, vidre Tavis droze SeiZineT da mogebac naxoT, es saqmianoba ar CaiTvleba samewarmeo saqmianobad, radgan is erTjeradad ganxorcielda. samewarmeod CaiTvleboda Tqveni saqmianoba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqven, periodulad, sul ivlidiT sazRvargareT da CamoitandiT sxvadasxva tansacmels gasayidad. mogebaze gamiznuloba gulisxmobs, rom, rogorc wesi, biznesTa mamoZravebeli Zala mogebis miRebis molodinia _ anu im fulis, rac darCeba gayidvebis Semosavlebidan yvela xarjis dafarvis Semdeg. aseT molodins mogebis motivaciasac uwodeben. TiToeulma biznesma sakuTari mogeba SeiZleba daagrovos da moixmaros sakuTari survilisda mixedviT – cxadia, kanoniT dadgenili normebis farglebSi. roca samewarmeo, anu komerciul, saqmianobaze vsaubrobT, igulisxmeba, rom es saqmianoba, swored, mogebis motivaciiT warmoebs. motivaciis mizezis xasgasma mniSvnelovania, radgan yvela organizacia rodi arsebobs mogebis miRebis mizniT. swored, mogebaze orientirebuloba ganasxvavebs biznesebs iseTi organizaciebisgan, rogoricaa: arakomerciuli organizaciebi (igive aramomgebiani organizaciebi). magaliTad: saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesia, muzeumebi, sajaro skolebi da universitetebi, simfoniuri orkestrebi, sajaro biblioTekebi, samTavrobo saagentoebi da saqvelmoqmedo fondebi. isini sazogadoebas sulier, socialur, saganmanaTleblo, Tu sxva saxis momsaxurebas sTavazoben. marTalia, arakomerciul organizaciebs mogebis motivacia ar amoZravebT, magram maTi saqmianoba mainc gamarTuli da efeqtiani unda iyos sakuTari miznebis misaRwevad. nebismierma maTganma, patara studenturi klubidan dawyebuli mravalmiliardiani biujetis mqone iseTi organizaciebiT damTavrebuli, rogoricaa wiTeli jvari, bevri ram SeiZleba iswavlos biznesis im SesaZleblobebisa da gamowvevebis gaTvaliswinebiT, razec am kursSi iqneba saubari. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi saqmianoba ar iTvleba samewarmeo saqmianobad, miuxedavad imisa, rom, TiTqos, akmayofilebs samewarmeo saqmianobis zemoTmoyvanil kriteriumebs. magaliTad, soflad mcxovrebi ojaxi SeiZleba sezonurad abarebdes Rvinis mwarmoeblebs sakuTar venaxSi dakrefil yurZens da miuxedavad imisa, rom misi es saqmianoba 11 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. araerTjeradicaa da mogebazecaa gamiznuli, ar CaiTvleba samewarmeo saqmianobad (garda im SemTxevevbisa, roca saqme gvaqvs fermerul saqmianobasTan, roca fermeri ara mxolod sakuTar da ojaxis wevrebis saqmianobas iyenebs, aramed damatebiT mravlad qiraobs muSa- xels). analogiurad, mxatvari SeiZleba periodulad Rebulobdes SekveTebs sxvadasxva Jurnal-gazeTebisa Tu sabavSvo wignebis ilustrirebaze da amaSi gvarian anazRaurebasac iRebdes, magram arc misi saqmianoba iTvleba samewarmeod. iseve, rogorc sxva saxelovnebo, samecniero, samedicino, arqiteqturuli, saadvokato an sanotaro, sakonsultacio da sxv. saqmianobebi. imas, Tu ra SemTxvevebSi iTvleba saqmianoba samewarmeod da ra SemTxvevebSi arasamewarmeod, zogadi principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, TiToeuli qveynis kanonmdebloba Taviseburad adgens. biznesi qmnis produqts _ momxmarebelTa moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad yvela biznesi raRac nawarms anu produqts qmnis. produqti (nawarmi) aris biznesis saqmianobis gamosavali, Sedegi, rasac gaaCnia Tviseba, rom daakmayofilos ama Tu im momxmareblis moTxovnelebebi. ase magaliTad, gasarTobi centri “astra-parki” da kazinoTa qseli “jeo beTi” momxmareblis garTobis moTxovnilebebs akmayofileben, samSeneblo kompaniebi: “em kvadrati”, “aqsisi”, “arqi jgufi” da sxvebi biniT uzrunvelyofis moTxovnilebas uzrunvelyofen; “saqarTvelos universiteti” _ umaRlesi ganaTlebis moTxovnilebas da a.S. biznesis sazogadoebrivi daniSnuleba sazogadoebis imgvar moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebasTan erTad, rogoricaa biniT, tansacmliT, sakvebiT, transportiT, kavSirgabmulobiT, jandacviTa Tu sxv. uzrunvelyofa, biznesi adamianebs samuSaosa da keTildReobis miRwevis saSualebasac aZlevs; biznesebi qiraoben TanamSromlebs, risTvisac maT xelfass uxdian. aseve, nebismieri biznesi saxelmwifo biujetSi ixdis gadasaxadebs, romlebic xmardeba gzebis mSeneblobas, ganaTlebis dafinansebas, da/an grantebs gamoyofas samecniero kvlevebisaTvis. amave dros, biznesi sakuTari mogebis xelaxal dabandebas (reinvestirebas) axdens ekonomikaSi da amiT qmnis cxovrebis ufro maRal dones da mTeli sazogadoebis yofasac aumjobesebs, radgan mogebis xelaxla dabandebiT izrdeba biznesis moculoba, Sesabamisad, warmoebuli produqciisa da daqiravebuli muSaxelis raodenobac. produqti (nawarmi) _ saqoneli da momsaxureba rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, yvela biznesi raRac nawarms, anu produqts, qmnis. produqti, anu nawarmi, rogorc vTqviT, aris mocemuli biznesis saqmianobis Sedegad Seqmnili iseTi sasargeblo ram, rac momxmareblis konkretul saWiroebebsa da moTxovnilebebs akmayofilebs. magaliTad, Tu kinoTeatrSi naxavT films, amiT daikmayofilebT filmis naxvis moTxovnilebas; aseve Tu SeiZenT mobilur telefons an SeiWriT Tmas salonSi, daikmayofilebT telefonis qonisa da Tmis SeWris moTxovnilebebs. cxadia kinoTeatris mier SemoTavazebuli produqti iq naCvenebi filmebia, iseve, rogorc mobiluri telefoni aris Sesabamisi qarxnis produqti, xolo Tmis SeWra _ silamazis salonis produqti. rogorc ukve SeamCnevdiT produqti uamravi ram SeiZleba iyos, yvelaferi, risi SeZenis survilic SeiZleba gauCndes momxmarebels da risi SemoTavazebac ZaluZT mwarmoeblebs, magram yvela es produqti or kategorias ganekuTvneba:  saqoneli  momsaxureba. saqoneli aris iseTi produqti romelsac materialuri, nivTieri, forma aqvs, anu mas vxedavT, SeiZleba masze xeliT Sexeba. aseTebia: kompiuteri, manqana, wigni, saWmeli, tansacmeli, TviTmfrinavi da a.S. saqoneli, Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba sam kategoriad davyoT: 12 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I.  samomxmareblo saqoneli _ is rasac yidulobs momxmarebeli misi saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. mag: saWmeli, tansacmeli, samomxmareblo teqnika da a.S.  sawarmoo (industriuli) saqoneli _ yvelaferi is, rasac yidulobs mwarmoebeli, samomxmareblo saqonlis dasamzadeblad. mag: nedleuli, ingredientebi da a.S. da am saqonels, gadamuSavebuli formiT, moicavs saboloo, samomxmareblo saqoneli. magaliTad roca manqanaTmSenebeli qarxana metalurgiuli qarxnisgan yidulobs rkinis firfitebs, es rkinis firfitebi warmoadgens sawarmoo saqonels, radgan is gana imisTvisaa Seqmnili, rom saboloo momxmareblis moTxovnilebebi daakmayofilos, aramed mas sxva sawarmo yidulobs (manqanaTmSenebeli qarxana) da misgan samomxmareblo saqonels – msubuq avtomobils amzadebs. metalurgiuli qarxnis produqti – sawarmoo saqoneli (rkinis firfita) iWreba, muSavdeba, forma eZleva da warmoadgens manqanaTmSenebeli qarxnis mier warmoebuli samomxmareblo saqonlis – msubuqi avtomobilis Semadgenel nawils.  kapitaluri saqoneli _ manqana-danadgarebi, sawarmoo teqnika da a.S. rac gamoiyeneba samomxmareblo saqonlis dasamzadeblad. sawarmoo saqonlisgan gansxvavebiT, kapitaluri saqoneli gadamuSavebuli formiT ar Seadgens saboloo, samomxmareblo saqonlis nawils. magaliTad, Tu manqanaTmSenebeli qarxana robotmSenebeli qarxnisgan iyidis robots, romelic sawarmoo xazze manqanebis awyobaSi iRebs monawileobas, es roboti manqanaTmSenebeli qarxnisTvis iqneba ara nedleuli, aramed sawarmoo faqtori –kapitali. is gamoiyrnrba samomxmarebli produqtis – msubuqi avtomobilis sawarmoeblad, magram ar xdeba am ukanasknelis Semadgeneli nawili. momsaxureba aris iseTi produqti, romelsac materialuri, anu, nivTieri forma ar gaaCnia, mas xeliT ver SevexebiT, ver davinaxavT, gavigebT an davynosavT. aseTebia: finansuri momsaxureba, (vTqvaT, roca banks warvudgenT gazis an denis qviTrebs da davavalebT Cveni kuTvnili Tanxa gadaricxos Sesabamis angariSebze) dazRveva, transportireba, dagegmareba, komunaluri momsaxureba, sabiTumo Tu sacalo vaWroba, garToba, turistuli momsaxureba, jandacva, SekeTeba-remonti, informatika da a.S. aramaterialurobis (univTobis) garda, momsaxurebas kidev ramdenime mniSvnelovani Tviseba aqvs:  SeuZlebelia momsaxurebis dagroveba an Senaxva momavalSi gamoyenebis mizniT. misi moxmareba momsaxurebis gawevisTanave xdeba. marTlac, SeuZlebelia restoranSi mixvide da oficiantis momsaxureba Seinaxo Semdegi misvlisTvis. maSin, roca imave restornis mier mowodebuli saqoneli (Tqvens mier SekveTili saWmeli) SegiZliaT SeaxvioT, saxlSi waiRoT da iq miirTvaT.  momsaxurebis mimwodebeli da momxmarebeli, Cveulebriv, pirdapir kavSirSi arian erTmaneTTan. es imitom xdeba, rom xSirad momsaxureba ganuyofelia misi momwodeblisgan. magaliTad, iuridiuli momsaxureba. iuristma rom konsultacia gagiwioT, saWiroa masTan pirdapir kavSirze gasvla. maSin, roca saqonlis, _ “santes” nayinis, myidvels araviTari aucilebloba ar aqvs pirdapiri kavSiri daamyaros “santes” qarxanaSi momuSave personalTan, kvebis teqnologTan da a.S.  yvela momsaxureba individualuria da ganumeorebeli. magaliTad, Tu erTidaimave silamazis salonSi sxvadasxva dros SeukveTavT varcxnilobas, SeiZleba zogjer kmayofili darCeT maTi momsaxurebiT, zogjer ki ara. analogiurad, universitetSi, mogexsenebaT, erTidaigive kursi xSirad meordeba semestridan semestramde, xandaxan erTdaimave kurss paralelurad sxvadasxva leqtori kiTxulobs, igulisxmeba, rom universiteti mocemul momsaxurebas sxvadasxva semestrSi Tavidan imeorebs, an erTdroulad sxvadasxva momxmarebels paralelurad awvdis, magram erTmaneTis identuria es momsaxurebebi? ra Tqma unda, ara, vinaidan momsaxurebis xarisxi damokidebulia momsaxurebis Semsruleblis da masTan momuSave pirebis kvalifikaciaze, gamocdilebaze, pirovnul Tvisebebze da a.S. momsaxurebis sapirispirod, saqoneli rogorc wesi, erTgvaria. vTqvaT “nokias” mier warmoebuli romelime modelis mobiluri telefoni, romelic qarxanam milionobiT identuri erTeuli gamouSva. 13 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. imis mixedviT, Tu ra saxis produqts qmnis, saqonels Tu momsaxurebas, biznesTa umravlesoba or ZiriTad kategoriad iyofa:  saqonlis mwarmoebeli biznesebi  momsaxurebis sferos biznesebi saqonlis mwarmoebeli biznesebi qmnian xelSesaxeb nawarms imgvari saqmianobebis Sedegad, rogorebicaa: warmoeba, mSenebloba, wiaRiseulis mopoveba da soflis meurneoba. magaliTad, “boingi” _ samoqalaqo TviTmfrinavebis, samxedro aviaciisa da kosmiuri Tanamgzavrebis msoflioSi udidesi mwarmoebeli, swored am kategorias ganekuTvneba. am kompaniis qarxana everetSi, vaSingtonis maxloblad, Tavisi zomebiT msoflioSi yvelaze masStaburi sawarmoo kompleqsia. erT WerqveS Tavmoyril 400,000 kv. m-ze SesaZlebelia erTdroulad aigos 20 giganturi reaqtiuli TviTmfrinavi. ra Tqma unda, yvela qarxanas ar Wirdeba iseTive didi warmadoba, rogorc “boings”, Tumca, saqonlis mwarmoebeli biznesis wamowyeba nebismier SemTxvevaSi Znelia, Senobebsa da manqana-danadgarebSi mniSvnelovani kapitaldabandebebis gareSe. swored am mizezis gamoa, rom am tipis biznesTa umravlesoba kapitaltevadi gaxlavT: rogorc wesi, saqmanobis dasawyebad da warmatebiT gasagrZeleblad maT fulisa Tu danadgarebis (kapitalis) didi odenoba sWirdebaT xolme. momsaxureobis sferos biznesebi, ase vTqvaT, aramaterialur (xelSeuxebel, univTo) nawarms qmnian. am tipis biznesTa umravlesoba ufro e.w. SromatevadTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, anu _ maTi warmatebuli saqmianoba ufro metadaa damokidebuli adamianur resursebze, vidre Senoba-nagebobebsa Tu manqana-danadgarebze. nebismieri sakonsultacio firma Sromatevadi, samomsaxureo biznesis erTi magaliTia, radgan misi arseboba TiTqmis mTlianadaa ganpirobebuli profesional mrCevel-konsultantTa codnasa da unar-Cvevebze. amgvar mrCevelTa jgufma SeiZleba sul raRac ramdenime kompiuterisa da telefonis meSveobiT, mSvenivrad gaarTvas saqmes Tavi, Tuki, ra Tqma unda, codna da gamocdileba uwyobT xels. saqoneli Tu momsaxureba?A miuxedavad imisa, rom Cven biznesebi pirobiTad or kategoriad davyaviT da gavmijneT saqonlis mwarmoebeli firmebi momsaxurebis sferos biznesebisgan, realobaSi mijna maT Soris xSirad arcTu ise mkafioa. ase magaliTad, “IBM”-i sayovelTaod cnobilia, rogorc kompiuterebisa da sxva teqnologiuri saqonlis mwarmoebeli, Tumca kompaniis Semosavlebis TiTqmis naxevari dRes damokidebulia kompiuterebTan dakavSirebul iseT momsaxurebaze, rogoricaa axali sistemebis Seqmna-daproeqteba, konsultacia da sagarantio pirobebis Sesruleba. aseve, kompania “SONY”-s mier damzadebuli samomxmareblo teqnika saqonelia, Tumca ar viqnebiT marTali Tu vityviT, rom “SONY” mxolod saqonels awarmoebs, radgan sagarantio momsaxureba, rac yvela “SONY”-s produqts erTvis Tan, aSkarad ar aris saqoneli. “SONY”-sa da “IBM”-is msgavsi rac ufro meti mwarmoebeli amaxvilebs yuradRebas sakuTari nawarmis momsaxurebasa da sagarantio uzrunvelyofaze, miT ufro rTuli xdeba ama Tu im kompaniis erTi romelime kategoriisaTvis calsaxad mikuTvneba. ufro swori iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom romelime konkretuli firmis produqti “ufro saqonelia”, an “ufro momsaxureba”, an “orive met- naklebad Tanabrad”. amave dros, ekonomistebi yovelTvis ver Tanxmdebian, raSi mdgomareobs gansxvaveba saqonlis warmoebasa da momsaxurebis gawevas Soris. magaliTad, “Mac Donalds” hamburgers “awarmoebs” Tu ubralod, sadRac sxvagan Seqmnili produqciis miwodebasa da gayidvas uzrunvelyofs? msgavsi kiTxvebi vinZlo cota suleluradac ki JRerdes, magram mniSvnelovani Sedegebi aqvs dabegvrisa Tu sxva ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros. qvemoT moyvanilia sqema, romlis marcxena ukideuresi bolo warmoadgens wminda saqonels, xolo marjvena ukiduresi bolo wminda momsaxurebas. umetesoba biznesebis nawarmi moTavsdeba am or ukiduresobas Soris. 14 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. ekonomikuri wrebrunvus modeli _ rogor urTierTkavSirSia bazrebi, resursebi, biznesebi, mosaxleoba da saxelmwifo qveynis ekonomikas qmnis sazogadoebis, anu bevri adamianis, aseve biznesebis (firmebis) iseTi saqmianoba, rogoricaa: yidva-gayidva, warmoeba, qiraoba da a.S. imisTvis, rom warmodgena SeviqmnaT Tu rogoraa ekonomika organizebuli, ganvixiloT Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben sabazro ekonomikaSi resursebi, bazrebi, biznesebi (firmebi) da ojaxebi (saojaxo meurneobebi). saojaxo meurneobebi am cnebaSi vgulisxmobT Cveulebriv ojaxebs, ramden wevrsac ar unda moicavdes is.. Tavdapirvelad warmovidginoT, rom romeliRac kunZulze cxovrobs ramdenime ojaxi, anu saojaxo meurneoba da maT xelTaa yovelgvari resursi anu sawarmoo faqtori. es ojaxebi floben bunebriv resursebs _ yvelaferi rac am kunZulzea, _ maTia: miwa, tyeebi, wylebi, wiaRiseuli da a.S. garda amisa cxadia am ojaxebis konkretuli wevrebi qmian adamianur resurss, anu muSa-xels, codna da samewarmeo unaric konkretul pirebs gaaCniaT da kapitaluri resursic, es iqneba: fuli, manqana-danadgarebi, Sromis iaraRebi, Tu sxva am saojaxo meurneobebis xelSia. axla warmovidginoT, rom romeliRac saojaxo meurneobebis wevrebs aRmoaCndaT samewarmeo unari da gadawyvites biznesebis wamoiwyeba, anu firmebis Seqmna da samewarmeo saqmianobis dawyeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi kunZulze gveqneba saojaxo meurneobebi da biznesebi (firmebi). cxadia, firmebis asamuSaveblad Tavidanve saWiro iqneba sawarmoo faqtorebis, resursebis, gamoyeneba. Tavidan es iqneba zemoTxsenebuli saojaxo meurneobebis wevrebis samewarmeo unari, da maTi fuli _ kapitaluri resursi. SemdgomSi firmebs dasWirdebaT adamianuri resursic, muSa-xeli, rasac aseve saojaxo meurneobebi miawvdian, roca maTi wevrebi mocemul firmebSi dasaqmdebian, aseve es firmebi saojaxo meurneobebisgan iyidian an iqiraveben miwas, sxva bunebriv resursebs da kapitalur resursebsac. is razec amJamad gvaqvs saubari asaxulia 1-l naxazze. naxazi # 1 naxazze marjvniv aRniSnulia saojaxo meurneobebi, xolo marcxniv _ biznesebi (firmebi). naxazze qarxnebi xatia, magram es, ra Tqma unda, imas ar niSnavs rom firma marto qarxanaa, aq yvelanairi biznesi igulisxmeba rac saqonels an momsaxurebas qmnis: sakuTriv fabrika- qarxnebi, restornebi, kino-Teatrebi da a.S. naxazze Cans, rom saojaxo meurneobebisgan firmebi iyeneben resursebs, sawarmoo faqtorebs, razec ukve gvqonda saubari, xolo sanacvlod am resursebis momwodeblebi anu saojaxo meurneobebi iReben fuls. marTlac isini vinc samewarmeo unari gamoiCines, riski gawsies da firmebi aamuSaves miiReben fuls firmis mogebidan, aseve, roca saojaxo meurneobebidan ojaxis sxvadasxva wevrebi dasaqmdebian firmebSi, gamova, rom firmebi miiReben adamianur resurss, xolo, sanacvlod, saojaxo meurneobebi _ fuls, Sromis anazRaurebis, anu, xelfasis saxiT. aseve, roca saojaxo meurneobebi sxva bunebriv da kapitalur resursebs mihyidian an miaqiraveben biznesebs (firmebs) isini sanacvlod miiReben fuls, qiris, ijaris, saprocento sargebeli 15 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. da a.S. saxiT. zogadad, sqemaze naCvenebia, rom saojaxo meurneobebidan biznesebisken midis resursebi (sawarmoo faqtorebi) xolo, sanacvlod, firmebisgan saojaxo meurneobebSi modis fuli. rogorc viciT, biznesebi (firmebi) sawarmoo faqtorebs (resursebs) warmoebis Sedegad gardaqmnian nawarmad, anu produqtad: saqonlad da momsaxurebad. am produqtebs ki Tavis mxriv saojaxo meurneobebi moixmaren. daakvirdiT me-2 naxazs: naxazi # 2 aq naCvenebia, rom saojaxo meurneobebis mier biznesebisTvis miwodebuli resursebi am ukanasknelebma gardaqmnes produqtad, rasac saojaxo meurneobebi moixmaren. Sedegad gamodis, rom firmebidan produqtebi midis saojaxo meurneobebisken, raSic sanacvlod isini ixdian fuls. es fuli firmebisTvis Semosavalia. am Semosavals akldeba is xarjebi, rac firmebma produqtis sawarmoeblad daxarjes, anu saWiro resursebis SesaZenad gadaixades, xolo rac rCeba aris am firmebis mogeba. am mogebis nawils firmebi sakuTari warmoebis gasafarToveblad moixmaren, nawils ki firmis mepatroneebi, anu saojaxo meurneobebis wevrebi gainawileben. naxazze gare isrebi uCvenebs, rogor miemarTeba sawarmoo faqtorebi saojaxo meurneobebidan firmebisken, xolo produqtebi firmebidan saojaxo meurneobebisken. Sida isrebi ki uCvenebs Tu rogor miemarTeba fuli biznesebidan (firmebidan) saojaxo meurneobebisken, xolo Semdgom saojaxo meurneobebidan firmebisken. isrebi Sekrul wres warmoadgenen. amitom am sqemas, rac Cven davxazeT, ekonomikuri wrebrunvis modeli ewodeba. is warmoadgens qveynis ekonomikis funqcionirebis martiv models da uCvenebs Tu rogor urTierTqmedeben saojaxo meurneobebi da biznesebi. saojaxo meurneobebi da firmebi urTierTqmedeben ori saxis bazrebze:  saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazrebze  sawarmoo faqtorebis bazrebze saqonlisa damomsaxurebis bazrebze saojaxo meurneobebi myidvelebi arian, xolo firmebi gamyidvelebi, aq saojaxo meurneobebi yiduloben biznesebis (firmebis) mier warmoebul produqtebs: saqonels da momsaxurebas 16 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. warmoebis faqtorebis bazrebze biznesebi (firmebi) arian myidvelebi, xolo saojaxo meurneobebi gamyidvelebi. bazrebsac Tu davitanT naxazze ekonomikuri wrebrunvis modeli Semdeg saxes miiRebs: naxazi # 3 axla ganvixiloT saxelmwifos roli ekonomikaSi, rogorc zeviT ukve gvqonda saubari, aris mTeli rigi produqtebisa romelTa miwodebasac mosaxleobisTvis saelmwifo uzrunvelyofs. magram, rogorc vTqviT, kapitalistur sistemaSi sawarmoo faqtorebi salmwifos ar ekuTvnis. maS rogor uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo sazogadoebisTvis saWiro produqtis miwodbas? is fuls uxdis biznesebs (firmebs) da isini awarmoeben mas. saidan iRebs saxelmwifo fuls? saxelmwifos Semosavlis wyaro mosaxleobidan anu saojaxo meurneobebidan akrefili gadasaxadebia. maS, Tu ekonomikuri wrebrunvis modelSi saxelmwifosac movaTavsebT (ixileT 4-e naxazi) miviRebT, rom saxelmwifo krefs gadasaxadebs mosaxleobisgan da miRebuli fuliT firmebs ukveTavs sazogadoebisTvis saWiro produqtebs. firmebi awvdian saxelmwifos Sesabamis produqtebs, xolo saxelmwifo, Tavis mxriv, akrefili gadasaxadebis sanacvlod, am produqtebs mosaxleobas awvdis sazogadoebrivi da socialuri produqtebis saxiT. zemoTqmulis magaliTi iqneba, roca akrefili gadasaxadebiT saxelmwifo qiraobs sxvadasxva samSeneblo kompaniebs da maTi meSveobiT agebs gzebs, an aSenebs skolebs, saavadmyofoebs da a.S. naxazi # 4 17 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. ekonomikuri wrebrunvis Cveneuli sqema qveynis ekonomikis Zalzed gamartivebuli modelia, mas mravali detali aklia. magaliTad, Cven ganvixileT raRac mowyvetili kunZulis ekonomika da modelSi ar CavrTeT iseTi umniSvnelovanesi movlena, rogoricaa saerTaSoriso vaWroba. cxadia nebismieri qveynis saojaxo meurneobebi marto maT qveyanaSi warmoebul produqtebs ar moixmaren, isini sxva qveynebSi warmoebul produqciasac yiduloben. saerTaSoriso vaWrobaze momdevno TavebSi gveqneba saubari. Tavis Sejameba ekonomika, rogorc mecniereba, Seiswavlis, rogor iyenebs sazogadoeba sakuTar resursebs im saqonlisa Tu momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad da gadasanawileblad, rac saWiroa misi saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. resursebi aris is, rasac sazogadoeba nawarmis Sesaqmnelad da momsaxurebis gasawevad iyenebs. resursebi da sawarmoo faqtorebic, 5 kategoriad iyofa: bunebrivi resursi (miwa), adamianuri resursi (muSaxeli), kapitaluri resursi, samewarmeo unari, codna. warmoeba aris procesi, romlis Sedegadac sawarmoo faqtorebi, gardaiqmneba nawarmad anu, produqtad, romelsac Semdgom momxmarebeli moixmars sakuTari saWiroebebisa da moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. im resursebs, rac sawarmoo faqtorebis saxiT gamoiyeneba warmoebis procesSi produqtis Sesaqmnelad Senatanebs vuwodebT, xolo warmoebis Sedegad miRebul produqts _ nawarms, gamosavals. produqti iqmneba raTa daakmayofilos momxmarebelTa saWiroebebi da moTxovnilebebi. saWiroeba aris is, rac aucilebelia gagaCndes, uromlisodac ver gadarCebi. amis kargi magaliTaia saWmeli. kvebis gareSe, cxadia ver vicxovrebT. aseve tanisamosi, TavSesafari da samedicino momsaxureba. moTxovnileba, aris raime konkretuli produqtis qonis survili, rac Cvens saWiroebebs akmayofilebs. yovelgvari saWiroeba garkveul moTxovnilebaSi gamoixateba rac kargi iqneba, gvqondes, magram ar aris aucilebeli. moTxovna aris raimes qonis survili da misi yidvis SesaZleblobac. ekonomikis ori mTavari problema: resurebi aris SezRuduli, adamianTa moTxovnilebebi _ usazRvro. romelTa mogvarebisaTvis ekonomistebi ori mimarTulebiT akeTeben aqcents, es aris arsebuli resursebi ufro efeqtianad iyos gamoyenebuli, maqsimalurad Tanabrad gadanawildes resursebi sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. ekonomikuri sistema aris sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad, resursTa gadanawilebis ZiriTad wes-kanonTa erToblioba. ekonomikur sistemebs Soris gansxvaveba, ZiriTadad, ramdenime fundamentur garemoebebamde dadis. maT Soris umTavresia is, Tu:  vin flobs resursebs, warmoebis faqtorebs _ saxelmwifo Tu xalxi  rogor xorcieldeba dagegmva: centralizebulad Tu decentralizebulad rodesac bazris “uxilavi xeli”-s moqmedeba SezRudulia da araa sakmarisi swored aseT SemTxvevebSi xdeba ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Careva. im daniSnulebas, rac saxelmwifos gaaCnia ekonomikis ukeT funqcionirebisTvis, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqcia ewodeba. biznesi aris garkveuli organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT dafuZnebuli, awyobili, samewarmeo (mogebaze gamiznuli) saqmianoba, romelic qmnis produqts. samewarmeo (komerciuli) saqmianoba aris araerTjeradi saqmianoba, romelic xorcieldeba mogebis mizniT. is SeiZleba ganxorcieldes erTi pirovnebis, an pirTa 18 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. jgufis mier da unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg pirobebs: unda iyos araerTjeradi da mogebaze gamiznuli. produqti aris biznesis saqmianobis gamosavali, Sedegi, rasac gaaCnia Tviseba, rom daakmayofilos ama Tu im momxmareblis moTxovnelebebi. yvela produqti or kategorias ganekuTvneba, saqonels an momsaxurebas. saqoneli aris iseTi produqti romelsac materialuri, nivTieri, forma aqvs. momsaxureba aris iseTi produqti, romelsac materialuri, anu, nivTieri forma ar gaaCnia. ekonomikuri wrebrunvis modeli gviCvenebs, rogor urTierTkavSirSia bazrebi, resursebi, biznesebi, mosaxleoba da saxelmwifo. kiTxvebi TviTSemowmebisaTvis 1. ras Seiswavlis ekonomika? 2. ra aris resursi? 3. ras ewodeba sawarmoo faqtori? CamoTvaleT da ganmarteT sawarmoo faqtoris 5 kategoria. 4. ra aris warmoeba? 5. ra gansxvaveba aris saWiroebas, moTxovnilebasa da moTxovnas Soris? ganmarteT TiToeuli maTgani. 6. ra aris ekonomikis ori fundamenturi problema? 7. ganmarteT ekonomikuri sistema da CamoTvaleT misi tipebi. 8. ras ewodeba biznesi? 9. ras gulisxmobs centralizebuli da decentralizebuli dagegmva? 10. ra aris samewarmeo saqmianoba da ra pirobebs unda akmayofilebdes is? 11. produqtis ori kategoria? ganmarteT isini. 12. risgan Sedgeba ekonomikuri wrebrunvis modeli? amocanebi 1. CamoTvaleT ra sawarmoo faqtorebi sWirdeba warmoebas, rodesac: a) firma awarmoebs saofise avejs b) sofelSi mcxovrebi nina bebo amzadebs da yidis yvels g) vawarmoebT rZis nawarms xilis aromatiT d) fermers mohyavs marcvleuli da awarmoebs fqvils 2. gansazRvreT saWiroeba aris, moTxovnileba, moTxovna Tu ramodenime erTad SeiZleba iyos? a) swrafi kvebis obieqtiT sargebloba b) sakuTari avtomobilis yola g) specialuri puri diabetiT daavadebulTaTvis d) jaz-festuivalze wasvla e) satrenaJoro darbazSi siaruli 19 ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi I. v) brendirebuli tanisamosis SeZena 3. gamoigones axali, miwis gadamamuSavebeli teqnika, romlis saSualebiTac miwa ufro nayofieri xdeba. Secvlis Tu ara es garemoeba miwis, rogorc SezRuduli resursis mdgomareobas? 4. raionSi, romelic ganTqmuli aris fermeruli meurneobiT aris mxolod erTi maRazia, romelsac SeuZlia mxolod 800kg. soflis meurneobisaTvis saWiro Sxam- qimikati hqondes specialur sawyobSi Senaxuli. raionSi sul 20 fermaa romelTac sezonze (TiToeuls) 155kg. wamali esaWiroebaT. gazrdili moTxovna am bazarze SeniSna iq mcxovrebma 6 adamianma da gadawyvites gaxsna msgavsi maRaziis. ramdenad marTebuli iqneba am adamianebis gadawyvetileba gaxsnan msgavsi produqciis maRazia? axseniT ratom? 5. nina bebo qargavs ulamazes Tavsafrebs da yovel Svebulebisas Casul SviliSvils, anis Cuqnis 4-5 cals. radgan mis TanamSromlebsac moswonT anim gadawyvita, rom ramodenime gayidos. CaiTvleba Tu ara anis qmedeba samewarmeo saqmianobad? 6. airCieT firma (sawarmo) da aageT wrebrunvis modeli am firmis magaliTze. 20  Tavi II. am TavSi Tqven gaigebT:  ra aris bazari da rogor muSaobs is.  rogor muSaobs bazris `uxilavi xeli~.  ras asaxavs moTxovnis mrudi.  ra gavlenas axdens bazarze myidvelTa individualuri moTxovnis mrudebis cvlileba.  ra faqtorebi ganapirobeben moTxovnis cvlilebas.  ras niSnavs miwodeba da ras asaxavs miwodebis mrudi.  ra faqtorebi iwvevs miwodebis mrudis cvlilebas.  rogor adgens bazari: ra awarmoos, ramdeni awarmoos da ramdenad gayidos.  ras gulisxmobs moTxovnis elastiuroba fasis mimarT.  ra aris konkurencia da ramdeni tipis arsebobs is.  ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi II. mikroekonomika - rogor muSaobs bazari sabazro Zalebi _ moTxovna da miwodeba rogorc gaxsovT, pirvel TavSi avRniSneT, rom Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaSi bazari gansazRvravs Tu ra saqoneli da momsaxureba, ra odenobiT iwarmoos da ra fasad gaiyidos. wina TavSi vTqviT, rom yovelive amas bazari Tavisi “uxilavi xelis” meSveobiT akeTebs. am TavSi ufro dawvrilebiT gveqneba saubari imaze, Tu ra aris bazari, rogori bazrebi arsebobs, rogor muSaobs “bazris uxilavi xeli”, anu, ra sabazro Zalebi aregulireben imas, Tu ra produqti iwarmoos, ra odenobiT da ra fasad gaiyidos. ra aris bazari? bazari aris konkretuli produqtis myidvelTa da gamyidvelTa jgufi, sadac dgeba garigeba myidvelTa da gamyidvelTa Soris: myidvels surs an sWirdeba raRac konkretuli produqti da mzadaa, sanacvlod fuli gadaixados. gamyidvelsac unda msgavs garigebaSi monawileoba, radgan igi produqtis gayidvidan mogebas elis. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, myidvels gaaCnia moTxovna, konkretul produqtze, xolo gamyidvels saSualeba da survili miawodos mas es produqti, anu, es ukanaskneli uzrunvelyofs miwodebas. swored moTxovna da miwodeba gansazRvravs imas Tu ra saqoneli iwarmoos ra odenobiT da ra fasad gaiyidos is. Tu rogor xdeba es, dawvrilebiT am TavSi ganvixilavT. daviwyoT moTxovniT... moTxovna aris raime produqtis (saqonelis an momsaxurebis) qonis/miRebis survili da misi yidvis SesaZleblobac. moTxovnis raodenoba aris produqtis is raodenoba, romlis SeZenis survilica da SesaZleblobac aqvs myidvels. ra ganapirobebs konkretul produqtze moTxovnis raodenobas? konkretul produqtze moTxovnis raodenobaze sxvadasxva faqtori axdens gavlenas, razec amave TavSi gveqneba saubari. dasawyisisTvis gamovyoT umniSvnelovanesi _ produqtis fasi. cxadia, rac ufo Zviri eRireba produqti, miT naklebi odenobiT SeZenis SesaZlebloba eqneba myidvels, da, vinaidan, rogorc wina Tavidanac gvaxsovs, moTxovnis raodenoba ara mxolod myidvelis survilze, aramed mis materialur SesaZleblobebzecaa damokidebuli, produqtis gaZvireba masze moTxovnis raodenobis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. magaliTad, davuSvaT, rom nayini ufasod rom rigdebodes, zafxulis cxel dRes Tqven siamovnebiT 10 cals miirTmevdiT. Tumca, Tu fulis gadaxda mogiwevT, nayinisTvis dReSi 6 larze meti ar gemetebaT. aseT SemTxvevaSi Tu nayinis fasi 1 lari iqneba, Tqven 6 nayinis SeZenas SeZlebT, anu Tqveni moTxovnis raodenoba nayinze iqneba 6 erTeuli. Tu nayini gaZvirdeba, misi fasi moimatebs da gaxdeba 2 lari, Tqven 3 cals SeiZenT, anu moTxovnis raodenobas SeamcirebT 3 erTeulamde, Tu fasi 3 lari gaxda, 2 cals SeiZenT da a.S. xolo Tu erTi nayinis fasi 6 lars gadaaWarbebs, saerTodac aRar SeiZenT. davakvirdeT damokidebulebas produqtis fassa da masze moTxovnis raodenobas Soris. damokidebuleba uaryofiTia, rac imas niSnavs, rom roca produqtis fasi imatebs, masze moTxovnis raodenoba mcirdeba, xolo, roca fasi klebulobs, piriqiT _ moTxovnis raodenoba izrdeba (cxadia aseT dros vgulsxmobT, rom sxva pirobebi, rogoricaa: produqtis xarisxi, myidvelis gemovneba da a.S. ar Secvlila.) am damokidebulebas, produqtis fassa da masze moTxovnis raodenobas Soris, moTxovnis kanoni ewodeba. Tu gavakeTebT cxrils, sadac erT svetSi CamovwerT produqtis SesaZlo fasebs da momdevno svetSi, TiToeuli fasis gverdiT mivuwerT am fasis Sesabamis moTxovnis raodenobas, miviRebT moTxovnis ganrigs. anu, moTxovnis ganrigi aris cxrili, romelic gviCvenebs damokidebulebas produqtis fassa da masze moTxovnis raodenobas Soris. sxva sityvebiT, moTxovnis ganrigi aris moTxovnis kanonis amsaxveli cxrili. Tu am ganrigis Sesabamis grafiks avagebT, miviRebT moTxovnis grafiks. * 22  ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi II. * - rogorc maTematikis kursidan viciT aseTi ganrigi, iseve rogorc grafiki funqciis mocemis sxvadasxva xerxia, am SemTxvvaSi moTxovnis kanoni sxva araferia, Tu ara moTxovnis funqcia, romlis Tavisufali cvladi produqtis fasia. cxadia, yvela adamians Taviseburi, individualuri moTxovnis ganrigi eqneba, Tu Tqven 2 laris pirobebSi 3 nayins iyidiT, Tqveni megobari amave fasad SeiZleba erTs dasjerdes. warmoidgineT rom nino ufasod 10 cal nayins SeWamda, 1 laris prirobebSi mzadaa 6 cali nayini SeiZinos, 2 laris pirobebSi _ 3 nayini, 3 laris pirobebSi _ 2, xolo 4, 5 da 6 laris pirobebSi 1 nayins dasjerdeba, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu nayinis fasi 6 lars gadaaWarbebs saerTod aRar SeiZens mas. modiT SevadginoT ninos moTxovnis ganrigi da am ganrigis mixedviT avagoT ninos moTxovnis grafiki. is aseT saxes miiRebs:** (naxazi #1) ninos moTxovnis grafiki ninos moTxovnis ganrigi (7 larad , - 0 nayini ) nayi nze 7 produqtis (nayinis) fasi nayinis fasi moTxovnis (6 larad , - 1 nayini ) 6 raodenoba 0 lari 10 nayini 5 (5 larad , - 1 nayini ) 1 lari 6 nayini 4 (4 larad , - 1 nayini ) 2 lari 3 nayini moTxovnis mrudi (3 larad , - 2 nayini ) 3 lari 2 nayini 3 4 lari 1 nayini (2 larad , - 3 nayini ) 2 5 lari 1 nayini (1 larad , - 6 nayini ) 6 lari 1 nayini 1 (0 larad , - 10 nayini ) 7 lari 0 nayini 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 produqtze (nayinze) moTxovnis raodenoba ** - Cveulebriv damoukidebeli cvladi, rogoric am SemTxvevaSi fasia, abscisTa RerZze daitaneba, xolo damokidebuli cvladi ordinatTa RerZze, Tumca ekonomikaSi, tradiciulad, miRebulia fasis ordinatTa RerZze datana, xolo moTxovnis raodenobisa, rac faszea damokidebuli _ abscisTa RerZze. Tu moTxovnis ganrigis mixedviT grafikze datanil wertilebs SevaerTebT (rogorc es naxazzea wiTeli wiriT), miviRebT wirs, rasac moTxovnis mrudi ewodeba. moTxovnis mrudi asaxavs, ra raodenobis produqts SeiZenda myidveli sxvadasxva fasad. (“mrudi” SesaZloa, mrude arc gamodges: an sulac swori xazis saxe miiRos, Cvens SemTxvevaSi mas texilis forma aqvs). rogorc naxazidanac Cans (naxazi #1) moTxovnis mrudi daRmavalia, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom maRali fasis pirobebSi, myidvels naklebi survili aqvs SeiZnos mocemuli produqti, xolo dabali fasebi, zogadad, gayidvebis zrdas ganapirobebs. mrudis agebisas, Cven davuSviT, rom fasis garda, yvela sxva monacemi/cvladi mudmivia, anu ar Secvlila. magaliTad ar Secvlila weliwadis dro, Torem aseT SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba ufro maRal fasSi meti nayini gayiduliyo vidre nakleb fasSi, Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi gagania zafxuli, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi yinviani zamTari iqneboda. is, rom moTxovnis raodenoba faszea damokidebuli, mniSvnelovani gasaTvaliswinebeli faqtoria gamyidvelTaTvis. maT unda gadawyviton TavianTi produqti dabal fasad gayidon SedarebiT meti odenobiT, Tu piriqiT, maRal fasad _ naklebi odenobiT. am magaliTSi ganxiluli moTxovnis ganrigi da mrudi gviCvenebs erTi adamianis, ninos, individualur moTxovnas raime saqonelze. moTxovnis analizisas mTavari kiTxva rac uCndeba gamyidvels Semdegia: 23  ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi II. ramdeni iqneba moTxovnis raodenoba konkretuli fasis SemTxvevaSi? anu mocemuli fasis pirobebSi, davuSvaT 3 larad, ramden adamians ra odenobiT produqtis, vTqvaT nayinis, SeZenis survili gauCndeba? davuSvaT, romelime naynis mwarmoebels am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema mounda. Cvens mier ganxiluli individualuri moTxovnis mrudi mas didad ver daexmareba, radgan ki sworia, 3 larad nino 2 nayins SeiZens, magram xom arian ninos garda sxvebic... viRac kidev 2 nayins SeiZens, viRac damatebiT 5-s da a.S. imisTvis, rom gavigoT konkretuli fasis SemTxvevaSi sul ramden nayinze iqneba moTxovna, yvela adamianis individualuri moTxovna unda SevajamoT. miRebul jamur moTxovnas sabazro moTxovna ewodeba. modiT avagoT sabazro moTxovnis mrudi. simartivisTvis davuSvaT, rom nayinis bazarze nayinis mxolod ori myidvelia, nino da giorgi. aseT SemTxvevaSi sabazro moTxovna iqneba ninosa da giorgis individualuri moTxovnebis jami. Tu 3 larad nino 2 nayins yidulobs, xolo giorgi 1-s jamuri, sabazro moTxovnis raodenoba 3 laris SemTxvevaSi iqneba 4 nayini. aseve Sejamdeba individualuri moTxovnis raodenobebi nebismieri fasisTvis da miviRebT jamuri, sabazro, moTxovnis ganrigs. qvemoT me-2 naxazze mocemulia giorgis da ninos individualuri moTxovnis ganrigebi da maT safuZvelze agebulia sabazro moTxovnis ganrigi. (naxazi #2) ninos moTxovnis ganrigi giorgis moTxovnis ganrigi sabazro moTxovna nayinis fasi nayinze moTxovnis nayinze moTxovnis nayinze moTxovnis raodenoba + raodenoba = raodenoba 0 lari 10 nayini + 8 nayini = 18 nayini 1 lari 6 nayini + 5 nayini = 11 nayini 2 lari 3 nayini + 4 nayini = 7 nayini 3 lari 2 nayini + 3 nayini = 5 nayini 4 lari 1 nayini + 3 nayini = 4 nayini 5 lari 1 nayini + 2 nayini = 3 nayini 6 lari 1 nayini + 2 nayini = 3 nayini 7 lari 0 nayini + 1 nayini = 1 nayini 8 lari 0 nayini + 0 nayini = 0 nayini (naxazi #3) ninos individualuri moTxovnis grafiki giorgis individualuri moTxovnis grafiki 8 7 7 produqtis (nayinis) fasi produqtis (nayinis) fasi 6 6 giorgis individualuri 5 5 moTxovnis mrudi 4 ninos individualuri 4 moTxovnis mrudi 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 produqtze (nayinze) moTxovnis raodenoba produqtze (nayinze) moTxovnis raodenoba 24  ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi II. Tu giorgis da ninos individualur moTxovnis mrudebs erT grafikze movaTavsebT, rogorc es naCvenebia me-4 naxazze da maT individualur moTxovnis raodenobebs sxvadasxva fasisTvis SevkrebT, miviRebT sabazro moTxovnis mruds, rac aq lurjadaa aRniSnuli. (naxazi #4) individualuri da sabazro moTxovna 8 7 produqtis (nayinis) fasi 6 sabazro moTxovnis mrudi 5 giorgis individualuri moTxovnis mrudi 4 3 ninos individualuri moTxovnis mrudi 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 produqtze (nayinze) moTxovnis raodenoba zogadad, Tu CvenTvis cnobili iqneba romelime produqtze sabazro moTxovnis mrudi, SevZlebT davadginoT konkretuli fasis SemTxvevaSi ramdeni iqmneba am produqtze moTxovnis raodenoba. Tu magaliTad daTo nayinis erTaderTi gamyidvelia, im bazarze sadac nino da giorgi orad-ori myidvelia, daTos ecodineba, rom Tu Tavis nayins 2 lars daadebs, 7 calis gayidvas SeZlebs da, Sesabamisad, 14 lars (7 * 2 = 14) miiRebs. daakvirdiT me-4 naxazs da scadeT TiToeuli fasisTvis gamoTvaloT ramdeni nayinis gayidvas SeZlebs daTo da ramden Semosavals miiRebs. Tqven daTos adgilas ra fasad gayiddiT nayins? process, roca sxvadasxva fasisTvis sabazro moTxovnis raodenobis dadgenas vanxorcielebT, moTxovnis mrudis gaswvriv moZraoba hqvia. moTxovnis mrudis gaswvriv moZraobisas vxedavT, rom fasis matebisas sabazro moTxovnis raodenoba mcirdeba, fasis klebisas _ matulobs. moTxovnis cvlileba _ moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgileba moTxovnis raodenobis gazrda an Semcireba SeiZleba moTxovnis mrudis gaswvriv moZraobisgan gansxvavebuli mizeziTac moxdes. aseT dros sabazro moTxovnis mTlianad Secvla xdeba xolme, rac sabazro moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgilebiT gamoixateba. roca individualuri da sabazro moTxovnis mrudebi avageT, rogorc gaxsovT avRniSneT, rom fasis garda sxva pirobebi ucvleli rCeboda, aseT SemTxvvaSi miviReT konkretuli formis mrudi. Tumca, zogadad sulac araa aucilebeli sxva pirobebi ucvleli darCes, isini SeiZleba Seicvalos da, Sesabamisad, gavlena iqonios individualuri an sabazro moTxovnis mrudebze, es ki maTi formis Secvlas da gadaadgilebas gamoiwvevs. ufro gasagebi rom gaxdes, Tu ras niSnavs moTxovnis mrudis gadaadgileba, ganvixiloT SemTxveva, rac myidvelTa raodenobis cvlilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli: myidvelTa raodenobis cvlileba warmovidginoT, rom im bazarze, sadac nayinis orad-ori myidveli nino da giorgi iyo, gaCnda mesame myidveli _ Tea. masac, ninosa da giorgis ar iyos, gaaCnia individualuri moTxovnis ganrigi. me-5 naxazze naCvenebia Teas moTxovnis ganrigi ninosa da giorgis 25  ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi II. moTxovnis ganrigebTan erTaT da gamoyvanilia sabazro moTxovnis ganrigi Teas individualuri moTxovnis ganrigis gaTvaliswinebiT. SeadareT axali sabazro moTxovnis ganrigi Zvels, romelic me-2 naxazze iyo. daakvirdiT, rom TiToeuli fasisTvis axali sabazro moTxovnis raodenoba ZvelTan SedarebiT gazrdilia. (naxazi #5) Teas moTxovnis ninos moTxovnis giorgis moTxovnis sabazro moTxovna ganrigi ganrigi ganrigi nayinis fasi nayinze moTxovnis nayinze moTxovnis nayinze moTxovnis nayinze moTxovnis raodenoba + raodenoba + raodenoba = raodenoba 0 lari 6 nayini + 10 nayini + 8 nayini = 24 nayini 1 lari 6 nayini + 6 nayini + 5 nayini = 17 nayini 2 lari 5 nayini + 3 nayini + 4 nayini = 12 nayini 3 lari 4 nayini + 2 nayini + 3 nayini = 9 nayini 4 lari 4 nayini + 1 nayini + 3 nayini = 8 nayini 5 lari 4 nayini + 1 nayini + 2 nayini = 7 nayini 6 lari 3 nayini + 1 nayini + 2 nayini = 6 nayini 7 lari 2 nayini + 0 nayini + 1 nayini = 3 nayini 8 lari 1 nayini + 0 nayini + 0 nayini = 1 nayini 9 lari 0 nayini + 0 nayini + 0 nayini = 0 nayini me-6 naxazze erTadaa datanili ninos, giorgis Teas da sabazro moTxovnis mrudebi, Sesabamisad _ wiTel, mwvane, cisfer da lurj ferad. aqve wyvetili xaziT datanilia Zveli sabazro moTxovnis mrudi. daakvirdiT: axali sabazro moTxovnis mrudi ZvelTan SedarebiT marjvnivaa wanacvlebuli (naxazi #6) individualuri da sabazro moTxovna 9 8 7 Zveli sabazro moTxovnis mrudi produqtis (nayinis) fasi 6 Tea 5 axali sabazro moTxovnis mrudi 4 giorgi 3 2 1 nino 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 produqtze (nayinze) moTxovnis raodenoba daakvirdiT me-7 naxazs. aq me-6 naxazidan datovebulia marto Zveli da axali sabazro moTxovnis mrudebi. rogorc vxedavT TiToeuli fasisTvis sabazro moTxovnis raodenoba gaizarda da sabazro moTxovnis mrudis yovelma wertilma gadainacvla marjvniv. magaliTad, Tu 6 larad nayinze sabazro moTxovnis raodenoba 3 cali iyo, axla ukve 6 gaxda; Tu 4 laris SemTxvevaSi sabazro moTxovnis raodenoba 4 cali iyo, axla is ukve 8 calia da a.S. ram gamoiwvia sabazro moTxovnis gazrda, anu sabazro moTxovnis mrudis marjvniv gadaadgileba? es myidvelebis raodenobis gazrdis gamo moxda. cxadia, Tavdapirvelad sami myidveli rom yofiliyo da erT-erTs daetovebina bazari, vTqvaT eqims 26  ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi II. aekrZala giorgisTvis tkbilis Wama, maSin myidvelTa raodenobis Semcireba produqtis nebismieri fasisTvis sabazro moTxovnis raodenobis Semcirebas gamoiwvevda da sabazro moTxovnis mrudi marcxniv wainacvlebda. zogadad, myidvelTa raodenobis cvlileba gavlenas axdens sabazro moTxovnis mrudze. Tu myidvelTa raodenoba matulobs sabazro moTxovna izrdeba da mrudi gadainacvlebs marjvniv, xolo Tu myidvelTa raodenoba klebulobs sabazro moTxovna klebulobs da mrudi gadainacvlebs marcxniv. (naxazi #7) sabazro moTxovnis cvlileba 9 8 7 produqtis (nayinis) fasi 6 5 axali sabazro moTxovnis mrudi 4 3 2 Zveli sabazro moTxovnis mrudi 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 produqtze (nayinze) moTxovnis raodenoba aRsaniSnavia, rom roca bazars damatebiT myidveli, Tea, daemata, Seicvala sabazro moTxovnis mrudi, Tumca ninos da giorgis individualuri moTxovnis mrudebi ar Secvlila. axla ganvixiloT SemTxvevebi, roca sabazro moTxovnis cvlileba myidvelTa individualuri moTxovnis mrudebis cvlilebebiTaa ganpirobebuli. aseTebia:  myidvelTa Semosavlis cvlileba  myidvelTa gemovnebis cvlileba  myidvelTa molodini  urTierTdakavSirebuli produqtebis fasebi myidvelTa Semosavlis cvlileba warmoidgineT ra moxdeba Cvens nayinis bazarze, romelic sami myidvelisgan: nino, giorgi da Teasgan Sedgeba Tu myidvelebs Semosavali gaezrdebaT? rogorc gvaxsovs nino siamovnebiT SeWamda 10 nayins dReSi, Tumca misi Semosavlis pirobebSi nayinisTvis dReSi 6 larze meti ar emeteba. fuli sxva rameSic xom sWirdeba!, axla Tu misi Semosavali gaizrdeba, man SeiZleba nayinisTvis dReSi 8 lari gaimetos. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tu nayini 1 lari eRireba is 6-is nacvlad 8 cals SeiZens, xolo Tu manamde 7 larad uars ambobda nayinis yidvaze axla SeiZleba iyidos. e.i. Seicvleba misi individualuri moTxovnis mrudi. TiToeul fasad nino met nayins SeiZens da misi individualuri moTxovnis mrudi marjvniv gadainacvlebs. analogiurad moxdeba giorgisa da Teas SemTxvevaSic da gamova, rom yoveli fasisTvis, isini ufro met nayins SeiZenen, vidre aqamde yidulobdnen, es TiToeuli fasisTvis jamur, anu sabazro moTxovnis raodenobasac gazrdis, anu nayinze sabazro moTxovna gaizrdeba da sabazro moTxovnis mrudi marjvniv gadainacvlebs. piriqiT moxdeboda myidvelTa Semosavali rom Semcirebuliyo. isini veRar miscemdnen Tavs igive odenobiT nayinis Wamis uflebas, TiToeuli fasis SemTxvevaSi isini nakleb nayins SeiZendnen maTi individualuri moTxovna, iseve rogorc sabazro moTxovna Semcirdeboda da Sesabamisi mrudebi gadainacvlebdnen marcxniv. Tumca, arsebobs gamonaklisi SemTxvevebic, roca myidvelTa Semosavlis zrda konkretul produqtze moTxovnis Semcirebas iwvevs. aseT produqtebs mdare produqtebs uwodeben. mdare produqtis magaliTia samoqlaqo transportis momsaxureba. cxadia Tu mosaxleobis Semosavlebi 27  ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi II. gaizrdeba, sul ufro naklebi xalxi isargeblebs samoqalaqo transportiT, zogi taqss mimarTavs, zogic sakuTar avtomobils SeiZens da samoqalaqo transportis momsaxurebaze moTxovna Semcirdeba. sxva yvela produqts, romelzec moTxovna matulobs, roca mosaxleobis Semosavali izrdeba normaluri produqti ewodeba. zogadad, myidvelTa Semosavlis cvlileba iwvevs individualuri da sabazro moTxovnis cvlilebas. Semosavlis zrdisas normalur produqtze moTxovna izrdeba da mrudi gadainacvlebs marjvniv, xolo Semosavlis Semcirebisas moTxovna mcirdeba da Sesabamisi mrudi gadainacvlebs marcxniv. myidvelTa gemovnebis cvlileba myidvelTa gemovnebac, cxadia, gavlenas axdens, rogorc individualur, ise sabazro moTxovnaze. gemovnebis cvlilebis Sedegad sabazro moTxovnis cvlilebis kargi magaliTia moda. Tu konkretuli stilis jinsi modaSi Semova, masze moTxovnac gaizrdeba, Tu modidan gadava, masze moTxovna Semcirdeba. roca gemovneba icvleba myidvelebs an ufro meti survili uCndebaT konkretuli produqtis SeZenisa an piriqiT, misi SeZenis survili uneldebaT. Sesabamisad, myidvelTa gemovnebaSi cvlileba iwvevs individualuri moTxovnis Secvlas: gazrdas an Semcirebas, rac sabolood sabazro moTxovnaze aisaxeba. is an gaizrdeba da, Sesabamisad, mrudi gadainacvlebs marjvniv, an Semcirdeba da mrudi gadaadgildeba marcxniv. myidvelTa molodini samomavlo molodinic gavlenas axdens dRevandel moTxovnaze. vTqvaT Tu Tqven konkretul produqtze fasis momatebas eliT, SeiZleba misi yidva dResve gadawyvitoT da, Sesabamisad, am produqtze moTxovna gaizrdeba. warmoidgineT Tu sazogadoebaSi sacxovrebel binebze fasebis zrdis molodini arsebobs, bevri gadawyvets bina manamde iyidos, sanam misi fasi aiwevs, rac im momentSi sacxovrebel binebze moTxovnis gazrdas gamoiwvevs. analogiurad, Tu momavali Tvidan samsaxuris dakargvas eliT, Tqvens xelT arsebul fuls ufro momWirned daxarjavT, da nakleb produqts, vTqvaT nayins SeiZenT. es am produqtebze moTxovnis Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. anu, myidvelTa molodinma SeiZleba ganapirobos konkretul produqtze moTxovnis zrda da, Sesabamisad masze moTxovnis mrudis marjvniv gadaadgileba an piriqiT, produqtze moTxovnis Semcireba da mrudis marcxniv gadaadgileba. urTierTdakavSirebuli produqtebis fasebi axla ganvixiloT rogor cvlis moTxovnas urTierTdakavSirebuli produqtebis fasebi. amisTvis, Tavdapirvelad, TviT es termini ganvmartoT. urTierTdakavSirebuls uwodeben urTierTSemcvlel da urTierTSemavsebel produqtebs. urTierTSemcvleli ewodeba iseT or produqts, romelTagan erT-erTis fasis zrda iwvevs meoreze moTxovnis zrdas. aseTebia, magaliTad benzini da dizeli. Tu erT-erTis, vTqvaT, benzinis fasi gaizrdeba, bevri manqanis mflobeli dizelze gadaerTveba da es dizelze moTxovnas gazrdis. analogiuradaa saqme karaqisa da margarinis SemTxvevaSi. Tu karaqis fasi gaizrdeba, xalxi margariniT Caanacvlebs da es margarinze moTxovnas gazrdis. urTierTSemavsebeli ewodeba iseT or produqts, romelTaganac erT-erTis fasis zrda iwvevs meoreze moTxovnis Semcirebas. aseTebia, magaliTad, procesori da monitori. isini erTmaneTs avseben. cxadia, Tu monitori uecrad Zalze gaZvirdeba, es procesorze moTxovnas Seamcirebs, radgan monitoris gareSe procesori mouxerxebelia gamosayeneblad, isini erTad unda SeiZino, xolo monitorze fasis zrda misi yidvis stimuls amcirebs. aseT SemTxvvaSi xalxi SeiZleba kompiuteris Semcvlelze, nouTbuqze, gadaerTos. zogadad, urTierTSemcvleli produqtebis SemTxvevaSi erT-erTze fasis zrda meoreze moTxovnis zrdas iwvevs, erTis fasis Semcireba ki meoreze moTxovnis Semcirebas, xolo urTierTSemavsebeli produqtebis SemTxvevaSi erT-erTis fasis zrda meoreze moTxovnis Semcirebas iwvevs, xolo erTze fasis Semcireba _ meoreze moTxovnis gazrdas. 28  ekonomikisa da biznesis safuZvlebi Tavi II. ras niSnavs miwodeba? imis asaxsnelad Tu rogor adgens sakuTar fasebs Tu warmoebis dones Tavisufal sabazro sistemaSi moqmedi kompania, mxolod moTxovna ar kmara. amisTvis kidev erT cnebas, _ miwodebas unda gavecnoT. miwodeba aris raime produqtis gayidvis survili da SesaZlebloba. miwodebis raodenoba aris produqtis is raodenoba, romlis gayidvis survilica da SesaZleblobac aqvs gamyidvels. modiT, kvlav Cvens Zvel magaliTs, nayinis bazris gamartivebul models mivubrundeT, imisTvis, rom modeli metad miemsgavsos realobas, is myidvelebis, ninos giorgisa da Teas garda gamyidvelebiTac unda SevavsoT. zeviT ukve vaxseneT gamyidveli daTo. mas nayinis gayidvis survilic hqonda da SesaZleblobac. anu is bazarze nayinis miwodebas anxorcielebda. cxadia, mas meti stimuli eqneba moamaragos bazari nayiniT, anu moaxdinos bazarze nayinis miwodeba, Tu nayinis fasi maRali iqneba. aseT SemTxvevaSi mas Tavisi produqtis maRal fasad gayidvis saSualeba eqneba da meti mogeba darCeba. Tu nayinis fasi daiklebs, daToc nakleb nayins gamoitans gasayidad, xolo Tu fasma ise daiklo, rom daTos nayinis gayidva aRar uRirs, saerTod Sewyvets am saqmianobas da sxva rames mihyofs xels. rogorc vxedavT, produqtis fasi, miwodebis raodenobis erT-erTi mTavari ganmsazRvrelia, iseve rogorc es iyo moTxovnis raodenobis SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, maT Soris damokidebuleba gansxvvebulia. zogadad firmebis survili, awarmoon da gayidon saqoneli Tu momsaxureba miT ufro metad izrdeba, rac ufro matulobs fasi da meti mogebis miRebis SesaZleblobac Cndeba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, produqtis fasis zrdasTan erTad, rogorc wesi, miwodebis raodenobac izrdeba, xolo fasis klebis SemTxvevaSi miwodebis raodenoba klebulobs. produqtis fassa da miwodebis raodenobas Soris am damokidebulebas miwodebis kanoni ewodeba. rogorc moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi moviqeciT, aqac Tu gavakeTebT cxrils, sadac erT svetSi CamovwerT produqtis SesaZlo fasebs da momdevno svetSi, TiToeuli fasis gverdiT mivuwerT am fasis Sesabamis miwodebis raodenobas, miviRebT miwodebis ganrigs. anu, miwodebis ganrigi aris cxrili, romelic gviCvenebs damokidebulebas produqtis fassa da mis miwodebis raodenobas Soris. Tu am ganrigis Sesabamis grafiks avagebT, miviRebT miwodebis grafiks. Tu miwodebis ganrigis mixedviT grafikze datanil wertilebs SevaerTebT, miviRebT wirs, rasac miwodebis mrudi ewodeba. miwodebis mrudi asaxavs, damokidebulebas produqtis fasebsa da gamyidvelisTvis sasurveli, gasayidad SemoTavazebuli produqtis raodenobas Soris. anu, is asaxavs ra raodenobiT produqts SesTavazebs gamyidveli bazars Tu am produqtis fasi konkretuli ricxvi iqneba. magaliTad ramdeni nayinis gayidvis survili gauCndeba daTos Tu nayinis fasi 5 lari iqneba. rogorc moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi iyo, aqac gvaqvs individualuri da sabazro miwodeba. dasawyisisTvis davuSvaT, rom bazarze erTaderTi gamyidveli, anu mimwodebelia _ CvenTvis kargad cnobili daTo. mas cxadia eqneba sakuTari miwodebis individualuri ganrigi. vTqvaT is ise gamoiyureba, rogorc me-8 naxazzea mocemuli. am naxazze mocemulia daTos individualuri miwodebis ganrigi da