EAPP-Q2-Module-2 PDF

www.shsph.blogspot.com www.shsph.blogspot.com English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 – Module 2: Defends a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited factual evidences Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subs...

www.shsph.blogspot.com www.shsph.blogspot.com English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 – Module 2: Defends a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited factual evidences Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin Development Team of the Module Writer: MA. SUZITTE S. TACORDA Editors: GINA B. PANTINO SONIA V. PRENSADER JOSALIE T. TONIO LORAINE T. CHIONG Reviewers: GINA B. PANTINO and Masbate City Division headed by JEANETTE ROMBLON Illustrator / Layout Artist: JOHN MICHAEL SARTE www.shsph.blogspot.com SHS English for Academic and Professional Purposes Quarter 2 – Module 2 DEFENDS A STAND ON AN ISSUE BY PRESENTING REASONABLE ARGUMENTS SUPPORTED BY PROPERLY CITED FACTUAL EVIDENCES This instructional material was developed based from the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in English for Academic and Professional Purposes in response to the new normal scheme in learning delivery of the Department of Education. This module was collaboratively reviewed by educators and program specialists in the Regional Office V. We encourage teachers and other educational stakeholders to email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education at ____________________. We value your feedback and recommendations. 1 www.shsph.blogspot.com Department of Education Republic of the Philippines I. INTRODUCTION TO THE LESSON Welcome to this module! In everyday life, people take sides and form opinions on anything that involves them. However, defending your point by simply saying, “Because I think so” won’t help you make a case. When we face an issue and are challenged to make a stand, it is necessary for us to support it with logical arguments. It is therefore important that you learn how to properly outline your thoughts and make valid arguments. You will take part in a larger debate by stating your arguments and proposed course of action. Interesting and challenging, right? In this module, you are expected to determine different kinds of logical fallacy, identify factors on authenticity and validity of evidences/information and defend your stand on a particular issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited factual evidences. You can do it! Good luck! I. OBJECTIVES At the end of this lesson, you are expected to: defend a stand on an issue by presenting reasonable arguments supported by properly cited factual evidences determine different kinds of logical fallacy identify factors on authenticity and validity of evidences/information present reasonable arguments and factual evidences to defend a stand II. VOCABULARY LIST Let’s enrich your vocabulary with these terms that you will encounter throughout this lesson. Stand - viewpoint Claims - these are statements that support the author’s stand; ARGUMENT Evidences - these are proofs or evidences to strengthen the author’s claim Fallacy - an error in reasoning which weakens an argument Counterclaims – arguments opposing a stand 2 www.shsph.blogspot.com III. PRE-TEST True or False Instructions: Read the statement below. If it is true, draw. If it is false, draw Write your answers in a paper or in your notebook. 1. Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that invalidates an argument. 2. Opinions are better than facts in supporting an argument. 3. Statistics can be used as evidence to support an argument. 4. Evidence from expert interviews can strengthen your stand. 5. Bandwagon occurs when someone tries to refute an argument by attacking the character of a person instead of attacking the ideas of the argument. IV. LEARNING CONCEPTS Take a glance on the picture below. Then, answer the question: “Which would you follow, the decision that your mind is saying or the choice that your heart is dictating?” In this case whichever your choice, you have to defend it with reasonable arguments and factual evidences. http://www.pinterest.at/pin/211880357453253536/ Retrieved: July 15, 2020 1:34 P.M Every now and then, we find the need to take a stand on an issue. How do we defend this stand? How do we convince others about the soundness of our position? Study the picture below. Claim Argument Stand Credible Sources Note: You have to remember these three facts. These are important elements to accomplish the tasks later. 3 www.shsph.blogspot.com A. LOGICAL FALLACIES What are these logical fallacies? Why is there a need for you to be familiar with it? LOGICAL FALLACIES are ERRORS IN REASONING that INVALIDATE AN ARGUMENT. As a critical thinker you have to identify and examine fallacies and manipulative language. It is therefore important that you know some of the common fallacies. Study the types of fallacy and its example: Fallacy Description Example False Dilemma Occurs when an arguer presents Either you fully devote his/her argument as one of only yourself to company or two options despite the you quit. presence of multiple possibilities Appeal to Ignorance Occurs when something is The writer does not talk instantly concluded to be true about the connection just because it is not proven to between the victim’s killer be false, and vice versa and his sister, so there must be none. Slippery Slope Occurs when a series of If we ban computer shops, increasingly superficial and then students will not be unacceptable consequences is able to do research. And if drawn they do not have tools for research, these students will fail their subjects. Complex Question Occurs when two or more “Have you stopped points are rolled into one and cheating on exams?” the reader is expected to accept or reject both at the same time, when one point may be satisfactory while the other is not Appeal to Force Occurs when a threat, instead of If you do not admit that reasoning is used to argue evolution is not real, we will isolate you from the group. Appeal to Pity Occurs when the element of Please do not fire me for pity is used instead of logical being absent all month; I reasoning have a sick mother and a special child to support. Appeal to Occurs when unpleasant You can’t believe that Consequences consequences of believing colonialism is bad, something are pointed out to because if it were, then we show that the belief is false would not be civilized. 4 www.shsph.blogspot.com Bandwagon Occurs when an argument is Most Filipinas want to considered to be valid because have fair skin because it is what the majority thinks they think they look beautiful. Therefore, having fair skin must be the real standard of beauty. Attacking the Person Occurs when someone tries to I cannot accept your refute an argument by attacking argument because, unlike the character of a person instead me, you were not educated of attacking the ideas of the at Harvard University. argument Appeal to Authority Occurs when the argument Bill Gates, the co-founder quotes an expert who’s not of Microsoft, recommends qualified in the particular the effective fabric subject matter softening properties of Downy fabric softener. Anonymous The authority in question is not Experts claim that eating mentioned or named peanuts causes pimples. Authority Hasty Generalization Occurs when a sample is not Martha, the foreigner from significant enough to support a France is very impolite. generalization about a French people are mean population and rude. False Analogy Occurs when a writer assumes Drugs are like massages: that two concepts that are they make you feel good. similar in some ways are also similar in other ways Accident Occurs when a general rule is Jaywalking is not allowed, applied to a situation, even so you should not have when it should be an exception done that even when you were being chased by terrorists. Post Hoc It is an informal fallacy that Dina saw cat when they states: “Since event A followed went home. Along the event B, event A must have way, they crashed into a been caused by event B.” tree. The black cat must be the reason why they met an accident. Wrong Direction Occurs when the direction Liver damage leads to between cause and effect is alcoholism. reversed Complex Cause Occurs when the explanation We were not able to solve for an event is reduced to one the problem because of thing when there are other limited time, even if all the factors which also contributed other groups were able to to the event do so. Irrelevant Conclusion Occurs when an argument We must support the fight which is supposed to prove for gender equality 5 www.shsph.blogspot.com something concludes between men and women. something else instead Women have suffered enough violence at home. Violence against women must be stopped. Straw Man Occurs when the position of the Opponent: We should opposition is twisted so that it is relax the law governing easier to refute the allowed smoking areas in the city. Fallacy: We should not do so, because the number of smokers might increase. Affirming the Any argument of the form: If A If you are drinking wine, Consequent is true then B is true; If B is true you have a problem. therefore A is true Therefore, if you have a problem, you are drinking wine. Denying the Any argument of the form: If A If you are drinking wine, Antecedent is true then B id true; If A is not you have a problem. true then B is not true Therefore, if you are not drinking wine, you do not have a problem. Inconsistency Occurs when arguments Frank is older than Jake, contradict one another Jake is older than Noli and Noli is older than Frank. Source: Barrot, J. T. (2016). Academic Reading & Writing for Senior High School. C&E Publishing, Inc. Warning: Do not use these kinds of logical fallacies when you defend your stand. It weakens your arguments. So, what are the things that you have to do in order to refrain from these fallacies? Study the next topic. B. FACTORS ON AUTHENTICITY AND VALIDITY OF EVIDENCES/INFORMATION While there is a wealth of information found in various sources electronically or non- electronically, you should also keep in mind that not all of these pieces of information are accurate, relevant, valid or credible. Hence, it is important to evaluate sources of information that you plan to include in your academic writing venture. Note: There is always a risk that the sources taken from the Internet or anywhere else have biased or incorrect information, so you have to evaluate and filter your sources before using them. The following are some of the criteria assessing whether the source is suitable to use for academic purposes. The criteria include relevance, authority, currency, contents and location of sources. 6 www.shsph.blogspot.com 1. Relevance of the Source How well does the source support your stand? You can check the title, table of contents, summary, introduction or headings of the text to have a sense of its content. 2. Authority/Author’s Qualifications Is the author’s name identified? Is the author’s background, education or training related to the topic? If the source does not have an author, think twice before using it. Legitimate academic texts must include citations. Citations demonstrate that the writer has thoroughly researched the topic and is not plagiarizing the material. 3. Currency/Date of Publication What is the date of the publication? In most fields, the data from the older publications may no longer be valid. As much as possible, the date pf publication should be at most five years earlier. 4. Contents/Accuracy of Information Does the author have a lot of citations in his or her text and/or bibliography or works cited section? You do not want to use source that is disputable, so make sure to verify your findings with multiple sources. 5. Location of Sources Where was the source published? Was it published digitally or in print? Is it a book, an academic journal or a reputable news source as www.nytimes.com or www.economist.com? Does it provide complete publication information such as author/s, editor/s, title, date of publication and publisher? What is the URL of the website? Avoid using blogs or personal homepage and wiki sites (Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquotes) If the URL includes the top-level domain.edu, then that means that it has been published by an academic institution such as university Common URLs include.gov (government),.org (organizations),.com (commercial sites) and.net (network infrastructures). In academic writing, reputable sites are those with.edu,.gov,.net and.org in URL. Source: Barrot, J, T. & Sipacio P.J (2016). Communicative Today English for Academic and Professional Purposes for Senior High School. C&E Publishing, Inc. 7 www.shsph.blogspot.com Remember: Aside from your Add on: claim/argument, you have to discuss Pieces of evidence to strengthen the author’s claims: counter arguments. Evidence from surveys, library research These are the and experiments arguments opposing a stand. Evidence from informant interviews (those who have direct experience related to the problem/issue Evidence from expert interviews Source: Valdez, P. N. M. (2016). English for the Globalized Classroom Series: English for Academic and Professional Purposes. The Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. C. PRESENTATION OF REASONABLE ARGUMENTS AND FACTUAL EVIDENCES TO DEFEND A STAND Guidelines in presentation of reasonable arguments and factual evidences to defend a stand: C - ontains a clear proposition or statement that must be defended A - ssesses conflicting opinions or opposing views on the issue T - akes a firm stand on the issue L - ists arguments in an organized manner to defend the stand C -onsider your audience/reader Source: English for Academic and Professional Purposes Teacher’s Guide Reminder: If nurses have T.L.C for Tender Love and Care then, you have C.A.T.L.C for guidelines in presentation of your arguments. 8 www.shsph.blogspot.com Study the example using the guide questions: Guide Questions: 1. What is the topic? 2. What is the stand of the writer? 3. Look at the explanation and evidence. Are there any connections? 4. How did the writer show the conclusion? V. PRACTICE TASK I VI. Instructions: Read each statement below and identify what it describes by choosing the word in the word pool. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. Logical Attacking the Bandwagon False Hasty Fallacies Person Dilemma Generalization Irrelevant Complex Wrong False Analogy Post Hoc Direction Conclusion Cause 1. These are errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument. 2. It occurs when the direction between cause and effect is reversed. 3. It occurs when an arguer presents his/her argument as one of only two options despite the presence of multiple possibilities. 4. We must support the clean and green program of the government. Mountaineers have suffered climbing on the mountains. 5. I cannot accept your argument because unlike me, you were not educated at Harvard University. 6. We were not able to solve the problem because of limited time even if all the other groups were able to do so. 7. It occurs when an argument is considered to be valid because it is what the majority thinks. 8. It occurs when a writer assumes that two concepts that are similar in some ways are also similar in other ways. 9. Juan saw a black cat when they went home. Along the way, they crashed into a tree. The black cat must be the reason why they met an accident. 9 www.shsph.blogspot.com 10. It occurs when a sample is not significant or enough to support a generalization about a population. Never stop doing great! PRACTICE TASK II Task 2: Modified True or False Instructions: Write T if the statement is true. If it is false change the underlined word with the correct one. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. 1. The criteria for assessing whether a source is suitable to use for academic purposes are: relevance, authority, currency contents and references. 2. Sources not written by experts are not valid. 3. Sources published online should always be used as reference. 4. Sources that are personal and editable such as blogs and Wikipedia are acceptable. 5. Sources that have no relevance to your academic paper should not be used. 6. Evidence from surveys, library research and experiments can strengthen your argument. 7. Evidence from informant interviews (those who have direct experience related to the problem/issue is acceptable. 8. Evidence from expert interviews is credible. 9. Outdated sources should not be considered. Task 3: Mind Map Instructions: Complete the mind map below. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. 13. 12. 14. Guidelines in presentation of 11. reasonable arguments 15. and factual evidences to defend a stand Stop worrying about the pot holes in the road and enjoy the journey! You’re doing great! 10 www.shsph.blogspot.com PRACTICE TASK III TASK 4: Choose Who-One! Instructions: Fill out the box with the needed information. Have a brief yet clear answer in a separate sheet of paper. Situation Your mother is in critical condition while laboring your youngest sibling and according to the doctor only one has the chance to survive. Because of this, the doctor is asking you to decide as to who should be kept alive. STAND/POSITION EXPLANATION EVIDENCE CONCLUSION After you accomplish the task go back to the guidelines earlier. Assess your output in Task 4. Are you reminded with the logical fallacies? Did you use powerful explanation or argument? Did you use the C.A.T.L.C? Nice! Now, you are ready for the next task. Good luck! Task 5: D. Y. S. (Defend Your Stand) Instructions: Given the issue, write your stand. Defend it using your claims/arguments. For each argument, give an evidence. Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper. Example: Cycling to commute to work or school Stand: In favor Argument: Health benefits, environment-friendly Evidence: Cycling as a mode of transport should be promoted since it has several health benefits. It’s easy on the joints. When you sit on a bike, you put your weight on a pair of bones in the pelvis called the ischial tuberosities. “That makes it good for anyone with joint pain or related stiffness,” says Dr. Clare Safran-Norton, a physical therapist at Harvard -affiliated Brigham and Women’s Hospital. In addition, it can save non- renewable resources. According to the Encyclopedia of Energy, bicycles can cover a given distance using one-thousandth of the fuel that an automobile uses. It cuts down on greenhouse gas emissions and global climate change and reduces pollutants. 11 www.shsph.blogspot.com Begin here: 1. Issue: Use of Social Media Websites in school Stand: ______________________________ Argument: __________________________ Evidence: __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________Issue: Anti-Terrorism Act of 2020 Stand: ______________________________ Argument: __________________________ Evidence: __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 2. Issue: Who is a better leader: Someone who is loved or someone who is feared? Stand: ______________________________ Argument: __________________________ Evidence: __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Evaluate the output using the rubric below. Content: 15% Organization: 10% Grammar and Mechanics: 10% 35% To be successful, you must decide exactly what you want to accomplish, then resolve to pay the price to get it. You’re almost done! Great job! 12 www.shsph.blogspot.com VII. POST TEST Instructions: Choose ONE of the issues below. Create an essay, then state and defend your stand. Give at least 3 claims/arguments; each argument should have at least two evidences. Write your essay in a separate sheet of paper. http://www.labmate- http://blaque.co.za/brands-that- http://www.healthline.com/health online.com/news/laboratory- are-tackling-social-issues/ -news/war-on-drugs-a-failure- productsbreaking-news/is-covid- Retrieved: July 16, 2020 4:34 un-concludes 19-man-made-or-natural/51980 P.M. Retrieved: July 16, 2020 4:30 Retrieved: July 8, 2020 1:20 P.M. A.M. Evaluate the output using the rubric below. VGE GE SE LE N 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENT (30%) Paper clearly states the position of the writer. Arguments reflect higher level of thought. Paper uses evidence from reputable sources. There are sufficient pieces of evidence to support the claim. Paper is free from logical fallacies. Paper aligns the arguments to the target readers’ beliefs, attitude, values and motivations. ORGANIZATION (10%) Ideas are correctly placed which improves the paper’s organization. Flow of ideas is smooth and easy to read 13 www.shsph.blogspot.com Total Legend: VGE - To a very great extent; GE - To a great extent; SE - To some extent; Wish for it. Hope for it. Dream for it. But by all means: DO IT! VIII. ASSIGNMENT/ADDITIONAL ACTIVITIES A. Reflect on the learning that you gained after taking up this lesson by completing the given chart: What were your misconceptions about What new or additional learning have the topic prior to taking up this lesson? you had after taking up this lesson in terms of skills, content and attitude? I thought… I learned that… B. Answer the questions: 1. What is a position paper? How to do you write a position paper? You have successfully finished this module! Great job! Congratulations! 14 www.shsph.blogspot.com ANSWER KEY PRE-TEST. or 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. PRACTICE TASK I Task 1: Word Pool 1. Logical Fallacies 2. Wrong Direction 3. False Dilemma 4. Irrelevant conclusion 5. Attacking the Person 6. Complex Cause 7. Bandwagon 8. False Analogy 9. Post Hoc 10. Hasty Generalization PRACTICE TASK II Task 2: Modified True or False 1. True 2. Location of Sources 3. True 4. Not always 5. Not acceptable 6. True 7. True 8. True 9. True 10. True Task 3: Mind Map 11. C - ontains a clear proposition or statement that must be defended 12. A - ssesses conflicting opinions or opposing views on the issue 13. T - akes a firm stand on the issue 14. L - ists arguments in an organized manner to defend the stand 15. C -onsider your audience/reader PRACTICE TASK III Task 4. Choose Who-One. Answers may vary. Task 5: D.Y.S. Answers may vary POST TEST Answers may vary. 15 www.shsph.blogspot.com REFERENCES Barrot, J. T. (2016). Academic Reading & Writing for Senior High School.C&E Publishing, Inc. Barrot, J, T. & Sipacio P.J (2016). Communicative Today English for Academic and Professional Purposes for Senior High School. C&E Publishing, Inc. Valdez, P. N. M. (2016). English for the Globalized Classroom Series: English for Academic and Professional Purposes. The Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. English for Academic and Professional Purposes Teacher’s Guide Articles The top 5 benefits of cycling. (2016, August). Retrieved from http://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/the-top-5benefits-of-cycling Benefits of Cycling. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.walkandrollpeel.ca/cycling /benefits.htm Images [Brain Vs. Heart].(n.d.).http://www.pinterest.at/pin/211880357453253536/ [Death Penalty].(n.d.).http://blaque.co.za/brands-that-are-tackling-social-issues/ [Drugs].(n.d.).http://www.healthline.com/health-news/war-on-drugs-a-failure-un-concludes [Photograph of bats].(n.d.).http://www.labmate-online.com/news/laboratory-products/3/breaking- news/is-covid-19-man-made-or-natural/51980 16