English for Academic and Professional Purposes Second Quarter Reviewer PDF

○ Paragraphs that show support for the ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC Claim (e.g. reasons, evidence, data, AND PROFESSIONAL statistics). ○ Body PURPO...

○ Paragraphs that show support for the ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC Claim (e.g. reasons, evidence, data, AND PROFESSIONAL statistics). ○ Body PURPOSES Counterclaim/ Counterargument SECOND QUARTER REVIEWER (necessary) Team President, Academics Committee ○ Presents and explains the opposite point of view. ○ Body ○ Opposition to the other claim/ argument Concession (optional) LESSON 1: POSITION PAPER ○ Phrase or two, recognizing that the opposing argument might have some a type of argumentative writing and is validity. written in order to discuss the writer’s ○ Body stand on an issue or phenomenon ○ Saying that they are partly right Refutation (necessary) CHARACTERISTICS ○ Words or sentences that demonstrate why the opposition’s argument is Debatable flawed, biased, or simply weaker than ○ Different perspectives/opinions the argument/s. ○ Body ○ Initiates a discussion ○ Weakening of the other claim/ Clear (Stand) argument ○ States your stand in the thesis statement or shows whose side you PARTS OF A POSITION PAPER are on. 1. A brief introduction to your country ○ Present your claim/stand. ○ Should be stated in a complete and its history concerning the topic sentence. Cannot be stated in the last and the committee. part of a sentence, then proceed with it 2. How the issue affect your country. with the first part of the next sentence. 3. Your country’s policies regarding the Factual/ Free from fallacies issue and its justification for these ○ Provide evidence: policies. Reports 4. Relevant quotes from your country’s Studies Literatures leaders about the issue. From experts 5. Supporting statistics to reinforce your Engaging (Timely & Relevant) country’s position on the issue. Resolute 6. Actions taken by your government ○ Firm to your stand. concerning the issue. ○ Re-establish & Re-study the opposing 7. Conventions and resolutions your side so you can argue with it. country has signed and ratified. COMPONENTS 8. UN actions your country has Claim/ Thesis Statement supported or opposed. ○ Debatable statement, assertion, or 9. What your country believes should be proposition that reflects the writer’s done to address the issue. position or stand on an issue. 10. What your country aims to accomplish ○ Introduction in the committee’s resolution. Argument ​  11. How the positions of other countries was conducted from an older affect your country’s position. source/study. ○ Ex. Video games lead to an increase of violence among teens. *NOTE ! Concession and Refutation can be in one (complex) sentence. Supporting Evidence/Sources Ex. Claim: The digital divide continues to exist Type of Type of Source COUNTERARGUMENT: Some might argue Information that the digital divide no longer exists in society, given the widespread adoption of Introductory Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, technology and the increasing availability of Information Handbooks internet access. CONCESSION: While it may and Overviews be true that smartphones are now prevalent, even in economically disadvantaged In-depth Books, Government Reports communities, and that public Wi-Fi is Studies accessible in many areas, REFUTATION: it is important to recognize the different levels of Scholarly Academic Journals quality and reliability of internet access in Articles different regions. (You may give some evidence/examples to support your Current Issues Newspapers, Magazines refutation.) Statistics Government Agencies and CLAIMS Associations Claim of Value (lowest) Position Association and Institute ○ Subjective judgments Papers and Reports ○ Giving evidence that proves that a Analyses claim/statement is morally right or wrong from: Bible Scholars Philosophers STEPS TO BUILD A POSITION Ethical Principles Religious Perspective Step one Explore the issue by ○ (Right/wrong; good/bad; researching the topic. ethical/unethical) ○ Usually comparing Step two Determine your claim/assertion. ○ Ex. Advertisements that target children Step three Gather the evidence from below 12 years old are unethical. credible resources. Claim of Policy ○ Seeing something wrong in the Step four Be knowledgeable of the system/policies/law. opposition's side. ○ (Should/must) ○ Ex. Companies operating in the digital Step five Refine your argument. space should be required to obtain explicit consent from users before Step six Write your position paper. collecting and utilizing their personal data for marketing purposes. STRUCTURE Claim of Fact (heaviest) ○ (Is/is not) Different kinds of Position Papers ○ Writing new information because of Across Fields/Areas outdated information/ research which ○ Can be used by organizations to communicate their specific beliefs, ​  advocacies, and recommendations on analyzed through evaluation and certain issues. interpretation. (COMMENTARY) ○ Seeks to generate support from DATA - Tabular Form another organization, institution or COMMENTARY - Sentence or government sector either to form Paragraph Form alliances or to appeal for new laws or MOVES/PART OF provisions. COMMENTARY DATA ○ Discusses an emerging topic without experimentation but is research-based. LOCATION & SUMMARY STATEMENT ○ Ranges from the simple format of a Ex. Table 5 shows the most common letter-to-the-editor through the most modes of infection for U.S. businesses. complex, in the form of a (Active) multi-authored academic positions Ex. The most common modes of infection paper. are shown in Table 5. (Passive) ○ Commonly published in academia, in ○ Location Element: Table 5 politics, in law, in the medical field, and ○ Summary: in other domains. The most common modes of infection Common verbs used when introducing the summary statement: show, provide, give illustrate display, present, summarize, reveal, demonstrate, indicate, suggest Summary Statement - all about your figure (not the results). Visual Displays ○ Figures: Charts, Graphs HIGHLIGHTING STATEMENTS Spot trends or regularities in the data ○ Ex. In a great majority of cases, the one with the highest, the most common Presents the results & findings. Present only the more important findings (exclude less important ones). Make claims of appropriate strength (Use hedges). Use a variety of languages to describe proportions, fractions, and percentages. ○ Ex. Nearly two-thirds of enrollees in LESSON 2: DATA COMMENTARY XYZ Academy came from the & SURVEY REPORT provinces. ○ Ex. 9 out of 10 for 90% ○ Ex. One percent of computer viruses DATA COMMENTARY come from email attachments. DO NOT repeat all the details in words, type of writing that accompanies a visual attempt to cover all the information (only display highlight the important ones), or claim more ○ Data are presented through charts, than is reasonable or defensible. graphs, tables, or other illustration ○ As the figures/ numbers/ percentages (DATA) are presented explicitly and logically, they must be ​ DISCUSSIONS OF EIPER business might result in a loss of profit Provide possible Explanations of the in the long run. Result. ○ Ex. The decreasing number of *NOTE ! enrollees in ABC Academy may be “As -clause", is used to introduce the attributed to the recent controversy the highlighting statements. Other variations are: as school was involved in. shown…, as reflected… Discuss the Implications or effects of the result (be it socially, economically, SURVEY REPORT culturally, environmentally, etc.) ○ Ex. This major data loss from A comprehensive document which businesses due to undetected systematically represents the information computer viruses might result in a loss gathered during the survey of profit in the long run. Make recommendations based on careful Mention, if necessary, Problems of the analysis of data tallied and organized from result/data. These refer to issues, errors, or survey findings (trends/patterns) limitations in the research process or Part of the process is a research paper methodology that affect the quality or under Chapter 4. However, it is considered validity of the study’s findings. as a stand-alone paper. Mention, if necessary, Exceptions. These refer to unexpected or anomalous findings that deviate from what was anticipated COMMON USES of survey research: based on existing theories, prior research, or common knowledge. Social Investigating the experiences and research characteristics of different social Provide your Recommendations or groups possible solutions. Also, if called for, provide possible further research or Market Finding out what customers think possible predictions. research about products, services, and Ex. Highlighting Statements (Red Font). companies. Notice the discussion of Recommendation (possible solution to Health Collecting data from patients about the problem at hand) and Implications research symptoms and treatments below (Blue Font): ○ Table 5 shows the most common Politics Measuring public opinion about modes of infection for U.S. businesses. parties and policies (election polls) As can be seen, in the majority of Psychology Researching personality traits, cases, the sources of viral infection can preferences, and behaviors be detected, with disks being brought to the workplace from home being by far the most significant. However, it is STRUCTURE alarming to note that the source of Follow a fairly standard structure with the nearly 30% of viral infections cannot be following: determined. While it may be possible to ○ Title Page prevent antiviral home-to-workplace ○ Table of Contents infection by requiring computer users to ○ Executive Summary run antivirus software on diskettes ○ Background and Objectives brought from home, businesses are still ○ Survey Method vulnerable to major data loss, ○ Survey Results especially from unidentifiable sources ○ Appendices of infection. This major data loss from ​ 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY condenses the main points of the report, 3. SURVEY METHOD which include: Explains how the study was conducted ○ Purpose of the survey in the methodology section. ○ Methodology of the survey ○ Things you should cover: ○ Key results of the survey Who did you ask? How can you ○ Conclusions drawn from the results of define the gender, age, and other the survey characteristics of these groups? ○ Recommendations based on the Did you conduct the survey over results of the survey email, telephone, website, or 1-on-1 interviews? 2. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Were participants randomly chosen presents the need or importance of the or selected for a certain reason? survey. How large was the sample size? In explains the hypothesis and goals of the other words, how many people survey. answered the results of the Includes the following: survey? ○ Study or target population: Who is Were participants offered anything being studied? Do they belong to a in exchange for filling out the certain age group, culture group, survey? religion, political belief, or other Describe what type of questions were common practice? asked in the methodology section. ○ Variables of the study: What is the ○ Some common types of questions survey trying to study? Is the study include multiple choice, interviews, and looking for the association or rating scales (Likert scales). relationship between two things? ○ Describe the general theme of the ○ Purpose of the study: How will this questions here, providing a few information be used? What new examples of questions. information can this survey help us Ex. You might sum up the general realize? theme of your questions: Supports current beliefs on the topic or “Participants were asked to answer disagrees with them: questions about their daily routine ○ Look for surveys done by and dietary practices.” researchers in peer-reviewed Do not put all of the questions in academic journals. In addition to this section. Instead, include your these, consult reports produced by questionnaire in the first appendix similar companies, organizations, or (Appendix A). newspapers. ○ Compare their results to your 4. SURVEY RESULT proposed survey. Do your results Present the result of the survey. This support or conflict with their claims? section is usually several pages long. What new information does your report ○ Include graphs, charts, and other visual provide on the matter? representations of your data in this ○ Provide a description of the issue section. backed with peer-reviewed ○ If the survey was broken up into evidence. Define what it is you are multiple sections, report the results of trying to learn and explain why other each section separately, with a studies have not found this information. subheading for each section. ○ If a survey interviewed people, choose a few relevant responses and type them up in this section. Refer the ​  reader to the full questionnaire, which 6. APPENDICES will be in the appendix. Include graphs, charts, surveys, and ○ Avoid making any claims about the testimonies in the appendices. results in this section. Just report the ○ The first appendix (appendix A) should data using statistics, sample answers, always be the survey questionnaire and quantitative data. itself. Copy and paste the entire survey Point out any interesting trends in the into this section. results sections. ○ If you want, add appendices showing You probably have a large amount of data. your statistical data, interview results, To help your readers understand the graphs of the data, and a glossary of significance of your survey, highlight the technical terms. interesting patterns, trends, or Appendices are typically labeled observations. with letters, such as Appendix A, ○ Ex. Do people from a similar age group Appendix B, Appendix C… respond to certain questions in a To refer to appendices to your similar way? paper, indicate, “Refer to Appendix Look at the questions that received the A for the questionnaire” or highest or lowest number of similar "Participants were asked 20 responses. questions (Appendix A)”. 5. ANALYSIS OF RESULT State the implications of your survey at LESSON 3: FIELD REPORT the beginning of the conclusion. ○ Write a paragraph that summarizes the FIELD REPORT meaning or significance of your survey results. What does the data imply? A paper that presents an analysis of What should readers learn from this people, phenomena, behaviors, and survey? processes based on a theoretical You may break away from the framework. These observed and analyzed objective tone of the rest of the theories aim to provide solutions for a paper. You may state if readers specific project or case report. should be alarmed, concerned, or ○ The theoretical framework must first be intrigued by something. presented before being able to observe For example, highlighting how or analyze theories. current policy is failing or stating how the survey demonstrates the current policies are succeeding. TYPES OF OBSERVATION ○ Make recommendations about what needs to be done in this issue. State Qualitative Observations are those that use our senses what the readers should take away (sight, hear, touch, smell, from the survey. What actions should taste) to record the results. people take based on the results? ○ Common recommendations: Quantitative Observations are More research needs to be done those that can be measured on this topic using instruments and yield Current guidelines or policies need numerical values. to be changed The company or institution needs to take action. ​ IMPORTANCE OF FIELD REPORT TECHNIQUES to record your Observations 1. Part of many operational and technical documentation processes in various Note Taking Pros: Accessible/economical/ no industries, including field services, legal implications or ethical issues education, medicine, and management. 2. Give detailed information of an observed Cons: Arduous task subject or specimen framework. Remember: Comprehensive notes ○ Must have a theoretical should follow as soon as possible to framework to test/validate a avoid losing significant details. theory 3. Help in identifying challenges in *NOTE: Copying everything that is implementing solutions to form a presented is not note-taking, but standardized protocol. rather only copying. Note-taking is 4. Helps in capturing information on writing and connecting the essential resource management and discovering information new processes for effective and Illustrations/ Does not refer to an artistic endeavor optimized solutions. Drawings but refers to the possible need. TIPS ON JOTTING Can take the form of rough tables or DO NOT attempt to be a “COURT graphs documenting the frequency RECORDER” and type of activities Listening is more important than writing. Pros: accessible/economical/ no Notes are memory triggers. legal implications or ethical issues Use pictures to illustrate concepts. Write down keywords only. Cons: mis- analyzing/ interpreting/ Use multiple colors. reading of observed facts if the Write on one side of the paper. researcher has difficulty in this task Use the presenter’s pauses to enhance your notes. Ex. Drawing a map of the observation Review and enhance the notes within 24 setting or illustrating objects in hours. relation to people’s behavior File notes in a meaningful system. Photography Pros: saves time and energy in documenting the details of a subject Guide Points in Preparing for a Field Report under study that would otherwise and Conducting Observations: require extensive note-taking First Systematically observe and Cons: lightning (too bright/dark) may accurately record the varying be challenging and impede the aspects of the situation. veracity of analysis. Does not absolutely reflect reality. Second Continuously analyze your (manipulation) observation. May tell a different story when viewed out of context. Third Keep the report’s aims in mind while Lose a more significant turn of you are observing. events. Ethical issues/legal implications. Fourth Consciously observe, record, and analyze what you hear and see in the Video/ Audio Pros: saves time and energy in context of a theoretical framework. Recording documenting details of a subject under study that would otherwise require extensive note taking. Facilitates repeated analysis of ​  NONPARTICIPANT OBSERVATION observation. Can be particularly helpful when gathering additional Passive Participation - the researcher is information or insights during not involved in the daily endeavors of the research. subjects ○ The observer does not participate/ Cons: Ethical issues/legal involve him/herself in the activities of implications the group being observed. ○ The observer is usually seated at the THINGS TO DOCUMENT sidelines observing the action of the Physical setting - noting the space and group. the human use of the place where the ○ Nonparticipant observation is usually observation(s) are being conducted. used to level out researcher biases in Objects and artifacts culture - noting the other methods and reveal differences presence, placement, and arrangement of between what people say and what objects that impact the behavior or actions they actually do. of those being observed. ○ If applicable, describe the cultural OVERT COVERT artifacts representing the beliefs (values, ideas, attitudes, and The purpose of the The purpose of the assumptions) used by the individuals research is KNOWN or research is NOT you are observing. revealed to the KNOWN or revealed. ○ Ex. Looking for objects or factors that subjects/participants. influenced a market’s exponential The researcher may or Allows the observer to growth. may not have richer, gain access to groups Order in which events unfold - note detailed, genuine that would not normally sequential patterns of behavior or the information. allow themselves to be moment when actions or events take place studied; validity is high. and their significance. Behavior Cycles - noting when and who The researcher does The researcher takes a performs what behavior or task and how not have to hide his/her false identity and role, often they occur. Record at which stage this identity, but the process usually posing as a behavior is occurring within the setting. of securing permission genuine member of the Physical characteristics of subjects - may be tedious. group; not risky as it has little to no noting of age, gender, clothing style, etc. of involvement. individuals, if relevant. Expressive body movements - noting No ethical issues. This raises a number of things like body posture or facial ethical concerns expressions. Use of language - noting what is said, to Ex: Ex: whom, what is the context, what is the tone. 1. Observing 1. Secretly observing interactions in a focus criminal activities - group - observation of a observation of criminal OBSERVATION METHOD focus group discussion activities, such as drug without participating in dealing or theft, from a PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION the discussion to study concealed location to Used in a Qualitative Research the group’s interactions, study the behavior, communication styles, interactions, or social ○ Active Participation - the researcher or attitudes towards a dynamics of the is involved in the daily endeavors of the topic. individuals involved. subjects. ○ Develops a bond/ relationship, which 2. Observing behavior 2. Secretly observing may negatively lead to biases. in a medical setting - political rallies or ​  ○ In Psychology or Sociology, an observation of patients protests - observation of in a medical setting political rallies or observer simulates or recreates a without participating in protests from a situation, environment, or system and their treatment, to study concealed location to observes the subjects under study in their behavior, study the behavior, the simulated environment. interactions, or interactions, or social ○ Simulation can only intervene when compliance with dynamics of the observation is done, but observation medical participants. can be intervened at any time. recommendations. ○ Ex: 3. Observing i. Virtual patient simulation - interactions in online chat rooms or forums - computer-based simulations that observation of mimic real-life patient cases. interactions in online Medical students and healthcare chat rooms or forums professionals can practice their without the knowledge clinical reasoning and of the participants to decision-making skills study their behavior, ii. Simulating product usage or communication styles, interaction with prototypes allows or social dynamics. marketers to observe how potential customers engage with new NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION products. This helps identify design The researcher observes the subjects flaws, user experience issues, and under study in their natural setting. features that resonate with users. ○ Observe and record what is really happening as they occur naturally (e.g. CONTROLLED OBSERVATION animals, plants). Applies to humans as Researchers decide where the observation well when observing their interaction will take place, at what time, with which and behavior toward their environment. participants, in what circumstance, and use ○ Ex: a standardized procedure. i. Physical Store. Observing and ○ Can be finished in only a short amount documenting how shoppers of time since there is already an navigate through a retail store, established criteria. interact with products, and make ○ Distinctive features: purchase decisions. This may i. Uses instruments that have sets of involve tracking the paths shoppers criteria/ coding scheme/ scaling take, dwell times in different store scheme. sections, and product choices. ii. The researcher only focuses on ii. Online Store. Analyzing how users very specific behaviors or limited interact with a website or set behaviors of interest e-commerce platform. This iii. Easy to replicate by other includes monitoring page views, researchers using the same click-through rates, time spent on instrument thus, it is easy to test for pages, and the flow of navigation to reliability. understand user preferences and iv. Less time consuming pain points. v. Many observations can take place within a short period of time and, SIMULATION therefore, warrant the In Hard Sciences, an approximate imitation generalizability of the study. of the operation of a process or system, ○ Ex: and understanding how this operation i. A/B testing is a controlled works over time. experiment in which different ​  versions of a marketing campaign LESSON 4: LABORATORY or website are shown to different groups of users. Observations REPORT AND PRESENTING include tracking user engagement, CREATIVE REPORTS click-through rates, and conversion rates to determine which version is Laboratory Report more effective. ii. In a controlled lab setting, researchers can use eye-tracking A document that provides essential details technology to observe and record on what took place inside the laboratory. where participants look on a Fundamental to hard sciences (Engineering website or in an advertisement. and health-related courses). This can help assess the Concrete evidence of the writer’s effectiveness of visual elements understanding of the rationale, principles, and design in marketing materials. processes, and results of the experiment. PARTS OF A WELL-WRITTEN LABORATORY STRUCTURE OF FIELD REPORT REPORT First Introduction 1. Abstract- condensed version of the experiment. Second Description of Activities ○ Provides a concise detail of what the experiment is about; to persuade the Third Analysis and Interpretation readers to understand the experiment before reading the whole report. Fourth Conclusion & Recommendation 2. Introduction - premise of the experiment. ○ Explain why you performed the Fifth References experiment and what caused you to perform the experiment. Sixth Appendix ○ Should provide questions that can be answered at the end of the experiment. ○ To make it more scholarly, discuss MOVES TO WRITE A FIELD REPORT different theories and key concepts necessary for the understanding of the Step one Define the objective/s of your field experiment. report 3. Materials - detailed enumeration of the Step two Construct a theoretical framework things needed for the experiment. ○ Also enumerates how many of the Step Record observation and analysis materials are prepared, what kind of three supplies are important to produce, and notes the amount of measurement Step four Include photo evidence of observed which are needed to perform. items ○ Be particular on how each of the materials should be prepared - to make Step five Record overall assessments and sure if the experiment is conducted by recommendations. others and if they want to replicate it - they should know the measurements prior to the experiment, which includes the setting and conditions for its preparation. ​  4. Procedure - enumeration of the Increasing Persuasive Appeal step-by-step process. Increasing Listener Retention ○ Make sure that the materials used are taken into account. CLASSIFICATION OF PRESENTATION AIDS ○ Provides exactly when each of the Supplements are reported through pictures, components should be utilized. art forms, illustrations, or sounds. ○ Should be done with the experiment upon enumerating the procedure, which notes the difficulties encountered CLASSIFICATION OF PRESENTATION AIDS and how you overcame them. 5. Results - show the after-effects of the Visual Ex. slides, maps. handouts, flipcharts, props, illustrations, experiment. posters, photographs, models, and ○ Shows the outcome of the experiment graphic organizers through different graphic organizers. 6. Discussions - explains the connection Audio Ex. sound, musical recordings, between the results and the objectives, conversations, interviews, questions & theories about the experiment. speeches ○ Provides how the result of the experiment either negates or Audio Visual Ex. Videos confirms the theories that were communicated in the introduction CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD section and establishes the connection PRESENTATION AIDS between the experiment’s results and theories. ○ Answers or addresses the questions CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD and objectives formulated prior to the PRESENTATION AIDS experiment. 7. Conclusions - briefly summarize the Relevant The content of the presentation introduction, procedure, results, and should be related to your work. discussions, focusing as well on the knowledge acquired through the Appropriate Materials should be suited to the experiment. profile of the target audience. ○ Briefly explain the introduction, Readable Knowledgeable with the tools used procedure, results, and discussion when creating your materials so you within 1-2 paragraphs. know how to manipulate your 8. References - enumeration of the presentation sounds, images, and references used in the paper, useful for the fonts. reader to read up on topics related to the experiment. Appealing Should be interesting; not repetitive CREATING AND USING Varied Diverse - a combination of three or PRESENTATIONAL AIDS more types of visuals, audio, and audio visuals; to avoid being monotonous. Provides an understanding of the creative presentation. Content from Ma’am Cervania and Ma’am WHY USE PRESENTATIONAL AIDS? Lebeco, Lesson 1- from 12ABM-4 Presentations Clarify the Verbal Message Adding Variety Reducing Public Speaking Anxiety Proofread by Team Secretary and Team Conveying Information Concisely President ​