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Academic Writing  Writing is the process of using symbols, letters, punctuation, and spaces to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form. It serves as a medium for human communication. Types of Thinking: Academic Writing Process:...

Academic Writing  Writing is the process of using symbols, letters, punctuation, and spaces to communicate thoughts and ideas in a readable form. It serves as a medium for human communication. Types of Thinking: Academic Writing Process:  Creative Thinking: o Generates new or different ideas. 1. Posing a Question o Involves divergent thinking from a 2. Problematizing a Concept common point. 3. Evaluating an Opinion  Critical Thinking: 4. Answering the Question/s Posed o Assesses worth and validity. o Involves objective analysis and is Specific Purposes of Academic Writing: focused in nature. o Awareness of biases and  To Inform assumptions is crucial.  To Argue a Specific Point  Analytical Thinking:  To Persuade o Separates a whole into parts to study their relations. o Conducts step-by-step analysis of Target Audience: problems.  Inductive Thinking:  Teachers (primarily) o Reasoning from specific  Peers (who read and evaluate the work)  Academic Community (who read the observations to general work) conclusions. o Open-ended and exploratory.  Deductive Thinking: Characteristics of Academic Writing: o Moves from generalizations to specific instances.  Communicates scholarly ideas within o Predicts from general theories. specific disciplines (e.g., research reports,  Strategic Thinking: essays, media analyses). o Selecting long-term goals and  Considers the audience's knowledge: formulating action plans. o Use of Jargon: If readers belong to o Involves planning several moves the same field. ahead. o Use Layman’s Terms: If readers  Lateral Thinking: are outsiders. o Introduced by Edward de Bono,  Supported by strong, valid evidence: involves multiple approaches. o Deliberate and careful thought. o Solves problems using creative and o Involves research. indirect reasoning.  Vertical Thinking: Modes of Thinking: o A selective, analytical, and sequential approach to problems. 1. Convergent Thinking (Using Logic): o Opposite of lateral thinking. o Also known as critical, vertical, analytical, or linear thinking. 2. Divergent Thinking (Using Imagination) 3. Lateral Thinking (Using Both Logic and Imagination)  o Summary of existing research, Types and Structure of Academic Paper research question, hypothesis, or thesis statement. Definition of Academic Text: o Theory (if relevant) and current situation overview.  An academic text is reading material that presents ideas or concepts in formal 2. Method: o Explanation of research methods language, intended for a specific used to arrive at results. discipline, organized in a clear and logical manner. 3. Results: o Presentation of findings: organize, classify, analyze, and interpret Types of Academic Text: data. 4. Discussion: 1. Notes: A written record of main points o Discussion of the study/project from a text or lecture for personal use. results. 2. Report: A description of activities, such as conducting a survey. 3. Essay: A common written work (1000– Academic Text Structure: 5000 words), typically assigned a title by a  Refers to how a piece of text is built or teacher. written. Different structures help 4. Dissertation/Thesis: The longest written communicate ideas effectively. piece (20,000+ words) for a higher degree on a chosen topic. 5. Paper: A research project, either Types of Academic Text Structures: individual or group work, with a topic chosen by students. 1. Cause and Effect: o Emphasizes either the cause (why something happened) or the effect Ways of Organizing Academic Text: (what happened). 2. Problem and Solution:  Short Essays o Describes a problem and offers one  Research Reports or more possible solutions. 3. Comparison and Contrast: Essays Structure: o Comparison highlights similarities; contrast highlights differences. 1. Introduction: o Presentation methods: o Presentation of the topic in context.  Block Pattern: Discusses o Background information, purpose, items one at a time. thesis statement, and engaging  Alternating Pattern: technique. Compares or contrasts point 2. Main Body: by point. o Presentation of findings and 4. Chronological Order: arguments supporting the thesis. o Explains events in order of o Discussion of detailed information occurrence (sequence). with examples, statistics, graphs, 5. Description: and charts. o Informative/Objective 3. Conclusion: Description: Focuses on physical o Reiteration of the thesis statement. properties. o Summarization of main points and o Evocative/Impressionistic formulation of recommendations. Description: Focuses on reader emotions or moods. Research Reports Structure (IMRaD Format): Intellectual Property 1. Introduction: Is Plagiarism Punishable by Law?   Plagiarism can be punishable by a fine and o Second Offense: 3 years and 1 day imprisonment if it violates the Philippines' to 6 years imprisonment and a fine Intellectual Property Law, as stated by the of ₱150,000 to ₱500,000. DOJ. o Third and Subsequent Offenses:  Plagiarism and copyright are distinct 6 years and 1 day to 9 years concepts. Copyright protects original imprisonment and a fine of material for 50 years after the creator's ₱500,000 to ₱1,500,000. death, while plagiarism has no such limitation. Copyright Validity: What are the Different Types of  Sound Recording: 50 years from Intellectual Property? recording.  Broadcast Recording: 20 years from Types of IP: broadcast.  Trademark: Valid for 10 years 1. Copyright (renewable). 2. Patent  Invention Patent: Valid for 20 years from 3. Trademarks filing. 4. Industrial Design  Literary Works: Author's lifetime plus 50 5. Geographical Origin years after death.  Photographic Work: 50 years from Definition of Intellectual Property: publication.  Audio-Visual Work: 50 years from  Intellectual Property refers to creations of publication. the mind, including inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, and symbols, Fair Use: names, and images used in commerce.  Governed by Republic Act 8293, known as  Fair use allows limited use of copyrighted the Intellectual Property Code of the material without a license for purposes like Philippines. commentary, criticism, reporting, research, and teaching. Types of Intellectual Property: Guidelines for Fair Use: Copyright:  Majority of content must be original.  A legal term describing rights creators  Credit must be given to the copyright have over their literary and artistic works, holder. including books, music, paintings, films,  No profit can be made from the computer programs, and more. copyrighted work.  Chapter 10 of the law discusses the Moral Rights of an author, including the right to Creative Commons: attribution (Section 193).  A non-profit organization that provides Intellectual Property Rights copyright licenses allowing creators to Infringement: share their works under specific terms.  Infringement occurs when a protected Traditional Copyright vs. Creative Commons: work is used, copied, or exploited without permission.  Traditional Copyright: Requires  Section 217 of RA 8293 outlines penalties permission for use, adaptation, copying, or for infringement: publication. o First Offense: 1-3 years  Creative Commons: Allows use under imprisonment and a fine of certain circumstances set by creators. ₱50,000 to ₱150,000. Public Domain:   Work can be used without restrictions, o Intentional: Deliberate copying of requiring no permission. Includes works text, paragraphs, or data. published prior to 1923 and those placed in o Unintentional: Lack of awareness the Public Domain by creators. about citation practices or ethics. 2. Text/Words or Ideas/Data: Creative Commons Licenses: o The most common form involves "copy-cut-paste" or "word-for- 1. Attribution: Credit the creator. word" writing without 2. Non-Commercial: No profit from use. acknowledgment. 3. No Derivative Works: Content cannot be 3. Source: altered. o Using citations without actually 4. Share Alike: Changes allowed under the reading or cross-referencing the same license. original work. 4. Mosaic/Patch Writing: How to Obtain Legal Use of Different IPs: o Replacing or reordering text to give it a new appearance without 1. Seek permission from the copyright owner crediting the original author. through a licensing agreement. 5. Self Plagiarism: 2. Use works covered by open licenses (e.g., o Adding new research to a Creative Commons) while adhering to previously published work and terms. presenting it as new without 3. Consider fair use within legal boundaries. acknowledgment or permission. 4. Respect copyright exceptions and laws in This includes submitting the same your jurisdiction. article to multiple journals. 5. Consult a legal expert for guidance in 6. Ghost Writing: complex cases. o Acknowledging someone who hasn't contributed or failing to credit the main contributor. Plagiarism 7. Collusional: o Claiming ownership of an article Definition of Plagiarism: Plagiarism is derived written by a professional agent or from the Latin word “Plagiarius,” meaning institution. kidnapper, and was first described by Ben Jonson in 1601 as literary theft. According to Maurer, Kappe, and Zaka (2006), plagiarism includes: Preventing Plagiarism:  Turning in someone else’s work as your To avoid plagiarism, consider the following own. points:  Copying words or ideas without giving credit.  Cite While You Write: Acknowledge  Failing to use quotation marks for direct sources as you incorporate them. quotes.  Paraphrase: Rephrase others' ideas in  Providing incorrect information about a your own words with proper source. acknowledgment.  Changing words but copying the sentence  Use Multiple Sources: Gather and cite structure without credit. ideas from various references.  Proper Citations and References: Retaining the essential idea of an original source Always acknowledge the work of others in without citation, regardless of how much you alter your writing the wording, constitutes plagiarism. This includes text, images, diagrams, and ideas, as well as music Citation and footage used without acknowledgment. Definition of Citation: Citation is the method by Types of Plagiarism: which you inform readers that certain material in your work came from another source, providing 1. Intentional or Unintentional Plagiarism: the necessary information for them to find that What Should I Cite? source again. It includes details such as: Cite various types of sources, including:  The name of the author.  The title of the work.  Print Sources: Books, journal articles,  Publication details. newspaper articles.  The date of publication.  Electronic Sources: Online articles, websites, blogs, social media, and data. Sources of Information:  Data: Geospatial data, economic indicators, and survey data. 1. Primary Sources: Primary sources arise  Images: Charts, graphs, tables, and directly from a particular event or time photographs. period and include:  Recorded Material: Broadcasts, podcasts, o Journals, diaries, blog posts. and public speeches. o Speeches and direct observations.  Spoken Material: Lectures, interviews, o Original research and survey data. and personal conversations. o Photos, videos, sound recordings. o Government documents and Common Knowledge: investigative journalism. 2. Secondary Sources: Secondary sources Not all statements need citations. Common summarize, interpret, critique, or analyze knowledge includes: primary sources. Examples include: o Book and movie reviews.  Information that most people know. o Summaries of research findings.  Information shared by specific groups, o Histories, biographies, and political such as cultural or academic communities. commentary. o Articles synthesizing others’ Where to Cite: research. 3. Tertiary Sources: Tertiary sources Citations can be placed: synthesize primary and secondary sources, including:  In the body of your document (in-text or o Encyclopedias, dictionaries, and parenthetical). fact books.  As footnotes at the bottom of each page. o Wikipedia and other guides.  As a list of sources at the end of your paper. Importance of Citation: Citation Style: Citing sources has several key advantages: A citation style provides guidelines for citing  Offers Support and Evidence: Provides sources. You need to cite whenever you quote, proof for arguments made in your work. paraphrase, or summarize to avoid plagiarism.  Avoids Plagiarism: Acknowledges sources to prevent the misuse of others' Reference: work.  Adds Credibility: Enhances the reliability The reference is the list of sources at the end of of your paper. your work, providing detailed information about  Offers Overall Appeal: Improves the each cited source. quality and believability of your writing.  Fact-Checking: Allows readers to verify the authenticity of your information. Difference Between Citation and  Provides Reference: Serves as a guide to Reference: additional information.  Persuasive Writing: Strengthens your  Definition: arguments with credible sources. o Citation: Specific source mentioned in the body of the work.  o Reference: List of sources at the Crediting sources is essential to avoid plagiarism. end of the work. In APA style, you must credit sources in two  Content: ways: o Citation: Author and publication date or page number. 1. In-text citations when quoting, paraphrasing, o Reference: Includes more detailed or summarizing. information. 2. References list at the end of the paper.  Location: o Citation: Found in the body of the General APA Formatting Guidelines work. o Reference: Found at the end of the  Typed and double-spaced on standard-sized work. paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides.  Include a page header (running head) at the top of every page. For professional papers, APA Style include the title and page number; for student papers, only the page number. APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources Creating a Page Header within the social sciences.  Insert page numbers flush right. Purpose of APA Style  Type “TITLE OF YOUR PAPER” flush left in all capital letters (shortened version, max 50 APA Style establishes standards for: characters).  Organization of Content Font Guidelines  Writing Style  Citing References The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual  Preparing Manuscripts for Publication in requires: Certain Disciplines  An accessible font (e.g., 11-point Calibri, 12- Why Use APA? point Times New Roman).  Consistency throughout the paper. Using APA Style simplifies editors' work by standardizing formats, making it easier for readers In-Text Citations: Basics to follow the structure of a text. In-text citations indicate you are referring to or Who Should Use APA? paraphrasing someone else’s work. Follow the author-date method: APA Style provides guidelines for writing academic papers regardless of subject, but is most  Example: (Jones, 1998). One complete frequently used in: reference for each source must appear in the reference list.  Social Sciences: Psychology, Linguistics, Sociology, Economics, Criminology In-Text Citation Formats  Business  Nursing 1. Parenthetical Citation: o Includes author’s last name and year. What Does APA Regulate? o Example: Research suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for  Stylistics students (Atkins, 2018).  In-text Citations 2. Narrative Citation:  References (a list of all sources used in the o Includes the author’s name in the paper) sentence. o Example: Atkins (2018) suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource Documenting Sources for students. Page Numbers in Citations o Example: (“Using Citations,” 2001).  Include page numbers when directly quoting. Organization as Author  Example: (Jones, 1998, p. 199) or (Jones, 1998, pp. 199–201).  Mention the organization in the signal phrase. o First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk In-Text Citation Capitalization, Quotes, Driving [MADD], 2000). o Subsequent: (MADD, 2000). and Italics/Underlining  Capitalize proper nouns, including author Two or More Works in the Same names and initials. Parentheses  Capitalize major words in titles when mentioned in the text.  Order alphabetically and separate with  Example: In the References list, only the first semicolons. word of a title is capitalized. o Example: (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983). Quoting Authors with the Same Last Name 1. Short Quotations (less than 40 words): o Include the author, year, and page  Include initials to prevent confusion. number. o Example: (E. Johnson, 2001; L. o Example: According to Jones (1998), Johnson, 1998). “students often had difficulty using APA style” (p. 199). Two or More Works by the Same Author 2. Long Quotations (40 words or more): o Place in a block format, indented 1/2 in the Same Year inch from the left margin, without  Use lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year. quotation marks. o Example: (Berndt, 1981a; Berndt, 1981b). Quoting from Sources Without Pages  Use alternative identifiers like paragraphs or Introductions, Prefaces, Forewords, and sections. Afterwords  Example: (Jones, 1998, paras. 4–5).  Cite the appropriate author and year. o Example: (Funk & Kolln, 1992). Summary or Paraphrase  Reference only the author and year; page Personal Communication numbers are optional but helpful.  Example: According to Jones (1998), APA  Cite the communicator’s name and date, not style is challenging for beginners. included in the References list. o Example: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). Citing Different Authors  Two Authors: Cite both names each time. Traditional Knowledge of Indigenous o Example: Research by Wegener and Peoples Petty (1994) supports... o Parenthetical: (Wegener & Petty,  Cite using the person’s name, nation, location, 1994). and date.  Three or More Authors: Use the first o Example: (Caroline Jennings, author's name followed by "et al." Cherokee Nation, Tulsa, Oklahoma, o Example: (Kernis et al., 1993). personal communication, October 2019). Unknown Author Citing Indirect Sources  Cite by the title in the signal phrase or the first few words in parentheses.   Reference the original source in your signal 1. Clarification: Simplifies complex phrase. passages, demonstrating understanding o Example: (Johnson, 1985, as cited in and knowledge of the topic. Smith, 2003, p. 102). 2. Flow Maintenance: Helps maintain the unique voice of the writer, preventing Electronic Sources choppy writing caused by excessive quoting.  Cite electronic documents using the author- 3. Relevance: Allows for the selection of date style. only relevant information, excluding less o Example: Kenneth (2000) explained... important details. 4. Plagiarism Avoidance: Essential to Unknown Author and Unknown Date include in-text citations and a full reference to avoid plagiarism.  Use title and “n.d.” for no date. o Example: (“Tutoring and APA,” n.d.). The Do's of Paraphrasing Sources Without Page Numbers  Read Thoroughly: Understand the original text fully. Multiple readings may  Use headings or section names to locate citations. be necessary. o Example: (Mind Over Matter section,  Capture Overall Meaning: Focus on the para. 6). essence of each paragraph, not just individual words.  Restate in Your Words: After reading, Other Sources set the text aside and express it in your The APA Publication Manual describes how to own words.  Proofread: Revise and edit your cite various authors and content creators. When facing uncertainty, consult the manual. paraphrase to ensure clarity and accuracy. Paraphrasing: The Don'ts of Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is the restating of someone else’s thoughts or ideas in your own words. It is  Don’t Rush: Avoid paraphrasing without essential to cite your source when paraphrasing fully understanding the source. (Pears & Shields, 2019, p. 245).  Don’t Copy Structure: Focus on the idea rather than mirroring the original Summarizing: sentences. Summarizing involves condensing a long passage  Don’t Misinterpret: Ensure that your of text and conveying the main ideas in your own paraphrase accurately reflects the original words. meaning and context.  Don’t Change Minimal Words: Avoid Quoting: merely altering a few words; change the Quoting means using someone else’s exact words, structure and language significantly. which must be placed in quotation marks. Examples of Paraphrasing Key Differences Example 1: Poor Paraphrasing  Quoting: Exact words from a source, This is an example of inadequate paraphrasing enclosed in quotation marks. from Western Libraries (2021):  Paraphrasing: Ideas expressed in your own voice while retaining the essential  Issues: Minimal word changes lead to meaning. plagiarism; lacks citation.  Summarizing: A condensed version of a longer text that captures the main ideas. Example 2: Good Paraphrasing An effective paraphrase example from Flowers Reasons to Paraphrase (Jerman, 2021) (2016):   Strengths: The paraphrased text is distinct  Overview: Briefly outline the topic’s from the original, retaining meaning; subdivisions. includes proper citation (publication date should also be added for perfection, e.g., Qualities of a Strong Thesis Statement Phillips, 2001). 1. Specificity: Concentrate on a specific area of a Thesis Statement broad topic. 2. Precision: Make precise claims that allow for coherent arguments. Definition 3. Arguability: Requires proof and is not merely a statement of fact. A thesis statement is the sentence that states the 4. Support: Mention supporting points to guide main idea of a writing assignment and helps the discussion. control the ideas within the paper. It reflects the 5. Confidence: Take a clear stand on the subject. writer's opinion or judgment about a reading or personal experience and serves as a road map for Examples of Weak vs. Strong Thesis the entire paper. Statements Characteristics  Weak Thesis: There are negative and positive aspects to the Banana Herb Tea  Takes a Stand: An arguable thesis statement Supplement. justifies further discussion. Stronger Thesis: Because Banana Herb  Engaging: Develop a thesis that is interesting Tea Supplement promotes rapid weight and debatable. loss that results in the loss of muscle and lean body mass, it poses a potential danger Examples to customers.  Weak Thesis: My family is an extended  Statement of Fact: Small cars get better family. fuel mileage than 4x4 pickup trucks. Stronger Thesis: While most American Arguable Thesis Statement: The families view consanguineal marriage as a government should ban 4x4 pickup trucks threat to the nuclear family structure, many except for work-related use. Iranian families, like mine, believe these  Statement of Fact: Foul language is marriages reinforce kinship ties. common in movies. Arguable Thesis Statement: The amount Common Errors of foul language in movies is disproportionate to the amount of foul  Avoid Announcing Purpose: Don’t say, "The language in real life. purpose of this essay is…"  Be Assertive: Avoid phrases like "I Thesis Statement Structure believe…" Just state your position.  Don’t Alienate Readers: Use reasoned The thesis statement fulfills two main objectives: arguments rather than offensive statements.  No Mere Facts: A thesis should not state a fact but present a defendable position. 1. State Your Topic: Clearly identify what you  Focus Your Topic: It’s better to explore a will discuss. narrow topic in depth rather than a broad topic 2. Convey Your Opinion: Indicate what you superficially. will prove about that topic.  Avoid Questions: A thesis is a declarative sentence. Basic Requirements (Simon & Schuster Handbook for Writers)  Subject: The topic discussed.  Purpose: Informative or persuasive intent.  Focus: Assertion of your point of view.  Specific Language: Avoid vague wording.