Earth and Life Science 1st Semester Finals PDF

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 1ST SEMESTER FINALS JERIKA ZAMORA | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 BY: @rianeangeline @krshannnn @anikariveera on IG water vapor do not. Exception is mercury...

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 1ST SEMESTER FINALS JERIKA ZAMORA | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 BY: @rianeangeline @krshannnn @anikariveera on IG water vapor do not. Exception is mercury found in its liquid form. ROCK 3. Orderly Crystalline Structure - crystalline structures have their atoms arranged Igneous Rock - formed from molten rock orderly. called magma. Mostly crystalline and hard 4. Generally Inorganic - ordinary table salt to break. that are found naturally on the ground are ○ FORMATION: Extrusive igneous minerals rocks are cooled quickly; intrusive 5. Can be represented by a chemical are cooled slowly. formula - most minerals have chemical Sedimentary Rock - formed from sediment composition. grains deposited by water, wind, or ice. Formed in layers called beds or strata FORMATION OF MINERALS containing fossils. ○ FORMATION: Formed from layers of sediments squeezed 1. Minerals formed during crystallization ○ EXAMPLES: Chalk, Limestone, 2. Crystallization magma Sandstone - Solidification of lava Metamorphic Rock - Can be igneous or sedimentary, but have been changed due to PROPERTIES OF MINERALS heat. ○ Weather, Erosion, Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic Rocks Color - not usually definitive property. ○ EXAMPLE: Marble Streak - for opaque materials, if you rub across a streak plate, it will leave a colored powder. Luster - reflected light MINERALOGY a. Metallic Luster - reflects light b. Nonmetallic Luster - does not shine light like Study of Minerals a metal Minerals are building blocks of rocks Hardness - mineral’s resistance to scratching or Implied useful for decorative purposes. abrasion. First minerals were flint and chart that became weapons and cutting tools. 3700 B.C, Egyptians began mining gold, silver, copper. 2200 B.C, combine copper with tin to make bronze. CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS 1. Naturally Occurring - formed from natural geologic processes. Synthetic process materials, meaning those produced in a laboratory (man-made) are not considered minerals. 2. Solid Substance - only crystalline Cleavage and Fracture - the way a mineral substances that are solid at temperatures breaks. encountered at Earth’s surface are a. Cleavage - tendency of a mineral to break considered minerals. along one or more plates when under a. Snowflakes, glacial ice (frozen pressure. water), whereas liquid water and b. Fracture - irregular break EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 1ST SEMESTER FINALS JERIKA ZAMORA | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 BY: @rianeangeline @krshannnn @anikariveera on IG Specific Gravity - heaviness of a mineral. A - Rats, rabbits, squirrels, excavate number that expresses the ratio between weight of into the ground to create space for mineral and equal volume of water. habitation. CHEMICAL EXOGENIC PROCESS Breaks down with changes in chemical composition. Geologic processes that occur on the 1. Dissolution surface of the Earth such as weathering, - Occurs in minerals dissolved in erosion, and sedimentation/deposition. water (Halite, Calcite) 2. Hydrolysis Weathering - breaking down of rocks and minerals - Rock-forming minerals like on the surface of the Earth. amphibole, pyroxene, feldspar react Erosion - Earthen materials are worn away. with water to form clay materials. Deposition - laying down of sediments. 3. Oxidation - Response of oxygen in minerals WEATHERING (rusting) PHYSICAL EROSION, DEPOSITION 1. Pressure - Due to tectonic forces, granite may Erosion - separation and removal of weathered rise to form mountain ranges. rocks due to different agents like water, wind, - When pressure diminishes, rock glacier. expands, cools, and becomes brittle and fractured. Deposition - weathered materials carried out by 2. Temperature erosion settle down in a particular location. - Rocks expand and are fractured when exposed to high temperature. ENDOGENIC PROCESS However, if at 0°, it expands and causes fracture. 3. Frost Wedging Processes that occur are created under the - When water accumulates in the Earth’s surface. cracks and at the point freezes the ice expands and breaks the rocks SOURCES OF HEAT apart. 4. Abrasion - Breakdown is caused by impact and Primordial Heat - internal heat that a planet friction. Occurs during collision of accumulates during the first few million years of rocks, sand, and silt. evolution. It is a result of the potential energy 5. Organic Activity released when a large amount of matter collapses - Roots growing cause penetration into gravity well. into cracks, expands, and in the long run, creak on the rock. Radiogenic Heat - heat energy produced as a 6. Human Activity result of spontaneous nuclear disintegration. About - Digging, quarrying, denuding of 50% of the Earth’s internal heat originates from forest and cultivating land contribute radioactive decay. to physical weathering. 4 Radiogenic Isotopes are 7. Burrowing Animals responsible for the majority of radiogenic heat because of the enrichment relative: Uranium-238 EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE 1ST SEMESTER FINALS JERIKA ZAMORA | S.Y. 2024 - 2025 BY: @rianeangeline @krshannnn @anikariveera on IG (238U), Uranium-235 (235U), 3.5 BYA - Life on Earth began with prokaryotes. Thorium-232 (2232Th), Discovered in sedimentary rock formation called Potassium-40 (40K) stromatolites. 3.0 BYA - First photosynthetic organism thrived on HEAT TRANSFER the Earth which is blue green algae Cyanobacteria. Conduction - thermal energy is transmitted 2.0 BYA - Appearance of the first eukaryotes and through collisions between neighboring atoms or the influx of multicellular organisms secured 1.2 molecules billion years ago. Convection - transfer movement by movement of 500 BYA - Paleozoic era when trilobites and mass dominantly for fluids. cephalopods became dominant in the ocean particularly during Cambrian and Ordoviclan. Radiation - transfer in the form of waves or particles without direct contact. 251-65.5 BYA - Mesozoic era of reptiles divided into Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous period. MAGMATISM 250 TYA - The Cenozoic Era-recent life and based on paleontological evidence–Homo Erectus. Explains the movement of magma to form igneous rock CONCEPT OF LIFE Life Science - collection of discipline that is made up of stories. Prokaryotes - unicellular Eukaryotes - multicellular CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE 1. Made of Cells 2. Grow & Develop 3. Maintain Homeostasis 4. Reproduction 5. Respond to their environment 6. Exhibit metabolism TIMELINE 4.6-3.8 BYA - The early Earth is said to be violent because of meteorites and volcanic eruptions. Zircon crystal was formed.