DRRR Week 1 - Disaster Risk Reduction and Response PDF

UNIT 1: Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk  UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF DISASTER WHAT IS A DISASTER? Disaster pertains to anything that disrupts the normal functioning of people. Events, and circumstances. It may be either predicted or unpredicted. P...

UNIT 1: Basic Concept of Disaster and Disaster Risk  UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF DISASTER WHAT IS A DISASTER? Disaster pertains to anything that disrupts the normal functioning of people. Events, and circumstances. It may be either predicted or unpredicted. Predicted calamities like typhoon. Unpredicted calamities are more disastrous.  THE FORMULA OF DISASTER To understand the occurrence of disasters, a formula was developed to simplify its concept. The occurrence of disaster is presented by the International Federation of Red Cross and it is shown by the words in the box below: (VULNERABILITY + HAZARD) = DISASTER CAPACITY SAMPLE APPLICATION OF VULNERABILITY 1. A community of barangay which is not knowledgeable in disaster risk reduction and management is a vulnerable victim of disaster. 2. A member of the family who refused to evacuate from the house, despite repeated warnings from the Office of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management is a vulnerable victim of flood or landslide. WHAT IS A HAZARD? Hazard pertains to any condition or circumstances that endangers a person, thing or situation. Hazard could be classified as man-made or natural. THE CONCEPT OF DISASTER RISK Risk is caused by hazards. Risk is the assessed damage to a person or property as a result of hazard. Risk that is caused by man-made or natural disasters is called disaster risk. It is the result of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Disaster risk may be simplified using the formula below: Hazard + Exposure + Vulnerability = Disaster Risk REDUCING DISASTER RISK Below are the recommended measures to reduce disaster risk: 1. Lessen the rate of vulnerability by empowering people in disaster risk reduction. 2. Keep exposure away from hazard by relocating people and property. 3. Develop disaster preparedness. The conduct of drills like free drills, earthquake drills, and other emergency drills may help mitigate the effect of disasters through enhanced preparation of the vulnerable community. REDUCING DISASTER RISK Below are the recommended measures to reduce disaster risk: 4. Empower the people. This is possible through conducting information drive and seminars to communities which are exposed to disasters. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTER The Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation in Emergencies, a non- governmental organization (NGOVOICE) and an active humanitarian aid worldwide, assists European Organizations on times of disasters. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTER The organization identified Some underlying factors which increase disaster, and are needed to be addressed in order to reduce overall risk. These include: 1. Environmental problems such as: a. Declining ecosystems This pertains to environmental degradation due to the exploitation of our natural resources like rivers and mountains. Some disastrous events in the country like flash floods are believed to have been caused by our declining ecosystem. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTER B. Social Social aspect of risk factors may pertain to apathy of the people towards disaster preparedness. Lack of concern of some Filipino people in disaster preparedness is another underlying factor which increases disaster. Filipinos’ apathy may be a result of the “Bahala Na” attitude which makes people react only during the occurrence of disaster and not prevent its possible occurrence. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTER C. Economic Vulnerabilities Lack of financial capability of the concerned authorities to fund disaster information drive or the cost-effective thinking of builders makes them susceptible to disasters. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTER D. Climate Change This is also known as the change in the pattern of weather for an extended period of time. El Niño and La Niña are considered as results of climate change. Climate change is not only one of the environmental issues in the Philippines, it is, in fact, a global concern. Climate change affects weather and the weather systems, breaking ice in the North and South Pole and changes the height of tides in our oceans. These changes increase the risk factors in disasters. RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTER 2. Human Factor such as: a. Unplanned Urbanization This is believed to be a threat to ecological balance and may cause severe flooding in the city or municipality. Migration is seen as one of the factors of unplanned urbanization. Migration from rural to urban areas may be due to natural disasters, livelihood opportunities in the city or lack of livelihood opportunities in the place where migrants originated. However, people who migrate, not knowing the geographical location of the city, build their houses in areas where there is a risk for earthquakes, floods, landslides and other natural disasters RISK FACTORS UNDERLYING DISASTER B. Under-development/Poverty Due to poverty, people become more vulnerable to disaster which increases the risk factor underlying disasters when they build homes along the rivers and other waterways or in the dumpsite making them more prone to diseases, which is also a kind of disaster. NATURE OF DISASTERS  TYPES OF DISASTERS According to Adelman and Gray in their book, “The Nature of Disasters”, there are basically two different types of disasters: natural and man-made. Examples of natural disasters: Earthquakes Hurricanes Floods Examples of man-made disasters: Airplane crashes Terrorist attacks Wars  NATURAL DISASTERS Natural Disasters pertains to any act of nature which results to distressing effects to life and property. Natural disasters can either be predicted or unpredicted. Typhoons and volcanic eruption are examples of predicted natural disasters while earthquake and landslides are examples of unpredicted natural disasters. Natural disasters may not only be the natural process of the environment, it may also be the result of some human activities like illegal logging and mining.  TOP TEN DEADLIEST NATURAL DISASTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. MORO GULF TSUNAMI DATE OF OCCURRENCE: August 16, 1976 PLACE MOST DEVASTATED: Southern Island of Mindanao NUMBER OF CASUALTIES: 5,000-8,000 people 2. TROPICAL STORM THELMA DATE OF OCCURRENCE: November 15, 1991 PLACE MOST DEVASTATED: Central City of Ormoc, Leyte NUMBER OF CASUALTIES: More than 5,100 people 3. TYPHOON BOPHA DATE OF OCCURRENCE: December 3, 2012 PLACE MOST DEVASTATED: Main Southern Island of Mindanao NUMBER OF CASUALTIES: About 1,900 people dead or missing 4. JULY 16 EARTHQUAKE DATE OF OCCURRENCE: July 16, 1990 PLACE MOST DEVASTATED: Baguio City NUMBER OF CASUALTIES: 1,621 people 5. TYPHOON IKE DATE OF OCCURRENCE: August 31, 1984 PLACE MOST DEVASTATED: Central Island of the Philippines NUMBER OF CASUALTIES: 1,363 people 6. ERUPTION OF TAAL VOLCANO DATE OF OCCURRENCE: January 30, 1911 PLACE MOST DEVASTATED: Batangas NUMBER OF CASUALTIES: 1,300 people 7. ERUPTION OF MAYON VOLCANO DATE OF OCCURRENCE: February 1, 1814 PLACE MOST DEVASTATED: Albay NUMBER OF CASUALTIES: 1,200 people 8. GUINSAUGON LANDSLIDE DATE OF OCCURRENCE: February 17, 2006 PLACE MOST DEVASTATED: Guinsaugon, Central Island of Leyte NUMBER OF CASUALTIES: 1,126 people 9. TYPHOON WASHI DATE OF OCCURRENCE: December 16, 2011 PLACE MOST DEVASTATED: Northern Part of Mindanao Island NUMBER OF CASUALTIES: Almost 1,080 people dead 10. TYPHOON TRIX DATE OF OCCURRENCE: October 16, 1952 PLACE MOST DEVASTATED: Bicol Region of the Main Island of Luzon NUMBER OF CASUALTIES: 995 people SUPER TYPHOON YOLANDA DATE OF OCCURRENCE: November 6, 2014 PLACE MOST DEVASTATED: Southern Leyte NUMBER OF CASUALTIES: at least 10,000 people MAN-MADE DISASTERS MAN-MADE DISASTERS Man-made disasters are stressful events caused directly and primarily by human action. It is also called as human-made or human-caused disasters. INCIDENCE OF MAN-MADE DISASTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES 1. Tubbataha reef damage caused by the USS guardian. INCIDENCE OF MAN-MADE DISASTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES 2. Oil spills This disaster is generally caused by human negligence in which petroleum hydrocarbon is carelessly discharged in the waters or on land. Oil spill on waters kills marine animals by depriving them of oxygen and light. Oil spill on land causes pollution which may get into our water system and may cause serious health problems. INCIDENCE OF MAN-MADE DISASTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES 3. The Rizal Day bombings Date of Occurrence: December 30,2000 Place of Occurrence: Metro Manila, Philippines Number of Casualties: 22 dead and hundreds suffered from non- fatal injuries.  EFFECTS OF DISASTER ON ONE’S LIFE EFFECTS OF DISASTERS I. Psychological Effects of Disaster When a person lives through a disaster, physical, mental and emotional health can be disturbed. These are normal reactions to disasters. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS Signs and Symptoms of Psychological Effects of Disasters 1. Fear This may be characterized by fear of the dark, of being alone or of some things. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS Signs and Symptoms of Psychological Effects of Disasters 2. Shock Any victim of disaster under the stage of shock may show irregularity in breathing, nausea and confusion. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS Signs and Symptoms of Psychological Effects of Disasters 3. Grief A victim of disaster may show extreme sadness by crying and sighing due to the effect of the event. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS Signs and Symptoms of Psychological Effects of Disasters 4. Irritability A victim of disaster may display sudden burst of anger. The person may also get easily frustrated by small events like noisy surroundings and lack of basic need like food and water. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS II. Emotional Effects of Disaster Emotional effects of disaster may be shown through the acts of victims/survivors or through the words they utter. Some of the emotional effects are the following: EFFECTS OF DISASTERS 1. Feeling of guilt with the thought that had he/she have done something, he/she may not have lost a member of the family. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS 2. Feeling of dissatisfaction from the support coming from the family, neighbors, friends, or even from the government. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS 3. Feeling of bitterness for those who survived the disaster or for those who were not actually affected by it. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS III. Physical Effects of Disasters The following are some manifestations of physical effects of disasters: Physical sickness like headaches, fever, cough and others Change in appetite Poor sleeping condition Constipation EFFECTS OF DISASTERS IV. Social Effects of Disasters Social effects of disaster may be displayed by children or even adolescents. Some of the social effects of disaster are the following: EFFECTS OF DISASTERS 1. Loss of interest in the activity previously enjoyed by the victim/survivor. Children may display loss of interest with his/her favorite toys or games while adults may display loss of interest on his/her job or hobbies. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS 2. Family may be rebuilt. Even broken homes come together in times of disaster. Relatives with a long-time argument may even forget the issue of the past and immediately come to the rescue of the relative in need. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS 3. Circle of friends will expand. A simple thought of lending a blanket or slipper in times of disaster is a gesture to start another friendship which will then expand the social group. EFFECTS OF DISASTERS V. Economic Effects of Disasters Disasters will generally affect the economy of the country, specifically that of the family. These effects may be characterized by: EFFECTS OF DISASTERS 1. Loss of job of a family member 2. Loss of business by the merchants 3. Damaged bridges, buildings and roads, which will be repaired by the government at the expense of the country’s budget 4. Forfeiture of investments from other countries 5. Decline of tourism industry due to damaged sceneries  EFFECTS OF DISASTERS Other economic effects of disaster: 1. Agricultural damage brought by typhoons may result to shortage in the supply of major agricultural products in the country like rice, vegetable, and fruits. 2. Collapsed building in high urban areas may result to loss of jobs and other sources of income. 3. Disasters may also result in the loss of livelihood like poultry industry being infested by plague or those which were carried away by flash floods.  EFFECTS OF DISASTERS What are the general effects of disaster to people? Generally, the effects of disaster to people are the following” 1. Loss of life 2. Injury 3. Damage to and destruction of property 4. Damage to and destruction of subsistence and cash crops 5. Disruption of production 6. Disruption of lifestyle 7. Loss of livelihood 8. Disruption of essential services 9. Damage to national infrastructure and disruption of governmental system 10. National economic loss 11. Sociological and psychological after-effects  Coping with the effects of disasters There are many ways to cope with disaster. With the different effects of disasters, it requires that coping mechanisms also vary. However, there are general ways on how to cope and manage the effects of disasters. These are the following: 1. Take care of yourself. Remember that there are still family members who need your support. To be able to provide support, you must take care of yourself.  Coping with the effects of disasters 2. Encourage open communication and support. Talking about your feelings and emotions will lessen the sadness brought by the disaster. 3. Be brave. Remember that when family members open their thoughts, they are hoping for you to provide them with the support they need. So when they cry, try not to cry. Show bravery.  Coping with the effects of disasters 4. Be a good listener. Listen to the members of the family as they express their fears and concerns but try to embark on them courage and hope. 5. Carry on with your routine. Go back to school or regular work. Practice eating and sleeping on time. Avoid discussing about the event and avoid watching violent movies. There are also positive attributes which may help in the faster recovery after a disaster. These are the following: 1. Belief in God 2. Optimism 3. Confidence 4. Wisdom END OF WEEK 1  PERFORMANCE TASK #2: “DESIGN A DISASTER-RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE Objective: Foster creativity and problems solving in disaster risk reduction. Instruction: Design infrastructure or building that can withstand (specific) disaster. (e.g., flood-resistant house, earthquake-proof building) MATERIALS: Spaghetti Pasta Marshmallow