DRRR 3RD Quarter PDF

DRRR – 3RD QUARTER Disaster i. Communities living in coastal areas are exposed to storm - Sudden calamitous event bringing great...

DRRR – 3RD QUARTER Disaster i. Communities living in coastal areas are exposed to storm - Sudden calamitous event bringing great surges and tsunamis damage 3. Vulnerability - Sudden calamitous event that seriously a. The degree of susceptibility or disrupts the functioning of a community or proneness of a community to the society’s ability to cope using its resources damaging effects of a hazard on a - A serious disruption of the functioning of a particular environment community or a society involving i. Poverty, poor health and widespread human, material, economic, or sanitation, poor governance, environmental losses and impacts, which poor land use, planning and exceeds the ability of the affected degraded natural resources community or society to cope using its 4. Capacity resources a. Ability of a community, society, or Hazard organization, in terms of its available resources, to support the people and to - A dangerous phenomenon, or substance recover from the effects of a hazard that may cause loss of lives, injuries, or other health problems, poverty damages, PERSPECTIVES on DISASTER loss of livelihood and services, social, and 1. Economic economic disruptions, or environmental a. Macro and micro damage 2. Psychological - Not the same with disaster but if the 3. Physical community cannot cope with its a. Deaths/injured devastating effect, it’s already a disaster 4. Sociocultural Disaster vs. Disaster Risk a. Behavior and perspective 5. Political - Disaster is the uncontrollable and 6. Biological unforeseen event that results in massive a. Spread of bacteria destructive - Disaster Risk is focused on the likelihood TYPES of HAZARDS of a community to experience loss of life, 1. Atmospheric injury or destruction and damage from a a. Typhoons and hurricanes disaster b. Extreme temperatures FACTORS: 2. Hydrologic a. Floods 1. Hazard b. Drought a. A phenomenon or event that may pose 3. Technologic danger to human lives and may cause a. Transpo accident destruction of properties and b. Industrial destruction and fire environment 4. Geologic 2. Exposure a. Earthquake a. Degree to which elements such as b. Landslide people and properties are at risk to 5. Biologic potential losses due to a particular a. Covid19 hazard b. HIV *I apologize for any mistakes/errors that I didn’t notice* *Information from our class*  DRRR – 3RD QUARTER o Attitudinal ▪ attitude EXPOSURE CAPACITY - Degree which elements such as people and properties are at risk to potential - Ability of a community, society or losses due to particular hazard organization, in terms of its available - Situation of people, infrastructure, resources housing, production capacities, and other tangible human assets located in hazard- GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS: prone areas - Large scale, complex natural events that - ELEMENTS: happen on land o Physical o Earthquake hazards ▪ Location of the Philippines o Volcanic hazards o Environmental Elements o Landslide ▪ Loss of rainforests due to o sinkhole deforestation o Urbanization EARTHQUAKE and SEISMIC ACTIVITY ▪ Land pollution, air pollution, Earthquake water pollution o Economic - rumblings, shaking of the ground, or rolling of ▪ Agricultural and fishery the Earth’s surface sectors - a weak to violent shaking of the ground Supplies of fish and produced by the sudden movement of rock crops decline that in materials below the earth’s surface turn raise their price - abrupt motion of the earth’s crust as a result and affects the of the energy being suddenly released in the community form of seismic waves VULNERABILITY Seismicity - The degree of susceptibility or proneness - the type, magniture, and rate of occurrence of of a community to the damaging effects of earthquakes in a particular area over time a hazard on a particular environment TYPES: - TYPES: o Physical 1. Tectonic Earthquake ▪ Population density levels a. Due to the movement of faults and ▪ Remoteness of a settlement plate boundaries ▪ Site/location 2. Volcanic Earthquake ▪ Design and materials used a. Due to explosive volcanic activity for housing 3. Collapse Earthquake o Economical a. Due to sudden collapse of cave/mines ▪ Highly dependent upon the 4. Explosion Earthquake economic status of a. Due to explosion of chemicals or individuals, communities, nuclear devices and nations ❖ Focus o Social o Earthquake begins ▪ relationship ❖ Epicenter *I apologize for any mistakes/errors that I didn’t notice* *Information from our class*  DRRR – 3RD QUARTER o Point on the ground directly above the focus ❖ Fault o A weak point in the tectonic plate where pressure within the crust is released Magnitude o Proportional to the energy released by an earthquake at the focus. o Calculated from seismograph o It is represented by Arabic numbers (e.g. 4.8, 9.0) Richter Magnitude Scale o Determine the magnitude of an earthquake Intensity o Strength of an earthquake as perceived Earthquake Hazards: and felt by people in a certain locality o Numerical rating based on the relative - Ground shaking effects to people, objects, environment o Vibration of the ground during an and structures in the surroundings earthquake o Higher near the epicenter o most earthquake damage results from o Represented by Roman Numerals (e.g. the shaking caused by seismic waves II, IV, IX) passing beneath buildings, roads, and o It is determined using the PHIVOLCS other structures Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS) ▪ ex: may cause a store’s exterior building walls to crumble, injuring people, blocking sidewalks and streets, and bringing down utility lines - Ground rupture o Offset of the ground surface when fault rupture extends to the Earth’s surface o Any structure built across the fault is at risk of being torn apart as the two sides of the fault slip past each other - Liquefaction o Which soil liquefies during ground shaking o Takes place in water-saturated soil and sediments that an earthquake greatly disturbs - Ground subsidence o Movement that occurs along faults can be horizontal or vertical or have a component of both *I apologize for any mistakes/errors that I didn’t notice* *Information from our class*  DRRR – 3RD QUARTER o occurs when the ground sinks or - Secure heavy furniture and items that could collapses as a result of seismic activity, fall or be displaced during shaking, and create often due to the shifting of an emergency kit with essentials like food, underground fault lines or the collapse water, and first aid supplies. (B) of underground cavities. - If you are indoors, drop to the ground, take ▪ Large area of land can subsid cover under a sturdy table or desk, and hold drastically during an on until the shaking stops. (D) earthquake - Check for hazards like gas leaks, fire, and ▪ caused during liquefaction structural damage in your home (A) - Tsunami - Familiarize yourself with emergency exit o Long wavelength oceanic waves routes, and practice earthquake drills with generated by the sudden displacement your family. (B) of seawater by a shallow earthquake - Turn off the gas supply to your home to - Landslide prevent fires caused by ruptured gas lines. (A) o Can trigger landslides, especially in - Listen to emergency services or authorities areas with water-saturated soils, a for updates on road conditions, evacuation common characteristic of Cascadia procedures, and other essential information. o May result in falling rocks and debris (A) that collide with people, buildings and vehicles VOLCANO o a large-scale collapse of the earth's - Location of the Philippines to the Pacific Ring surface, often triggered by earthquake of Fire (convergent boundary) shaking, which can cause debris to - Opening in the crust that ejects magma and move down slopes and damage forms a fissure or located in a mountain or structures or roads oceanic ridge (series of underwater EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAPS mountains) - monitoring for earthquakes and other CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES disasters is an integral part of preparation for 1. Active Volcanoes disasters - Regularly erupts within the last 600 years; - highlight the areas that are at risk for a include those volcanoes identified farther specific hazard such as earthquakes back in time to have erupted in the last 10000 TO DO: years o Mt. Mayon - drop, cover, hold on ▪ Most active - try to stay calm ▪ 51 eruptions from 1616 until - stay away from furniture, windows, and lamps 2014 - stay away from buildings, walls, and power ▪ Most destructive occurred in poles 1814 – 1200 fatalities - if you are driving, turn on the hazard lights o Mt. Pinatubo and stay inside ▪ One of the biggest - if you use a wheelchair, put the brakes and ▪ 1991 eruption -> 700 fatalities protect your head with your arms Second largest eruption - if you are in a crowded place, protect your of 21st Cent head with your arms or take cover under o Taal Volcano seats and tables ▪ One of the most active *I apologize for any mistakes/errors that I didn’t notice* *Information from our class*  DRRR – 3RD QUARTER ▪ 33 eruptions since 1572 b. This happens due to the built-up gas ▪ Its crater is filled with water -> pressure that quickly launches the lake volcanic materials, particularly 2. Dormant Volcanoes volcanic bombs and blocks bigger than - Erupted in the last 10,000 years but may still 64mm, high up in the air erupt in future 6. Tephra Fall 3. Extinct Volcanoes a. Any rock fragment or pyroclastic - No record of eruptions material ejected during volcanic - They may not be completely extinct due to eruption their emission of sulfur b. Less than 64mm o Mt. Arayat c. Influenced by wind (direction of wind) i. Ash (less than 2mm) VOLCANIC HAZARDS ii. Lapilli (2 to 64mm) - Events that happened during the volcanic iii. Blocks eruption iv. Bombs 1. Lava Flow 7. Volcanic Gases a. Cascading lava (surface magma) in the a. Mixture of gases that include water form of streams from the erupting vent vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, down the slope carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, b. LESSER VISCOSITY = FASTER and hydrogen fluoride MOVEMENT b. It may affect the temperature 2. Dome Growth 8. Lahar a. Formation of lava dome from viscous a. Mudflow or volcanic debris flow magma that solidified along the vent b. Volcanic debris and water that has the b. They may collapse = more danger consistency of a wet concrete 3. Pyroclastic Flow c. It moves down the slope of a volcano a. Also called PYROCLASTIC DENSITY and usually finds its way into rivers CURRENTS (PHILVOCS) b. Composed of extremely hot mixture of rock fragments (that’s why it moves downwards) expanding gases, and ashes with a temperature greater than 800 degrees Celsius c. It moves at a rapid speed of 10 m/s to 200 m/s 4. Pyroclastic Surge a. Same as pyroclastic flow except that it VOLCANO ALERT LEVELS has less rock but more gases, making it less dense (upwards) 1. Low-Level Unrest (No eruption imminent) b. Average temperature of 100 degrees a. Hydrothermal, magmatic, or tectonic Celsius in origin c. Cold surge can take place in volcanoes b. No entry in the 6km radius Permanent underneath the ocean or lake Danger Zone (PDZ) 5. Ballistic Projectiles 2. Moderate Unrest (could eventually lead to a. Chunks of volcanic blocks eruption) *I apologize for any mistakes/errors that I didn’t notice* *Information from our class*  DRRR – 3RD QUARTER a. 6 km radius Danger Zone may be VOLCANIC HAZARD MAPS extended to 7km in the sector where - Utilized to provide information on the the crater rim is low potentially damaging effects of a volcanic 3. Relatively High Unrest (eruption is possible eruption that can be used as a basis for within weeks) disaster mitigation plans of a locality a. Extension of PDZ in the sector where the crater rim is low will be considered TO DO 4. Intense Unrest (Hazardous eruption is 1. Put your emergency plan into action – D possible within days) 2. Prepare an emergency kit, and store in food a. Extension of PDZ to 8km or more and water – B where the crater rim is low will be 3. Be informed about your community’s recommended emergency plan – B 5. Hazardous Eruption Ongoing 4. Report any damages in the community to the a. Pyroclastic flows may sweep down local authorities – A along gullies and channels, especially 5. Check on family members and neighbors who along these fronting the low part of the may require assistance – D/A crater rim 6. Take shelter in a safe place or closed vehicle b. Danger to aircraft could encounter if outside the house – D (cancelled flights) 7. Wear a dust mask – D/A SIGNS 8. Stay indoors – D 9. Create and develop a household emergency - Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes plan – B with rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic 10. Clean gutters and roofs of ash deposits – A tremors - Increases steaming activity; change in color of LANDSLIDES stream emission from white to gray due to entrained ash 1. Rainfall-induced landslides - Crater glow due to the presence of magma at a. Prolonged intense rainfall can often or near the crater cause rainfall-induced landslides - Ground deformation (swell or inflation) due to b. It occurs when water from rainfall magma intrusion seeps into the ground faster than the - Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up soil can drain it. of vegetation around the volcano's upper c. As the spaces become filled up with slopes water, the underlying ground material - Increase in the temperature of hot springs, can no longer support the weight of wells, and crater lake near the volcano the surface material = landslide - Localized landslides, rock falls, and landslides d. Often occur in the Philippines from the summit area not attributable to e. Damages are heavy and expensive heavy rains f. Evident in Quezon and Aurora - Noticeable variation in the chemical content i. Hit by 4 tropical cyclones from of springs, and crater lakes within the vicinity Nov to Dec 2004 of the volcano TYPES: - Drying up of springs and wells around the volcano 1. Flow - Develop new thermal areas and/or reactivate a. high speed due to the fluidity and old ones. consistency of material *I apologize for any mistakes/errors that I didn’t notice* *Information from our class*  DRRR – 3RD QUARTER b. moves horizontally 7. Go to local authorities to learn more about c. debris flow = loose soil, rock, organic their emergency plan for the community matter, air, and water 8. Contact the local authorities if there is a threat d. mudflow = 50% sand, silt, and clay of landslide in the area e. mudflow+debris flow = mudslide DURING: 2. Topple 1. Evacuate immediately a. Domino 2. Stay in part of the house that is farthest from b. Tumbling over of a blocked unit or the approaching landslide, take cover and units due to gravity, the added force hold onto furniture exerted by neighboring units and 3. Stay away from the path of the landslide water in the fissures 4. Keep clear of structures that may fall such as 3. Slump trees, power lines, and poles a. Curved 5. Move quickly to a higher area when there is b. Sliding mass movement of materials either a sudden increase or decrease of water along an arched portion of the slope flow, or a clean water turning murky 4. Slide AFTER a. Happens along weak portions of the slope such as fault 1. Stay informed on the current news and b. Parallel to the slope warnings 5. Creep 2. Avoid immediately returning to the prone a. Unnoticeable gradual motion of areas materials 3. Assess all damages b. An area has to be monitored over a 4. Contact concerned authorities on the long period of time to detect the damages of utilities such as electrical lines occurrence of a creep and water pipelines 6. Fall 5. Assist if possible in searching for missing a. Free-falling of the materials that people include bouncing or rolling happens in this type of landslide movement b. Rocks and debris are heaped at the SINKHOLE base of the slope - Opening in the ground that Is a result of the TO DO: dissolving of rocks beneath the surface of the BEFORE: land or the collapse of underground caves - Vary in size and depth, shallow to hundreds 1. Create and develop a household emergency or feet deep plan - Formation may be sudden or gradual 2. Practice the evac plan 3. Store emergency survival items TYPES: 4. Determine the route to the nearest evac 1. Dissolution Sinkhole/limestone solution center sinkhole 5. Observe the conditions and monitor warning a. Since a thin layer of soil or vegetation signs in the environment which include covers the limestone bedrock (i.e., unusual sounds from trees consolidated solid rock deposits that 6. Updated about weather conditions are mainly composed of calcium *I apologize for any mistakes/errors that I didn’t notice* *Information from our class*  DRRR – 3RD QUARTER carbonate and found underneath the can cause the structures on top of it to soil and other debris), rainwater finds topple down. its way into the spaces within the i. Most dangerous type bedrock and dissolves the rocks, ii. Natatanggal per chunk -> cave gradually forming the dissolution iii. Sudden and dramatic sinkhole, which is also called iv. clay limestone-solution sinkhole. This type TO DO: of sinkhole can eventually turn into a pond due to surface runoff. However, BEFORE: the water in the pond can be abruptly 1. Get the information about the soil geology of drained when it infiltrates the ground. the residential area i. Natunaw ang lupa 2. Perform the necessary preparations ii. Slowly/gradual 3. Be alert during heavy rainfall iii. Rainwater will go to the crack - 4. Observe signs of water loss from nearby small > dissolve the rocks bodies of water iv. The water in the pond can be abruptly drained when it AFTER: infiltrates the ground 1. Stay away v. Carbonate bedrock 2. Take photographs 2. Cover-subsidence sinkhole 3. Report the sinkhole to the local officials a. Sediments like sand lying on the bedrock 4. Barricade the area fill in the cavities within the bedrock, 5. Keep tractors and any heavy equipment from which slowly sinks the surface and the sinkhole creates the cover-subsidence sinkhole. 6. Refrain from throwing trash The sunken area continues to become enlarged due to its constant exposure to erosion. *there might be errors that I didn’t notice, I i. Sand will fill the cracks apologize* ii. Slowly/gradual iii. Mostly sand *information is from our discussions* 3. Cover-collapse sinkhole *you may message me if you found some big a. Unlike the previous types of sinkholes errors* that slowly develop over time, the cover-collapse sinkhole can suddenly Guanlao, Louise P. form, making it the most dangerous 11 – St. Agatha type of sinkhole. It takes place in an area with a layer of clay covering the bedrock. Deep in the ground is an underground cavern that is exposed to dissolution. Sediments eventually reach the bottom of the cavern. Crumbling of the ground does on until the top layer of the cavern becomes too thin. Consequently, the layer collapses, creating the sinkhole, which *I apologize for any mistakes/errors that I didn’t notice* *Information from our class*