Disaster Reduction and Risk 3rd Quarter
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Questions and Answers

What primarily determines the intensity of an earthquake in a specific locality?

  • Magnitude determined by the Richter Scale
  • Distance from the epicenter (correct)
  • Design of local structures
  • Depth of the focus

Which type of earthquake is primarily associated with the explosive activity of a volcano?

  • Tectonic Earthquake
  • Explosion Earthquake
  • Collapse Earthquake
  • Volcanic Earthquake (correct)

How is the magnitude of an earthquake quantified?

  • Using a numerical rating based on local destruction
  • By evaluating social and economic impacts
  • By assessing ground shaking severity
  • Through a seismograph calculation (correct)

Which factor is NOT considered when assessing earthquake hazards?

<p>Weather conditions at the time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a dormant volcano?

<p>Erupted in the last 10,000 years but may still erupt in the future. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the lava flow in volcanic eruptions?

<p>Cascades down the slope as surface magma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Richter Scale primarily measure?

<p>The magnitude of an earthquake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of an earthquake?

<p>The point where pressure is released in the crust (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of volcanic material includes rock fragments larger than 64mm?

<p>Volcanic bombs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What numerical representation is used for earthquake intensity?

<p>Roman numerals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential effect of volcanic gases on the environment?

<p>They can significantly affect temperature. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of dome growth in volcanoes?

<p>Formation of lava domes from solidified viscous magma. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily leads to damage during an earthquake?

<p>Ground shaking experienced by structures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which volcanic hazard is described as a mudflow or volcanic debris flow?

<p>Lahar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tephra consists of fragments less than 2mm in size?

<p>Ash (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a lava dome if it collapses?

<p>It may lead to increased danger. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary factor contributing to rainfall-induced landslides?

<p>Prolonged intense rainfall (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when water from rainfall seeps into the ground more quickly than it can drain?

<p>Landslides due to soil saturation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of landslide is characterized by a high speed due to the fluidity of the material?

<p>Debris flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can localized landslides from volcanic areas be classified?

<p>Not attributable to heavy rains (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does prolonged rainfall have on vegetation around a volcano?

<p>Causes noticeable drying up of vegetation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phenomenon can be a sign of volcanic activity following intense rainfall?

<p>Increased ground deformation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the impact of landslides and associated damages notably observed?

<p>In the Philippines, particularly Quezon and Aurora (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the chemical content of springs and crater lakes near volcanic areas as rainfall becomes intense?

<p>There is a noticeable variation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary cause of a dissolution sinkhole?

<p>Rainwater dissolving limestone bedrock (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does vulnerability primarily assess within a community?

<p>The susceptibility to the damaging effects of hazards (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential depth range of sinkholes?

<p>Shallow to over hundreds of feet deep (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is a disaster distinct from a hazard based on the definitions provided?

<p>A disaster has broader societal impacts than a hazard. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not contribute to a community's vulnerability?

<p>Good local governance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial step in preparing for emergencies related to sinkholes?

<p>Observing environmental warning signs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes a characteristic feature of dissolution sinkholes?

<p>Structures above them often collapse suddenly (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'capacity' refer to in the context of disaster management?

<p>The ability to recover from the effects of a hazard (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a hazard?

<p>An event or phenomenon that may lead to significant societal impact (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What materials are primarily found in the limestone bedrock that can cause a dissolution sinkhole?

<p>Calcium carbonate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is least likely to be an effect of a disaster?

<p>Increased social cohesion within a community (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of sinkhole can be particularly dangerous due to its nature of formation?

<p>Dissolution sinkhole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a detailed step in preparing for a sinkhole emergency?

<p>Purchasing an underwater camera (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the disaster risk reduction framework, which perspective focuses on the economic implications of disasters?

<p>Economic perspective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the soil and vegetation that covers limestone bedrock during a dissolution sinkhole formation?

<p>It can become destabilized and collapse (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these correctly categorizes a sudden calamitous event bringing significant damage as per the definitions?

<p>Disaster (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the cause of tsunamis?

<p>Tsunamis are caused by the sudden displacement of seawater by a shallow earthquake. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary hazard associated with liquefaction during an earthquake?

<p>The ground turning into a liquid state, causing structures to sink. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done indoors during an earthquake to ensure safety?

<p>Drop to the ground, take cover under a sturdy structure, and hold on. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers landslides in earthquake-prone areas?

<p>Water-saturated soils that become loose after an earthquake. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential precaution to take regarding gas supply during an earthquake?

<p>Turn off the gas supply to prevent potential fires. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the location of the Philippines in relation to the Pacific Ring of Fire?

<p>It exists at a convergent boundary where tectonic plates collide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of geological feature is a volcano?

<p>An opening in the crust that ejects magma, forming either a fissure or located in a ridge. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT advisable during an earthquake?

<p>Panic and run out of the building as soon as the shaking begins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Epicenter

The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.

Focus

The point beneath the Earth's surface where an earthquake originates.

Fault

A fracture or zone of weakness in the Earth's crust where rocks move past each other.

Magnitude

The amount of energy released by an earthquake, measured on the Richter Magnitude Scale.

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Richter Magnitude Scale

A scale used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake based on the energy released.

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Intensity

The intensity of shaking experienced at a specific location during an earthquake.

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Ground Shaking

The vibration of the ground during an earthquake, causing damage to structures and the environment.

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Earthquake Hazards

Any potential danger or threat associated with an earthquake, including ground shaking, landslides, and tsunamis.

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Earthquake

A sudden shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates.

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Landslide

A large-scale collapse of the earth's surface, often triggered by earthquake shaking.

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Tsunami

A long wavelength oceanic wave generated by the sudden displacement of seawater by a shallow earthquake.

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Subsidence

The sinking or settling of the ground, often caused by the removal of underground support.

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Liquefaction

The process by which water-saturated soil loses its strength and behaves like a liquid during an earthquake.

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Volcano

An opening in the Earth's crust that allows magma to erupt, forming a mountain or fissure.

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Pacific Ring of Fire

A region in the Pacific Ocean known for frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

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Classification of Volcanoes

A method of classifying volcanoes based on their structure, activity level, and other factors.

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Hazard

A dangerous phenomenon, substance, or event that can cause loss of lives, injuries, poverty, damage, loss of livelihood, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

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Disaster

A sudden calamitous event that severely disrupts the functioning of a community or society, exceeding its ability to cope and causing widespread losses and impacts.

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Vulnerability

The degree to which a community is susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Factors include poverty, poor health, lack of resources, and environmental degradation.

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Capacity

The ability of a community or society to use its resources to support its people and recover from the effects of a hazard.

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Economic Perspective of Disaster

A viewpoint that examines the financial costs associated with disasters, including both direct losses and indirect economic impacts.

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Psychological Perspective of Disaster

A viewpoint that considers the psychological impacts of disasters on individuals, families, and communities.

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Physical Perspective of Disaster

A viewpoint that examines the physical damage caused by disasters, such as injuries, infrastructure damage, and environmental degradation.

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Social Perspective of Disaster

A viewpoint that examines the impacts of disasters on the community as a whole, considering the social, environmental, and economic consequences.

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Dormant Volcano

A volcano that has erupted in the last 10,000 years but has the potential to erupt again in the future.

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Extinct Volcano

A volcano that has no recorded history of eruptions and is considered inactive. However, due to the possibility of sulfur emissions, complete extinction is difficult to confirm.

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Lava Flow

A stream of molten rock (magma) that flows from a volcanic vent down a slope.

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Lava Dome

A mound formed from highly viscous magma that solidifies near the volcanic vent. These domes can collapse, leading to significant hazards.

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Pyroclastic Flow

A fast-moving, destructive flow of hot gas and volcanic debris. It races down the slopes of a volcano, often reaching high speeds.

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Tephra Fall

Volcanic materials ejected during an eruption, categorized by size. Includes ash, lapilli, blocks, and bombs.

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Volcanic Gases

A mixture of gases, including water vapor, sulfur compounds, and carbon monoxide, released during a volcanic eruption.

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Rainfall-induced Landslide

Heavy rainfall saturates the ground, making it unable to support the weight of the overlying soil and rocks, leading to a sudden collapse.

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Debris Flow

A type of landslide characterized by a fast-moving flow of soil, rocks, and debris mixed with water.

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Saturation

When rainwater infiltrates the ground faster than it can drain, the soil becomes saturated and unstable.

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Volcanic Precursors

The visible changes in the surrounding environment indicating potential volcanic activity, such as increased temperature of hot springs, ground swelling, or drying up of vegetation.

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Focus (Earthquakes)

The point beneath the Earth's surface where an earthquake originates.

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Fault (Earthquakes)

A fracture or zone of weakness in the Earth's crust where rocks move past each other.

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Epicenter (Earthquake)

The point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.

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Magnitude (Earthquake)

The amount of energy released by an earthquake, measured on the Richter Magnitude Scale.

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What is a sinkhole?

A depression in the ground caused by the collapse of underlying rock or soil due to dissolving or erosion.

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What is a dissolution sinkhole?

A type of sinkhole formed by the dissolving of limestone bedrock by rainwater.

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Why are dissolution sinkholes dangerous?

This type of sinkhole is formed when a thin layer of soil and vegetation cover the limestone bedrock.

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How does a dissolution sinkhole form?

The process where rainwater seeps into the ground and dissolves the limestone bedrock, creating underground cavities.

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What are the different sizes of sinkholes?

Sinkholes can vary in size and depth, ranging from shallow depressions to deep pits.

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How fast do sinkholes develop?

The formation of a sinkhole can happen suddenly or gradually over time.

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Why is monitoring the environment for sinkholes important?

Being aware of the conditions and warning signs in the environment, such as unusual sounds from trees, is important for sinkhole safety.

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Why is it important to stay updated about weather conditions?

Staying updated about weather conditions is crucial, especially during heavy rainfall which can trigger sinkhole formation.

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Study Notes

Disaster Reduction and Risk Reduction (DRRR) - 3rd Quarter

  • Disaster: A sudden calamitous event that significantly disrupts a community's or society's ability to cope using its resources, causing widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses exceeding the community's coping capacity.
  • Hazard: A dangerous phenomenon or substance that may cause loss of life, injuries, health problems, poverty, loss of livelihood, social and economic disruptions, or environmental damage.
  • Disaster Risk: The likelihood of a community experiencing loss of life, injury, or destruction and damage from a disaster. It is different from a disaster, as a disaster is the result, disaster risk reflects likelihood, or the probability of that result occurring.
  • Factors influencing Disaster Risk:
  • Hazard: A phenomenon or event posing a danger to human lives and properties, causing environmental and structural damage.
  • Exposure: The degree to which elements like people and properties are at risk from potential losses due to a specific hazard.
  • Vulnerability: The degree of susceptibility of a community to the damaging effects of a hazard. This can be physical, economical, or social.
  • Capacity: A community's ability to recover from a hazard using its available resources. This includes the ability to mitigate the hazard before it impacts a community.

Types of Hazards

  • Atmospheric: Typhoons, hurricanes, extreme temperatures, droughts
  • Hydrologic: Floods, droughts
  • Technological: Transport accidents, industrial explosions and fires
  • Geologic: Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions
  • Biological: COVID-19, HIV

Perspectives on Disaster

  • Economic: Macro and microeconomic impacts
  • Psychological: Impact of disaster on human minds
  • Physical: Deaths and Injuries
  • Sociocultural: Community behaviors and perceptions during and after disasters
  • Political: Involvement or lack of involvement of the government in disaster relief and recovery
  • Biological: Spread of bacteria/diseases.

Earthquake and Seismic Activity

  • Earthquake: Ground shaking due to the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth's surface. The shaking can cause several types of damage.
  • Seismicity: The type, magnitude, and rate of earthquake occurrence in a particular area over time.
  • Types of Earthquakes based on tectonic activity: Tectonic, volcanic, and collapse.

Earthquake Hazards

  • Ground shaking: Vibration from seismic waves; this is the primary cause of damage and injury from earthquakes.
  • Ground rupture: Fault ruptures at the earth's surface causing damage to surface features and structures
  • Liquefaction: The process where loose saturated sand loses strength acting like a liquid; this can cause buildings to sink or tilt.
  • Ground subsidence: The movement of the earth's surface that moves it down or inward.
  • Landslides: Often triggered by earthquake shaking; involves the movement of a mass of rock or soil down a slope.

Volcanic Hazards

  • Lava flow: Molten rock flows from the volcano
  • Dome growth: Growing mass of solidified lava
  • Pyroclastic flow: A fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter
  • Pyroclastic surge: A fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter, less dense than a pyroclastic flow
  • Ballistic projectiles: Ejected chunks of solidified lava This includes many more hazards, and there are more specifics to learn about such as different types or magnitudes of each.

Landslides

  • Rainfall-induced landslides: Landslides frequently occur during heavy rainfall when water makes the ground unstable.
  • Types: Flow, creep, topple, and slide. These categories represent the way the displaced mass moves.

Volcanoes

  • Active, Dormant, Extinct: Classification based on past eruptive history (still active, once active, or not in a long time)
  • Volcanic Hazards: Lava Flows, Pyroclastic flows, Tephra, Volcanic Gases, Lahars.

General Safety Measures (during disasters):

  • Seek safety and take shelter, keep informed, make preparations, and have your emergency kit available.

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DRRR 3RD Quarter PDF

Description

This quiz focuses on key concepts related to Disaster Reduction and Risk Reduction (DRRR) for the 3rd quarter. It covers definitions of disaster, hazard, and disaster risk, as well as factors affecting disaster risk. Test your knowledge on these essential topics and understand their implications for community safety.

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