Dr. Zeinab Presentation 1 Team Galaxy PDF

René Descartes (1596–1650) By Galaxy The Biological Basis of Learning & Behavior Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)  Our Team Members Maryam Hany Mohanad Hassan Mariam Wagdy Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed Ramy Abdallah Ahmed  Introduction What is Biological basis o...

René Descartes (1596–1650) By Galaxy The Biological Basis of Learning & Behavior Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)  Our Team Members Maryam Hany Mohanad Hassan Mariam Wagdy Mohammed Ahmed Mohammed Ramy Abdallah Ahmed  Introduction What is Biological basis of learning & behavior? Learning and behavior are two interconnected aspects of human cognition. While they are distinct concepts, they are deeply intertwined and influenced by biological processes within the brain.  Introduction What is Biological basis of learning & behavior? In the past 30 years, a field of educational theory has developed that examines learning as a biological process. Approaching learning as a biological process – examining the neuroscience of how the brain functions allows for an understanding to build practices that enhance the brain’s natural ability to learn new things. Connection Biological Systems Brain (hippocampus,prefrontal cortex,amygdala,Cerebellum) Nervous System Genetics Endocrine System Bi al c Ps olo o i g ng yc gi ol ni ho ca Bi ear em lo l gy l yst human s Learning development Behavior Memory formation Behavioral Thoughts Decision-making Learning Actions Emotional processing Theory Emotions Motor learning  How Biological Factors can affect our behaviors ? GENES: Genes are instructions that dictate how a person’s body is made behave is in part related to your genetics - but your world and life experiences also shape your attitudes and behaviors The relationship between your genes and behavior can change over time as you have new experiences GENES: The characteristics (physical traits and behaviors) that you are born with and what you experience throughout your life are both important,Your characteristics can impact your experiences and your experiences can impact your characteristics Making Connections: Human Brain What is the role of the brains in behavior & learning? The human brain, a complex organ weighing approximately three pounds, is responsible for an extraordinary range of cognitive functions, including learning and behavior. Making Connections: Human Brain Key Concepts 1.Neural Plasticity The brain's ability to adapt and change through experience. Involves forming new synapses or strengthening existing ones. 2.Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) Repeated synapse stimulation increases synapse strength. Key mechanism in learning and memory. Learning & Behavior Cognitive Development Learning experiences shape cognitive development, including problem-solving, critical thinking, and creativity. Early childhood education can significantly impact cognitive abilities. Social Skills Learning social skills, such as empathy, communication, and cooperation, is crucial for interacting with others. Positive social experiences can enhance social skills, while negative experiences can hinder them. Emotional Regulation Learning to manage emotions is essential for healthy behavior. Brain Parts & Functions Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Cerebellum Brain Stem  Frontal Lobe This is the largest lobe and it controls voluntary movement, speech and intellect. The parts of your frontal lobes that control movement are called the primary motor cortex The parts of your brain that play an important role in memory, intelligence and personality include your prefrontal cortex.  Partial Lobe The parietal lobes are near the center of your brain. They receive and interpret signals from other parts of your brain. This part of your brain integrates many sensory inputs so that you can understand your environment and the state of your body. This part of your brain helps give meaning to what's going on in your environment.  Occtiptal Lobe The occipital lobe is a part of your brain located at the back of your head. Though it’s the smallest lobe of your brain, it’s still extremely important. These lobes in the back of your brain allow you to notice and interpret visual information. Your occipital lobes control how you process shapes, colors and movement.  Temporal Lobe These parts of the brain are near your ears on each side of your brain. The sides of your temporal lobes are the farthest apart of the brain lobes. These areas, which are inside your skull near your temples and ears, play a role in managing your emotions, Temporal Lobe processing information from your senses, storing and retrieving memories, and understanding language.  Cerebellum Cerebellum literally means little brain - and it looks like a miniature version of the brain. It lies at the back of the head, beneath the cerebrum. The cerebellum coordinates movements, controls posture, balance and fine motor movement, and is involved in motor learning - like learning how to ride a bicycle.  Brain Stem Our brainstem connects your brain to your spinal cord. It sits near the bottom of your brain. It helps regulate vital body functions that you don't have to think about, like breathing and your heart rate. Your brainstem also helps with your Eye movements, Facial movements, sensations, Hearing, Sleep and wakefulness.  HORMONES (behavior endoricinology) A chemical messenger that is secreted by cells or glands, travels to other parts of the body, and affects their cellular activity the hypothalamus control the secretiations of hormones from pituitry gland (master gland) pituitary-hormone secretagogues promote activation of endocrine glands, which release hormones that often travel back to the brain, providing negative and/or positive feedback  EXAMPLES Testesterone Estrogen DOMINANCE BEHAVIORS ANTIDPRESSENT CHEMICAL COMPETITIVE BEHEVIORS IN BRAIN AGRESSION DEPRESSION MOODE MOOD SWINGS MUSCLE BULK FEMININTY BEHAVIORS Adrenaline ATTENTION PANIC ANXIETY HYPERTENSION SLEEP DISORDERS FOCUS  NERVES SYSTEM The brain is the control center of the nervous system, and it is responsible for all cognitive and behavioral functions The nervous system receives information from the environment through sensory organs and processes this information to produce a response. The brain communicates with the rest of the body through the PNS, which controls voluntary and involuntary movements. the nervous system is essential for behavior as it controls all bodily actions and responses, including cognitive and emotional functions  NEURPOTRANSMITTERS Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that transmit signals between neurons, allowing our brain to communicate with the rest of the body DOPAMINE: IS RELEASES IN RESPONSE TO REWARDING STIMULI (IT’S DYSFUNCTION IS IMPLICATED IN ADDICTION AND DEPRESSION) GABA: an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation NOREEPNIPHRINE: IT’S RELEASES IN RESPONSE TO DANGER (IT’S DYSFUNCTION IS IMPLICATED IN ADHD) Biological Systems and Behavior Temperament Genetic factors shape temperament, affecting activity level, mood, and sociability, which in turn influences learning responses and interactions with others. Hormones Hormones, such as cortisol and testosterone, can affect behavior. For example, high levels of cortisol (a stress hormone) can impair learning and memory. Brain Plasticity The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to experiences is known as plasticity. Positive experiences can promote brain plasticity, while negative experiences can hinder it. What is learning? And its relationship to the mind? Learning is a basic ability in humans, as it helps us respond to changes around us. We learn from experiences to avoid dangers such as avoiding touching hot things, and this is done automatically.  TYPES 1 Classical conditioning LEARNING 2 Operant conditioning THEORIES 3 Learning by observation and insight  Classical conditioning The organism learns to associate a neutral stimulus (such as sound) with an unconditioned stimulus (such as food) that elicits a natural response (such as salivation). UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS (US) CLASSICAL The thing that CONDITIONING elicits a natural UNCONDITION ED RESPONSE response. (UR) The natural The learned response that CONDITIONED response to the follows the STIMULUS (CS) conditioned unconditioned stimulus stimulus A neutral stimulus that is presented CONDITIONED repeatedly before RESPONSE the unconditioned (CR) stimulus Operant Conditioning Responses that lead to pleasant outcomes are more likely to be repeated, while responses that lead to unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated.  Positive Reinforcement: Providing something pleasant 01 after a behavior to increase the likelihood of it occurring (e.g. praising a child for completing his homework). Conditioning Negative Reinforcement: Removing something Operant 02 unpleasant to increase the likelihood of the behavior occurring (e.g. taking aspirin to relieve a headache). Positive Punishment: Providing something 03 unpleasant to decrease the occurrence of a behavior. Negative Punishment: Removing something pleasant 04 to decrease the occurrence of a behavior. Observational and insightful learning This is another type of learning, where learning occurs through observing and imitating the behavior of others. Observational and insightful learning: (Albert Bandura demonstrated this with his Bob the Doll experiment, where he observed that children who watched a model act aggressively toward the doll imitate those behaviors. This type of learning helps humans and animals avoid risks by learning from the experiences of others without having to take risks themselves.) Biological Systems and Learning Genetics Genes provide the blueprint for brain development and the production of neurotransmitters. variations related to dopamine can influence learning Brain Structure The structure and connectivity of brain regions play crucial roles in learning and memory. Damage can impair learning abilities. Neurotransmitters Chemicals that transmit signals between neurons, like dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine, are essential for learning and memory. Imbalances can lead to difficulties  conclusion The biological basis of learning and behavior is deeply rooted in the structure and function of the brain and nervous system. Learning is a process that involves changes in neural connections, often referred to as synaptic plasticity. Through experiences and external stimuli, neurons strengthen or weaken their connections, forming the foundation of memory and behavioral responses. Neurotransmitters, brain regions like the hippocampus and amygdala, and processes like long-term potentiation (LTP) play critical roles in this. Hormones and genetic factors also influence behavior and learning. Overall, the biological approach emphasizes how our brain's physical and chemical mechanisms shape how we learn and behav Thank You