Document 5 : Second Phase of Industrialization PDF

Part 1 Wilfrid Laurier First French Canadian prime minister Part 5 : Second phase of industrialization Natural Resources Exploitable natural resources in Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia provided abundant raw materials for industries. Rivers offered strong hydroelectric...

Part 1 Wilfrid Laurier First French Canadian prime minister Part 5 : Second phase of industrialization Natural Resources Exploitable natural resources in Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia provided abundant raw materials for industries. Rivers offered strong hydroelectric potential in Quebec. Copper, water, timber, silver, gold, zinc and asbestos were important natural resources in QC. Growing Sectors Ore Processing Pulp and Paper Hydroelectricity Electrometallurgy Electrochemistry Manufacturing and domestic production Factors in the development Wilfred Laurier maintained the protectionist policy of high customs duties on imported products. The large influx of immigrants created a large labour force and market for manufactured products. Wheat, from the prairies, became the largest export. More foreign trade with the USA and the UK. First World War created a profitable war industry. War industry Canadian industrial sector increased its production of military equipment.  Factories operated at maximum capacity. War led to an increase in shipbuilding and agricultural production. Monopoly capitalism Strategies to maximize companies profits in Quebec 1. They would acquire competing companies in order to attain exclusive rights to market a product and thus freely set its price. 2. They would acquire the companies that were contracted to perform the tasks required to manufacture a product. Foreign investment The provincial Liberal government (1897-1936) were proponents of economic liberalism: They left the exploitation of resources to private enterprise. Low taxes, limited regulations, creation of infrastructure to encourage foreign investment. They granted subsidies and developed infrastructure to attract foreign investment, primarily from the USA and the UK. Private companies paid royalties to the provincial government. They also created jobs. Role of the state 1896 : Liberals came into power in Quebec. Redefined economic priorities The state-owned Quebec’s natural resources, it was in its interest to exploit them for profit. Economic development depended on: Industrialization Job creation Exploitation of natural resources. Trade Canada intensified its trade during the second phase of industrialization. Foreign countries needed natural resources so Canada exported a large quantity of pulp and paper to the United States. Canada’s wheat and flour was mostly exported to Europe and to the United States. During the First World War, from 1914-1918, farmers were encouraged to increase production to meet the United Kingdom’s food needs. Even though Canada’s exports grew during the second phase of industrialization, its foreign trade balance was sometimes negative between 1896-1929. Part 6 : Urban Areas Public Health 1 Child Mortality Rate Problem: 4child died before 1 Overpopulated working-class neighbourhoods Water quality was poor. Unpasteurized milk. 1910 Solutions : A water chlorination and filtration system Clinics called Goutte de lait (milk stations), distributed quality milk and information on public hygiene. Infrastructure and Services Cities measures to improve hygiene in working class neighborhoods: Garbage collection Construction of infrastructure such as sewers and aqueducts. They developed parks to provide access to green space, to make municipalities more pleasant Electricity to homes New public services such as : Tramways, Street lighting Part 7 : First World War European national interests At the beginning of the 20th century, European states were seeking to increase their power and influence. Nationalist sentiment led to support for increased military budgets, larger armies, and an arms race. Since Canada was part of the British Empire it quickly joined the war in 1914 after Germany declared war on Russia. 2 major alliances were formed: The Triple Entente : France, the United Kingdom, and Russia. The Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. Beginning of 20th century Certain European countries were looking to increase power and influence. Relations between these countries became tense which led to an increase in: European National Interests Start of the war → recap Conflict between: Austria-Hungary and Serbia Funded by: Germany (Kaiser Wilhelm II) Because: Germany wanted to stay/become the most powerful nation in the world Austria-Hungary wanted more land and planned to take it from Serbia Robert Borden PM of Canada in 1911 (Conservatives) after Laurier (fear of American expansion) Almost single handedly forced Britain to recognize Canadian political sovereignty. Began the war as a colonial (used to be an advocate of Imperialism), finished the war as a Canadian. Wartime government In 1914, Canada adopted the War Measures Act, which allowed it to intervene in economic and social affairs, as well as provincial jurisdictions: It could impose censorship. Control prices and wages. Focus the economy and factories on war production. Canada reduced immigration during the war. It also revoked the right to vote and required those originally from enemy countries to register with the government Internment camps were set up for those suspected of espionage, or failing to register with the government. The Wartime Federal Government Due to the fact that Canada was now involved in a world scale conflict, the federal government decided it had to implement certain measures to support the war effort and the safety of citizens. These measures were meant to increase the government’s power and ability to intervene in social and economic affairs as well as in provincial jurisdictions. This was called the War Measures Act of 1914 Factories focused on war production Weapons Munitions Provisions Clothes Conscription crisis English Canadians felt attached to the British Empire and wanted to fight. French Canadians felt this was an imperialist war. Francophones were put into the infantry and made to speak English. In 1917, the federal government imposed conscription through the Military Service Act. Single men between the ages of 20 and 45 were forced to enlist. The Act triggered a wave of opposition in Quebec and rekindled nationalist fervor among Francophones. Division between French and English Canadians at the time : English Canadians felt a strong sense of belonging to the British Empire. They were imperialists and associated to Britain. French Canadians felt this was an imperial war and did not want anything to do with it. The structure of the Canadian Army was one where most French Canadians would be sent to infantry (most dangerous job in the army) where they would be forced to speak English. At the beginning of the war, enlistment was on a voluntary basis and the armed forces were mostly English. Despite the creation of the 22nd Battalion which was all French. Given the high death toll and urgent need for backup in Europe, the Federal Government adopted the Military Service Act of 1917. This forced the following men to enlist in the army: between 20 and 35 years old Single or widowed Without children Created a wave of opposition, especially amongst French Canadians. This led to many protests and riots in Québec in 1917 and 1918. Victory Bonds War is expensive, to help pay for the war, Canada started selling Victory Bonds (like buying stocks) Example : 1. Buy a victory bond for 10$ = invest in the war effort + help finance the war effort 2. Hold on to your victory bond for a few years. 3. Sell your victory bond a few years later after the war is over and your country has won → Makeback your 10$ + whatever extra it is now worth. While some tried to avoid conscription, others were eager to join the war effort, so eager that they would submit a fake age to be enlisted.  Youngest person to participate in WW1 was Sidney Lewis, who was 12 years old War Effort and Contribution of men and women Many men had to leave the homeland in order to fight the war overseas, there was a significant labor shortage in various industry sectors across Canada Industries began recruiting more women. Women increased role and presence in the industry and war effort provided them with power and leverage Feminist demands for greater gender equality became a serious point of contention. Women’s contribution to the war effort led to their right to vote 1917: Only women who had an immediate family member in the war could vote 1918 : Right to vote for all women 21 years of age an up. Wartime production demanded that factories work at peak capacity to produce military equipment. Shipbuilding and farming also increased dramatically. Over 600 000 men formed Canada’s Expeditionary Force. 60 000 soldiers died in combat. The first income tax system was introduced to finance the war. Wartime Production Resolved to support the Triple Entente, Canada (dominion of Great Britain) mobilized all its resources. To respond to the needs of war, the Canadian industrial sector considerably increased its production of military equipment Factories operated at full capacity → economy in full swing!!! Areas that benefited: Shipbuilding Agriculture Canadian Expeditionary Forces 600,000 men 200,000 remained in Canada 400,000 went overseas 60,000 died in combat 150,000 returned from the war with injuries Canada’s total population at the time was 7,800,000, which demonstrates the way in which the Canadian war effort was significant. 8% of the country joined the military Soldiers’ civil re-establishment The First World War ended in November 1918 and Canada now had to reduce its military personnel. Thousands of soldiers returned to civilian life. Demobilized soldiers were generally offered land and pensions. Many of them returned to factory jobs, which meant many women lost their jobs. Despite these programs, soldiers who had been wounded, maimed or psychologically damaged found it difficult to return to civilian life. Enemy Aliens Arrest and imprisonment of 8,500 “enemy aliens”, justified by the War Measures Act Internment Camps are built. Identification cards begin to be used. Canadians of German, Austrian, Turkish and descent are targeted. Prisoners are used for forced labor in: Nova Scotia Steel Mills Ontario Logging Camps The development of Banff National Park 24 different internment camps across Canada League of Nations 1919: creation of League of Nations : International organization founded by the winning countries of WWI who’s mission it was to ensure world peace (ancestor of the United Nations) Canada was represented, not as a member of the British delegation, but as a country. 1926 : The Balfour Report recommended formal recognition of the autonomy of the dominions. This recognition would make the dominions equal in their relations with the UK and other countries. End of the War WWI ended in November 1918 with close to 19 million deaths. The Triple Entente won the war. Canada was celebrated for its valiant war efforts. Now that the war was over, military personnel had to be demobilized. Soldiers were offered land and pensions in order to help them reintegrate society. Many returned to factory jobs = many women lost their jobs. Many men who had been injured either physically or mentally struggled to reintegrate society. Demobilization: the withdrawal of a soldier from the army for reintegration into civilian life. Greater Autonomy for Canada Given its important contributions during the war, Canada was able to request greater autonomy from the United Kingdom. In 1919, the League of Nations was founded. Canada was represented in it, not as a colony of Britain but as a country. Later that year, Canada participated in the Treaty of Versaille, which imposed economic, territorial and political measures on Germany (who was said to be entirely to blame for WWI…) Treaty of Versaille: was the most important of the peace treaties of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It occurred in the Château of Versaille, France. The Statute of Westminster Granted Canada almost complete autonomy, except for the power to amend the Constitution 1926: William Lyon Mackenzie King, PM of Canada at the time, participates in Britain’s Imperial Conference where he asks Arthur Balfour for clarifications regarding Canada’s autonomy as a nation. Balfour considers the question and later releases the “Balfour Report”, which grants Britain’s dominions equality in their relations with the UK and all other countries. 1931: inspired by the Balfour Report, the British Parliament adopts The Statute of Westminster. This law grants Canada almost complete autonomy. Canada does not however receive the right to amend its constitution. This stays within imperial power. Part 8 : Women’s Struggles Access to education Feminist activists believed in the importance of education for girls. With the goal of providing them with schooling that would prepare them for university studies, the first classical college for girls the École d'enseignement supérieur opened in 1908. Despite this progress, Francophone women continued to be virtually absent from Francophone universities for years to come. Labour market 1918: Women won the right to vote federally It took Quebec women more than two decades longer to win the vote. 1931: Women’s average wage was 56% that of men’s. Feminists fought for women to have access to careers as lawyers, accountants, and doctors.  Women began to wear pants and cut their hair short to assert their feminism. Right to vote and stand for election Quebec feminists and suffragettes demanded the right to vote. Faced strong opposition from: Clergy and Conservative nationalists They believed that politics was reserved for men only and worried that women would adopt political positions that were contrary to those of their husbands They believed that granting women the right to vote was a threat to the social order and family. Feminists: Idola Saint-Jean, Marie Lacoste Gerin-Lajoie and Eve Circe-Cote Part 9: Mass Culture Starting in the 1920’s the phenomenon of mass culture intensified. People had access to a new medium : the radio. Radio 1919: Montreal becomes the first city in the world to open a radio station 1922: CKAC becomes the first francophone broadcaster 1936: The federal government founded the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)/Radio- Canada. These stations broadcast music, weather reports and specialized shows on a variety of themes, some of them educations. Key for the development and spread of culture: Music Weather Specialized shows Entertainment Educational shows Cinema Movies became increasingly popular. 1906: first movie theatre opens its doors in Montreal Most movies were American. Movie theatres also presented the news They became a place of entertainment, information and education. Professional sports Part of the development of mass culture was the founding of the Montreal Canadians in 1909, which roused the passion of French-Canadians across Quebec. The Canadians won the Stanley cup for the first time in 1915! Cabarets vs Prohibition Nightclub/Cabaret began to open in various cities during the 1920’s, including Montreal. The music was mainly jazz. Montreal became known as “Harlem of the North”, as it was compared to New York City’s famous jazz club neighbourhood. Prohibition/Temperance was a nationwide ban on the sale and import of alcoholic beverages that lasted from 1920 to 1933. Protestants, Progressives, and women all spearheaded the drive to institute Prohibition. Led directly to the rise of organized crime. Prohibition did not take place in the Province of Quebec, which is why Montreal became so well known for its nightlife and jazz scene. Mass Culture Romans du terroir (novels of rural life) The Consumption of Goods In addition to mass culture, the 1920’s economic growth led to an increase in people’s purchasing power. This granted many family's financial access to consumer goods which were rapidly developing in urban areas. Many of these consumer goods were directed at making household tasks easier  Refrigerator Dishwasher Lawnmower Car Part 10: Union Movement American and Catholic unions Unions fought for Reduced working hours Protection for workers injured on the job. American unions like the Knights of Labor continued to have the most members. Unions struggled to gain legal status so that they could act as spokespersons for their workers. Some new labour regulations were not applied by business owners. Labour Legislation Unions demanded: Government legislate more often in favour of workers. Whether they were unionized or not, measures and laws were adopted and benefit all workers Strikes Unions negotiating power continued to be limited. Some unions went on strikes to make themselves heard. Governments response to strikes: By having police protect strikebreakers or directly used force to stop the strike. Part 11 : Catholic Church Moral and cultural influence Catholic Church had an Important Social Role: Running Charities  Hospitals Schools Did not hesitate to intervene with the government if it found that its power or the values it advocated were threatened in any way. Cooperatives 20th century (1900-1950): People with common interests joined forces for cooperatives. Pooled some of their assets and shared resources. Profit shared among the members according to their holdings. The cooperative movement was particularly strong among farmers. Used bank loans to invest in the development of their farms. The Catholic Church found the cooperative movement an effective way to pursue its social action and reduce socio-economic inequalities. Part 12 : Educational and technical training School attendance of Francophones and Anglophones Anglophones attended school at a much higher rate than Francophones. 1901: Mandatory school attendance was proposed. Rejected after pressure from the church, who wanted to maintain their role in French education. 1923: Elementary school was increased from 4 to 6 years. 20th century (1900-1950): Quebec school system weaknesses: Low level of schooling among Francophones. Most Francophone youth did not complete elementary school Stopped their formal education around the age of 12. Most worked on farms or in factories. Improvement of agricultural practices Agriculture schools were opened because factories, tractors, and specialized techniques were introduced Part 13: The Great Depression The Roaring Twenties After World War One there was a period of prosperity where many people increased consumption of goods and indulged in entertainment Movies Nightclubs Radio Many provinces and the United States, from 1920-1933, were under Prohibition. Purchasing power increased during this period and access to electricity in the cities allowed families to purchase appliances. The Great Depression End of WW1 Flourishing domestic market + economic liberalism Overconsumption = increase demand → increase demand = overproduction Easy access to credit = increase in overall debt Creation of speculative bubbles Blind faith in the laissez-faire capitalist system Stock market crash of 1929 In 1929, because of overproduction and accumulation of unsold goods, people started getting laid off. Investors lost confidence in the profitability of many businesses. On Black Tuesday, in October 1929, the stock market crashed. Panic spread, and investors tried to sell their stocks. Which caused stock prices to drop drastically. This ultimately led to a crash in the market. With supply greater than demand, prices dropped. American factories stopped buying Canadian raw materials, and Canadian businesses stopped selling to the US. The unemployment rate raised. Socio-economic problems The Great Depression had significant economic and social consequences: Americans stopped buying as many Canadian products. This reduced exports to the United States. American factories were no longer importing as many natural resources from Canada. 1929-1933, Canadian Export dropped by 50%. Colonization In Quebec, a “return to the land” seemed like a good solution to counter the unemployment and poverty caused by the Great Depression. 1935the Quebec Government, supported by the clergy and many French Canadian nationalists, introduced a new colonization program to settle remote regions such as Abitibi. Federal and provincial government measures 1929: social programs to help the unemployed were virtually non-existent. Charities and religious communities could not fill the need. In Quebec, the government, supported by the clergy and French-Canadian nationalists, encouraged a “back to the land,” policy. New colonization programs were put into place. Part 14: Capitalism After several difficult years spent at war, people in Canada wanted to thrive and indulge economically and socially. This type of behaviour was encouraged through the economic ideology of Capitalism, or Laissez-faire capitalism. Capitalism: an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. Laissez-Faire Capitalism: laissez-faire “allow to do” policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society. Laissez-Faire Capitalism led to : Over extended credit Easy money Heavy debt Ineffective financial regulation Misguided government intervention + public panic Keynesianism Socio-political idologies The Great Depression led to profound questioning of the existing system. Political parties that challenged capitalism or democracy proposed major societal changes. 1936: Union Nationale won the election Maurice Duplessis Premier of Quebec in 1936 Tried to curb the effects of the Depression by promoting a rural way of life for French Canadians. Passed several anti-union laws, including the Padlock Act, and he didn’t hesitate to call in the police during labour disputes.