Straighterline Chemistry Final Exam 2024-2025 PDF

STRAIGHTERLINE CHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM 2024.pdf Chemistry Wageningen University & Research 63 pag. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-fin...

STRAIGHTERLINE CHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM 2024.pdf Chemistry Wageningen University & Research 63 pag. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) STRAIGHTERLINE CHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM 2024-2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100 % PASS SOLUTION A+ GRADE Which of these elements is chemically similar to magnesium Select one: a. Sulfur b. Calcium c. Iron d. Nickel e. Potassium - ANSWER--b. Calcium What is the vapor pressure above a beaker containing a solution of NaCl that is made up of 250ml of water and 12g of NaCl? a. 10.3 mmHg b. 23.4 mmHg c. 35.8 mmHg d. 63.2 mmHg - ANSWER--b. 23.4 mmHg A smart phone has dimensions of 4.9 inches (height), 2.3 inches (width) and 8.0 millimeters (depth). What is the volume of the smart phone in cubic centimeters? (1 in = 2.54 cm) Select one: a. 58 cm3 b. 1.7 x 105 cm3 c. 90 cm3 d. 3.4 cm3 e. 34 cm3 - ANSWER--a. 58 cm3 What is the term used for findings that are summarized based on a pattern or trend Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) a. Law b. Hypothesis c. Theory d. Phenomena e. Prediction - ANSWER--a. Law Which of the following is a tentative explanation for a set of observations? Select one: a. Law b. Hypothesis c. Theory d. Phenomena e. Prediction - ANSWER--b. Hypothesis If a liquid contains 60% sugar and 40% water throughout its composition then what is it called? Select one: a. Solute b. Compound c. Homogeneous mixture d. Heterogeneous mixture e. Solvent - ANSWER--c. Homogeneous mixture Which one of the following equations correctly represents the process relating to the ionization energy of X? Select one: a. X(s) → X+(g) + e- b. X2(g) → X+(g) + X-(g) c. X(g) + e- → X-(g) d. X-(g) → X(g) + e- e. X(g) → X+(g) + e- - ANSWER--e. X(g) → X+(g) + e- Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Consider the element with the electron configuration [Kr]5s24d105p5. This element is Select one: a. a halogen. b. a transition metal. c. an alkali metal. d. an actinide element. e. a noble gas. - ANSWER--a. a halogen. Consider the element with the electron configuration [Kr]5s24d7. This element is Select one: a. a halogen. b. a transition metal. c. a nonmetal. d. an actinide element. e. a noble gas. - ANSWER--b. a transition metal. How does atomic radius change as you move across the periodic table? Select one: a. Atomic radius decreases moving from left to right across a period and increases from top to bottom. b. Atomic radius increases moving left to right across a period and decreases from top to bottom. c. Smaller nuclear charge lowers energy; more electrons in an orbital lowers energy. d. Atomic radius increases diagonally across the periodic table. e. None of the answers is correct. - ANSWER--a. Atomic radius decreases moving from left to right across a period and increases from top to bottom. Which of these choices is the electron configuration of the iron(III) ion? Select one: a. [Ar]3d5 b. [Ar]4s13d5 c. [Ar]4s23d3 d. [Ar]3d6 e. [Ar]4s23d9 - ANSWER--a. [Ar]3d5 Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) An element with the general electron configuration for its outermost electrons of ns2np1 would be in which element group? Select one: a. 2A b. 3A c. 4A D. 5A e. 8A - ANSWER--b. 3A The effective nuclear charge for an atom is less than the actual nuclear charge due to Select one: a. shielding. b. penetration. c. paramagnetism. d. electron-pair repulsion. e. relativity. - ANSWER--a. shielding. Which pair of ions exhibits the greatest attractive force between them? Select one: a. Na+ and Cl- b. Ca2+ and Cl- c. Na+ and S2- d. Al3+ and Mg2+ e. Mg2+ and O2- - ANSWER--e. Mg2+ and O2- Which of the following is a basic oxide? Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Select one: a. P4O10 b. MgO c. Al2O3 d. SO2 e. Cl2O7 - ANSWER--b. MgO Which of these compounds is most likely to be covalent? Select one: a. Rb2S b. SrCl2 c. CS2 d. CaO e. MgI2 - ANSWER--c. CS2 In the Lewis structure of the iodate ion, IO3-, that satisfies the octet rule, the formal charge on the central iodine atom is Select one: a. 2. b. 1. c. 0. d. -1. e. -2. - ANSWER--a. 2. Which molecule has the largest dipole moment? Select one: a. HF Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) b. HI c. HBr d. HCl e. All of the molecules have the same dipole moment. - ANSWER--a. HF In which of the following species does the central atom violate the octet rule? Select one: a. CH4 b. SF4 c. PCl4+ d. CCl3+ e. NH3 - ANSWER--b. SF4 Which of these ionic solids would have the largest lattice energy? Select one: a. NaCl b. NaF C. CaBr2 d. CsI e. CaCl2 - ANSWER--e. CaCl2 The total number of bonding electrons in a molecule of formaldehyde (H2CO) is Select one: a. 3. b. 4. c. 6. d. 8. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) e. 18. - ANSWER--d. 8. Which of the following molecules has a nonzero dipole moment? Select one: a. BeCl2 b. SF2 c. KrF2 d. CO2 e. CCl4 - ANSWER--b. SF2 According to the VSEPR model, a molecule with the general formula AB5 with one lone pair on the central atom will have a molecular geometry. Select one: a. tetrahedral b. trigonalbipyramidal c. square pyramidal d. octahedral e. seesaw - ANSWER--c. square pyramidal Which is the most reasonable prediction for the three F-Br-F bond angles in BrF3? Select one: ° d. 94°, 94°, and 172° e. 120°, 120°, and 120° - ANSWER--c. 86°, 86°, and 172° When PCl5 solidifies it forms PCl4+cations and PCl6- anions. According to valence bond theory, what hybrid orbitals are used by phosphorus in the PCl4+cation? Select one: a. sp b. sp2 c. sp3 d. sp3d e. sp3d2 - ANSWER--c. sp3 What is the number of lone electron pairs on the central atom of a molecule having a trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry, such as NH3? Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Select one: a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 0 e. 4 - ANSWER--a. 1 For which one of the following molecules is the indicated type of hybridization not appropriate for the central atom? Select one: a. BeCl2; sp2 b. SiH4; sp3 c. BF3; sp2 d. C2H2; sp e. H2O; sp3 - ANSWER--a. BeCl2; sp2 According to the VSEPR model, the predicted molecular geometry of ammonia, NH3, is Select one: a. linear. b. trigonal planar. c. bent. d. tetrahedral. e. trigonal pyramidal. - ANSWER--e. trigonal pyramidal. What is the mass of one copper atom? (NA = 6.022 × 1023 mol-1) Select one: a. 1.055 × 10-22 g b. 63.55 g c. 1 amu d. 1.66 × 10-24 g Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) e. 9.476 × 1021 g - ANSWER--a. 1.055 × 10-22 g What is the percent sulfur in iron(III) sulfate? Select one: a. 28% b. 32% c. 24% d. 48% e. 42% - ANSWER--c. 24% Which of the following does not have a uniform composition throughout? Select one: a. Element b. Compound c. Homogeneous mixture d. Heterogeneous mixture e. Solvent - ANSWER--d. Heterogeneous mixture Which one of these represents a physical change? Select one: a. Water, when heated, forms steam. b. Bleach turns hair yellow. c. Sugar, when heated, becomes brown. d. Milk turns sour. e. Apples, when exposed to air, turn brown. - ANSWER--a. Water, when heated, forms steam. How many micrograms are in 65.3 kg? Select one: a. 0.653 μg b. 6.53 × 107 μg c. 6.53 × 104 μg d. 6.53 × 10-8 μg e. 6.53 × 1010 μg - ANSWER--e. 6.53 × 1010 μg Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Given that 1 inch = 2.54 cm, 1.00 cm3 is equal to Select one: a. 16.4 in3 b. 6.45 in3 e. 0.0610 in3 - ANSWER--e. 0.0610 in3 What terms defines a mass which is exactly equal to 1/12 the mass of one carbon- 12 atom? Select one: a. Isotope number b. Mass number c. Mass-to-charge ratio d. Atomic number e. Atomic mass unit - ANSWER--e. Atomic mass unit How many neutrons are there in an atom of lead whose mass number is 208? Select one: a. 82 b. 126 c. 208 d. 290 e. none of them - ANSWER--b. 126 C(graphite) and C(diamond) are examples of: Select one: Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) a. isotopes of carbon. b. allotropes of carbon. c. the law of definite proportions. d. different carbon ions. - ANSWER--b. allotropes of carbon. The 80Br- ion has Select one: a. 45 protons, 35 neutrons, 45 electrons. b. 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 34 electrons. c. 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 36 electrons. d. 45 protons, 35 neutrons, 46 electrons. e. 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 46 electrons. - ANSWER--e. 35 protons, 45 neutrons, 46 electrons. The formula for sodium sulfide is Select one: a. NaS b. K2S c. NaS2 d. Na2S e. SeS - ANSWER--d. Na2S Which one of the following formulas of ionic compounds is the least likely to be correct? Select one: a. NH4Cl b. Ba(OH)2 c. Na2SO4 d. Ca2NO3 e. Cu(CN)2 - ANSWER--d. Ca2NO3 What is the name of ClO - ion? Select one: Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) a. hypochlorite b. chlorate c. chlorite d. perchlorate e. perchlorite - ANSWER--a. hypochlorite Which of the following is a molecular formula for a compound with an empirical formula of CH? Select one: a. C2H6 b. C3H9 c. C4H10 d. C6H6 e. None of the answers is correct. - ANSWER--d. C6H6 Which is the correct electron configuration for gold? Select one: a. [Xe]4f145d96s2 b. [Xe]4f145d106s2 c. [Xe]4f135d106s2 d. [Xe]4f145d106s1 e. None of the electron configurations is correct. - ANSWER--d. [Xe]4f145d106s1 A(n) is a point at which a standing wave has zero amplitude. Select one: a. crevice b. node c. pit d. burrow e. orbital - ANSWER--b. node The Pauli exclusion principle states that no electrons within an atom can have the same quantum numbers. Select one: a. 4; 6 Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) b. 2; 4 c. 3; 6 d. 6; 10 e. 3; 8 - ANSWER--b. 2; 4 Emission spectra Select one: a. cannot be used to identify an unknown atom. b. can be used to identify unknown atoms. c. can be explained by the movement of protons colliding with electrons. d. none of the. - ANSWER--b. can be used to identify unknown atoms. Proteins found in humans are polymers that consist of different combinations of 20 amino acids. Proline, one of the 20 amino acids, has the molecular formula, C5H9NO2. If a human protein has 25 proline monomers, how many carbon atoms from proline are present in the protein? Select one: a. 4 C atoms b. 25 C atoms c. 40 C atoms d. 100 C atoms e. 125 C atoms - ANSWER--e. 125 C atoms Aluminum oxide, Al2O3, is used as a filler for paints and varnishes as well as in the manufacture of electrical insulators. Calculate the number of moles in 47.51 g of Al2O3. Select one: a. 2.377 mol b. 2.146 mol c. 1.105 mol Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) d. 0.4660 mol e. 0.4207 mol - ANSWER--d. 0.4660 mol Once the following equation is balanced with the smallest set of whole number coefficients, what is the sum of the coefficients? (Don't forget to include coefficients of one.) SF4 + H2O → H2SO3 + HF Select one: a. 4 b. 6 c. 7 d. 9 e. None of these answers is correct. - ANSWER--d. 9 What is the theoretical yield of chromium that can be produced by the reaction of 40.0 g of Cr2O3 with 8.00 g of aluminum according to the chemical equation below? 2Al + Cr2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Cr Select one: a. 7.7 g b. 15.4 g c. 27.4 g d. 30.8 g e. 49.9 g - ANSWER--b. 15.4 g Which one of the following is a strong acid? Select one: a. CH3COOH b. H2SO3 Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) c. NH3 d. H3PO4 e. HClO3 - ANSWER--e. HClO3 Which is a Lewis acid? Select one: a. CH3NH2 b. BCl3 c. F- d. BF4- e. CH4 - ANSWER--b. BCl3 Which is an amphoteric oxide? Select one: a. Na2O b. MgO c. Al2O3 d. SO2 e. Cl2O7 - ANSWER--c. Al2O3 What is the value of the equilibrium constant for the autoionization of water at 25°C? Select one: a. 1.0 × 10-7 b. 1.0 × 10-14 c. 1.0 × 1014 d. 1.0 × 107 e. 14 - ANSWER--b. 1.0 × 10-14 Which is the strongest acid? Select one: a. SO42- b. H2SO3 c. H2SO4 d. HSO4- e. HSO3- - ANSWER--C. H2SO4 Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) In the van der Waals equation, the constant b is a constant that is part of a correction factor for. Select one: a. the volume of the gas b. the temperature of the gas c. the pressure of the gas d. the ideal gas constant - ANSWER--a. the volume of the gas A sample of nitrogen gas at 298 K and 745 torr has a volume of 37.42 L. What volume will it occupy if the pressure is increased to 894 torr at constant temperature? Select one: a. 22.3 L b. 31.2 L c. 44.9 L d. 112 L e. 380 L - ANSWER--b. 31.2 L If the atmospheric pressure in Denver is 0.8800 atm, what is this pressure expressed in mmHg? (1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr, 1 torr = 1 mmHg)? Select one: a. 151.5 mmHg b. 1.16 × 10-3 mmHg c. 863.6 mmHg d. 8.92 × 104 mmHg e. 668.8 mmHg - ANSWER--e. 668.8 mmHg What are the conditions of STP? Select one: a. 0 K and 1 atm b. 273.15 K and 760 torr c. 0°C and 760 atm Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) d. 273.15°C and 760 torr e. 0°C and 1 torr - ANSWER--b. 273.15 K and 760 torr In the van der Waals equation, the constant a is a constant that is part of a correction factor for. Select one: a. the volume of the gas b. the temperature of the gas c. the pressure of the gas d. the ideal gas constant - ANSWER--c. the pressure of the gas Which substance will exhibit hydrogen bonding between molecules? Select one: a. (CH3)3N b. CH3-O-CH3 c. CH3CH2-OH d. CH3CH2-F e. HI - ANSWER--c. CH3CH2-OH Which of the following statements is true? Select one: a. The higher the viscosity, the faster a liquid flows. b. The viscosity increases with increasing temperature. c. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the viscosity. d. Hydrogen bonding in water gives rise to its unusually low viscosity. e. The viscosity of gases is larger than the viscosity of liquids. - ANSWER--c. The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the viscosity. If liquid bromine is cooled to form a solid, which type of solid does it form? Select one: a. atomic b. metallic c. molecular d. ionic e. covalent - ANSWER--c. molecular Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) intermolecular forces. Select one: a. dipole-dipole forces b. London dispersion forces c. hydrogen bonding d. covalent bonds e. polar covalent bonds - ANSWER--a. dipole-dipole forces Krypton has a higher melting point than argon because of its Select one: a. hydrogen bonding. b. stronger dispersion forces. c. permanent dipole moment. d. ionic bonds. e. greater ionization energy. - ANSWER--b. stronger dispersion forces. Lead crystallizes in the face-centered cubic lattice. What is the coordination number for Pb? Select one: a. 4 b. 6 c. 8 d. 10 e. 12 - ANSWER--e. 12 What states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution? Select one: a. Entropy b. Henry's law c. Dissolution Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) d. Vapor pressure e. Enthalpy of salvation - ANSWER--b. Henry's law Which of the following pairs of liquids is least likely to be miscible? Select one: a. Hexane-heptane b. Hexane-benzene c. Hexane-acetic acid d. Hexane-diethyl ether e. Acetic acid-acetone - ANSWER--c. Hexane-acetic acid What is the name given to a solution that contains less solute than it has the capacity to dissolve? Select one: a. Unsaturated b. Saturated c. Solvented d. Oversaturated e. Supersaturated - ANSWER--a. Unsaturated An emulsion is a dispersion consisting of a Select one: a. solid in a liquid. b. liquid in a liquid. c. gas in a liquid. d. liquid in a solid. e. gas in a solid. - ANSWER--b. liquid in a liquid. Which is true regarding the solvation of a solute in a solvent? Select one: Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) a. Separation of solute molecules from one another is an endothermic process, and separation of solvent molecules from one another is an exothermic process. b. Separation of solute molecules from one another is an exothermic process, and separation of solvent molecules from one another is an endothermic process. c. Separation of solute molecules from one another, and separation of solvent molecules from one another, are both endothermic processes. d. Separation of solute molecules from one another, and separation of solvent molecules from one another, are both exothermic processes. e. Separation of solute molecules from one another, and separation of solvent molecules from one another, both result in a decrease in entropy. - ANSWER--b. Separation of solute molecules from one another is an exothermic process, and separation of solvent molecules from one another is an endothermic process. What name is given to a minor component in a solution? Select one: a. Solvent b. Unsaturated c. Saturated d. Solute e. Supersaturated - ANSWER--d. Solute Which compound has the lowest solubility in pure water? Select one: a. Ag2C2O4, Ksp = 1.0 × 10-11 b. PbCl2, Ksp = 1.7 × 10-5 c. FePO4, Ksp = 1.3 × 10-22 d. Ca3(PO4)2, Ksp = 1.2 × 10-26 e. MgF2, Ksp = 6.9 × 10-9 - ANSWER--c. FePO4, Ksp = 1.3 × 10-22 What happens to the solution if sodium acetate is added to a solution of acetic acid? CH3COOH(aq) Picture H+(aq) + CH3COO-(aq) Select one: a. The equilibrium shifts to the right. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) b. There is an increase in percent ionization of acetic acid. c. Less of hydrogen ion is consumed. d. There is an increased concentration of acetate ions. e. Less of the acetate ion is consumed. - ANSWER--d. There is an increased concentration of acetate ions. Which is more soluble in an acidic solution than in pure water? Select one: a. CuI b. PbCl2 c. Ca3(PO4)2 d. NaNO3 e. NaBr - ANSWER--c. Ca3(PO4)2 What is the name of the principle of selective precipitation used to identify the types of ions present in a solution? Select one: a. Ionization b. Selective ion precipitation c. Selective ion typing d. Limited precipitation e. Qualitative analysis - ANSWER--e. Qualitative analysis Methyl red is a common acid-base indicator. It has a Ka equal to 6.3 × 10-6. Its un- ionized form is red and its anionic form is yellow. What color would a methyl red solution have at pH = 7.8? Select one: a. green b. red c. blue d. yellow e. violet - ANSWER--d. yellow When a strong acid is titrated with a weak base, the pH at the equivalence point Select one: Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) a. is greater than 7.0. b. is equal to 7.0. c. is less than 7.0. d. is equal to the pKa of the conjugate acid. e. is equal to the pKb of the base. - ANSWER--c. is less than 7.0. Which is necessary for a process to be spontaneous? Select one: a. ΔHsys < 0 b. ΔSsys > 0 c. ΔSsurr < 0 d. ΔSuniv > 0 e. ΔGsys = 0 - ANSWER--d. ΔSuniv > 0 As the molar mass of a compound increases, the entropy. Select one: a. decreases b. is constant c. increases - ANSWER--c. increases The most probable state is the one with the. Select one: a. highest energy b. largest number of possible arrangements c. lowest number of possible arrangements d. most symmetry e. highest enthalpy - ANSWER--b. largest number of possible arrangements A spontaneous endothermic reaction always Select one: a. causes the surroundings to get colder. b. bursts into flame. c. requires a spark to initiate it. d. releases heat to the surroundings. - ANSWER--a. causes the surroundings to get colder. Which of the following is used to image the brain? Select one: a. 18O b. 131I c. 123I Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) d. 24Na e. 99Tc - ANSWER--c. 123I Which of the following is an advantage of nuclear power plants over coal-burning plants? Nuclear power plants Select one: a. form numerous radioactive fission products. b. do not pollute the air with SO2, soot, and fly-ash. Correct c. produce more thermal pollution than coal plants. d. use more fuel. - ANSWER--b. do not pollute the air with SO2, soot, and fly-ash. Which isotope, when bombarded with nitrogen-15, yields four neutrons and the artificial isotope dubnium-260? Select one: a. Californium-245 b. Thorium-257 c. Nobelium-245 d. Californium-249 e. Dubnium-249 - ANSWER--d. Californium-249 Which isotope, when bombarded with bismuth-209, would yield two neutrons and an isotope with atomic number 121 and mass number 299? Select one: a. Pb-211 b. Po-209 c. Sr-92 d. Rn-38 e. Sr-38 - ANSWER--c. Sr-92 Which name could correspond to the following coordination compound, where M represents a transition metal cation and L represents a ligand? Picture Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Select one: a. Hexachloroferrate(III) b. Hexaammineiron(III) c. Hexaaquochromium(II) d. Hexacyanomanganate(II) e. All of the above are possible. - ANSWER--e. All of the above are possible Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is Select one: a. not useful as a chelating agent. b. an effective antidote for heavy metal poisoning (e.g., Pb2+ and Hg2+). c. a monodentate ligand. d. known to form unstable complex ions with Fe3+, Hg2+, and Zn2+. e. known to form complexes with platinum that inhibit the growth of cancerous cells. - ANSWER--b. an effective antidote for heavy metal poisoning (e.g., Pb2+ and Hg2+). Select one: a. 2; 0 b. 4; +4 c. 5; 0 d. 4; +2 e. 6; +2 - ANSWER--d. 4; +2 What is the systematic name for [CoCl3(H2O)]-? Select one: a. cobalt(III) chloride monohydrate b. aquatrichlorocobalt(II) c. aquatrichlorocobaltate(II) d. aquatrichlorocobaltite(I) e. monoaquotris(chloro)cobalt(IV) - ANSWER--c. aquatrichlorocobaltate(II) In K4[Fe(CN)6], how many 3d electrons does the iron atom have? Select one: Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 6 e. 7 - ANSWER--d. 6 Write the formula for diamminedichloroethylenediaminecobalt(III) bromide. Select one: a. [CoCl2(en)(NH3)2]Br b. [CoCl2(en)(NH3) 2]Br2 c. [CoCl2(en)2(NH3)2]Br d. [CoCl2(en)2(NH3)2]Br2 e. (NH3)2Cl2(en)Co3Br - ANSWER--a. [CoCl2(en)(NH3)2]Br In the complex ion [Co(en)2Br2]+, what is the oxidation number of Co? Select one: a. +1 b. +2 c. +3 d. -2 e. -1 - ANSWER--c. +3 In which type of isomerism is there restricted rotation around a bond? Select one: a. Stereoisomers b. Geometrical isomers c. Constitutional isomers d. Conformational isomers e. Connectivity isomers - ANSWER--b. Geometrical isomers Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) What name is given to a compound containing a -CONH2 group? Select one: a. Aldehyde b. Amine c. Amide d. Carboxylic acid e. Ester - ANSWER--c. Amide Bromination of benzene (C6H6), an aromatic compound, Select one: a. occurs by substitution rather than addition. b. occurs by addition rather than substitution. c. occurs more rapidly than bromination of a nonaromatic compound. d. results in the formation of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexabromocyclohexane. e. occurs in the absence of a catalyst. - ANSWER--a. occurs by substitution rather than addition. The density of a substance is an intensive property. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True The rusting of a piece of iron under environmental conditions is a physical change. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False 77 K is colder than 4 K. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Select one: True False - ANSWER--False Zero kelvin 0 K < 0°F < 0°C Select one: True False - ANSWER--True The number 6.0448, rounded to 3 decimal places, becomes 6.045. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True A scoop of vanilla ice cream is a pure substance. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False The juice from an orange is a mixture. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) The ripening of fruit, once picked, is an example of physical change. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False A particular temperature in degrees Celsius is larger than the temperature in kelvins. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True Elements in which the outermost electron has the same principal quantum number, n, show similar chemical properties. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False Atomic size decreases across a period due to an increase in the effective nuclear charge, Zeff. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Select one: True False - ANSWER--True The radii of ions are always smaller than the radii of the corresponding atoms of the same element. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False The electron configuration of atomic argon is the same as the chloride ion (Cl-). Select one: True False - ANSWER--True Moseley's measurements of nuclear charges of the elements provided the basis for arranging the elements of the periodic table in order of increasing atomic number. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True Only valence electrons are shown in the Lewis structure held together by covalent bonds. Select one: Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) True False - ANSWER--True Unshared electrons are always shown in pairs around an atom. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False Lewis theorized the octet rule to describe chemical bonding where atoms lose, gain, or share electrons in order to achieve a noble gas configuration. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True Ionic compounds tend to form between metals and nonmetals when electrons are transferred from an element with high ionization energy (metal) to an element with a low electron affinity (nonmetal). Select one: True False - ANSWER--False When an alkali metal combines with a nonmetal, a covalent bond is normally formed. Select one: True Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) False - ANSWER--False The empirical formula is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms representing a chemical formula of a molecule. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True Many compounds can be represented with the same empirical formula. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False The molecular formula is a whole number multiple of the empirical formula. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True There is only one distinct empirical formula for each compound that exists. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Amphoteric oxides are compounds that exhibit both acidic and basic behavior. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True If a strong acid such as HCl is diluted sufficiently with water, the pH will be higher than 7. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False Kw = 1.0 × 10-14 under all conditions. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False A hydrohalic acid is a binary acid containing a halogen. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True Weak acids have weak conjugate bases. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Select one: True False - ANSWER--False The rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to its molar mass. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False Gases are compressible and have a density that is much higher than liquids and solids. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False For a gas obeying Boyle's law, a plot of V versus 1/P will give a straight line passing through the origin. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False For real gases, PV > nRT. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) When a closed-ended manometer is used for pressure measurements, and the closed end is under vacuum, the level of manometer liquid in the closed arm can never be lower than that in the other arm. Ethanol (C2H5-OH) will have a greater viscosity than ethylene glycol (HO- CH2CH2-OH) at the same temperature. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False Ice is less dense than water due to the formation of hydrogen bonds. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True A face-centered crystal lattice has one atom in the center of the unit cell. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False The energy of a hydrogen bond is greater than that of a typical covalent bond. Select one: True Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) False - ANSWER--False The maximum number of phases of a single substance which can coexist in equilibrium is two. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False The endpoint is used to estimate the equivalence point. If the pH of a buffer solution is greater than the pKa value of the buffer acid, the buffer will have more capacity to neutralize added base than added acid. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False For a conjugate acid-base pair, Kw = Ka/Kb Select one: True False - ANSWER--False The amount of strong acid added to a buffer solution cannot exceed the original amount of conjugate base present in order for the buffer to still work. Select one: Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) True False - ANSWER--True The endpoint in a titration is defined as the point when the appropriate indicator changes color. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True Increasing the concentrations of the components of a buffer solution will increase the buffer capacity. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True A CH3COOH/CH3COO- buffer can be produced by adding a strong acid to a solution of CH3COO- ions. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True Indicators are weak acids that are one color in acidic solution and another color in basic solution. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Select one: True False - ANSWER--True The pH of a solution that is 0.20 M CH3COOH and 0.20 M CH3COONa should be higher than the pH of a 0.20 M CH3COOH solution. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True Increasing the concentrations of the components of a buffer solution will increase the buffer range. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False For stable atoms of elements having low atomic numbers (≤ 20), the neutron-to- proton ratio is close to zero. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False Nuclear fission is the process in which a heavy nucleus (mass number > 200) divides to form smaller nuclei of intermediate mass and one or more protons. Select one: Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) True False - ANSWER--False Gamma rays are high energy electrons. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False In a nuclear reaction elements are converted to other elements. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True A nuclear reaction's reaction rate is affected by temperature, pressure, and catalysts. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False The correct formula for the dibromobis(oxalato)cobaltate(III) ion is [Co(C2O4)Br2]3+. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False The maximum oxidation state of an element in the first transition series never exceeds its group number. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Select one: True False - ANSWER--True In complexes of transition metals, the maximum coordination number of the metal is equal to its number of d electrons. Select one: True False - ANSWER--False The systematic name of the coordination compound K2[Co(H2O)2I4] is potassium diaquotetraiodocobaltate(II). Select one: True False - ANSWER--True A complex ion that undergoes a very slow exchange reaction is called an inert complex. Select one: True False - ANSWER--True Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Plants use up copious amounts of which alkali metal, preventing most of it from being washed out to sea? a. lithium b. sodium c. potassium d. rubidium - ANSWER--c. potassium Which of the following isotopes is likely to be the most stable? Select one: a. F-21 b. Kr-77 c. Po-210 d. Sn-50 - ANSWER--d. Sn-50 Ernest Rutherford disproved J.J. Thomson's plum-pudding model of the atom by showing that a. atoms are, in fact, not electrically neutral. b. the atom contains neutrons. c. positive matter is concentrated in the central core. d. electrons are actually greater in mass than protons. - ANSWER--c. positive matter is concentrated in the central core. What is the reducing agent in the following equation? Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) --> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) a. Mg b. HCl c. H2 d. MgCl2 - ANSWER--A. Mg How is the mass number of an element different from its atomic number? Select one: a. The mass number represents the total number of protons in one atom of the element as opposed to the total number of neutrons. b. The mass number represents the total number of electrons in one atom of the element as opposed to the total number of protons. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) c. The mass number represents the total number of neutrons and protons in one atom of the element as opposed to the total number of protons. d. The mass number represents the total number of neutrons and electrons in one atom of the element as opposed to the total number of neutrons. - ANSWER--c. The mass number represents the total number of neutrons and protons in one atom of the element as opposed to the total number of protons What is Avogadro's number? Select one: a. the number of atoms in 12g of Carbon-12 b. the number of moles in 12g of Carbon-12 c. the number of molecules in 12g of Carbon-12 d. the number of periods in 12g of Carbon-12 - ANSWER--a. the number of atoms in 12g of Carbon-12 What is the ratio of reactants and products in the chemical equation? NaOH + H2SO4 ==> Na2SO4 + H2O a. 1:1:1:1 b. 2:1:1:1 c. 1:1:1:2 d. 2:1:1:2 - ANSWER--d. 2:1:1:2 The initial volume of a system containing 1 mole of an ideal gas at 292° Kelvin and 3 atm is 8 L. If the gas is cooled at constant volume until the pressure falls to 1.2 atm, then the gas is heated and expanded at constant pressure (1.2 atm) until the volume is 20 L and the temperature is 292° Kelvin, what is the overall work that has been done by the system? Select one: Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) a. -5.29 kJ b. -1.46 kJ c. 3.84 kJ d. 12.78 kJ - ANSWER--b. -1.46 kJ Most nonmetallic elements are found in which block of the periodic table of elements? Select one: a. s b. p c. d d. f - ANSWER--b. p Which arrangement accurately describes the standard entropy values for Na at different phases? Select one: a. Na (g) < Na (s) < Na (l) b. Na (l) < Na (g) < Na (s) c. Na (s) < Na (l) < Na (g) d. Na (s) < Na (g) < Na (l) - ANSWER--c. Na (s) < Na (l) < Na (g) What element has been oxidized and what element has been reduced in the redox reaction shown? 3CuS + 8HNO3 ==> 3CuSO4 + 8NO + 4H20 Select one: a. Copper has been oxidized; nitrogen has been reduced. b. Nitrogen has been oxidized; oxygen has been reduced. c. Sulfur has been oxidized; nitrogen has been reduced. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) d. Oxygen has been oxidized; copper has been reduced. - ANSWER--c. Sulfur has been oxidized; nitrogen has been reduced. When iron ions react with water, some of the iron ions will combine with water molecules, like this: Fe3+(aq) + 3H2O(l) à Fe(OH)3(s) + 3H+(aq) In this case, is the iron ion acting like an acid or a base? Explain. A. The iron ion is acting like a base. It is forcing water to give up a hydronium ion, which agrees with the Brønsted-Lowry definition of an acid. B. The iron ion is acting like an acid. It has accepted a pair of electrons from the oxygen, which agrees with the Lewis definition of an acid. C. The iron is not acting like either an acid or a base. It is a reducing agent because it has been oxidized. D. The iron ion is acting like an acid. It is removing hydroxide from the solution, which agrees with the Arrhenius definition of an acid. - ANSWER--B. The iron ion is acting like an acid. It has accepted a pair of electrons from the oxygen, which agrees with the Lewis definition of an acid. Ammonia is a vitally important industrial chemical. Fertilizers and nitric acid (an important industrial chemical itself) are produced from ammonia. The Haber- Bosch process is used to create ammonia, and has two major steps: a) CH4(g) + H2O(g) à 2 H2(g) + CO(g) b) 3 H2(g) + N2(g) à 2 NH3(g) Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Is either of these steps an oxidation-reduction reaction? If so, identify which elements are oxidized, which are reduced and which are neither oxidized nor reduced. A. Both of these steps are oxidation-reduction reactions. B. Only reaction b) is an oxidation-reduction reaction. C. Only reaction a) is an oxidation-reduction reaction. D. No, neither of these reactions is an oxidation-reduction reaction. - ANSWER-- A. Both of these steps are oxidation-reduction reactions. Calculate Ecell for the galvanic cell based on these half-reactions at 25oC, in which [H2SO4] = 0.5 M HSO4- (aq) + Pb (s) H+ (aq) + PbSO4 (s) + 2 e- Eo = +0.35 V PbO2 (s) + 3H+ (aq) + HSO4- (aq) + 2 e- PbSO4 (s) + 2H2O (l) Eo = +1.46 V If the concentration of sufuric acid is increased, will Ecell increase or decrease? Explain. A. This question cannot be answered with the information given. Concentrations of the other reactants and products are necessary. B. Ecell = 1.80 V. Changing the concentration of sulfuric acid will increase Ecell because log Q will become smaller. C. Ecell = 1.81 V. Changing the concentration of sulfuric acid will not change Ecell. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) D. Ecell = 1.79 V. Changing the concentration of sulfuric acid will increase Ecell because log Q will become smaller. - ANSWER--D. Ecell = 1.79 V. Changing the concentration of sulfuric acid will increase Ecell because log Q will become smaller. Acetic acid is a very important industrial chemical and is produced by this reaction: CH3OH(l) + CO(g) à CH3COOH(l) Calculate the value of the standard Gibbs Free Energy change for this reaction. Is acetic acid thermodynamically stable compared with liquid water at standard conditions? Explain. Compound Standard Gibbs Free Energy (kJ/mol) H2O (l) -237.1 CH3COOH -389.9 CH3OH (I) -166.6 Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) CO (g) -137.3 A. ΔG°rxn = -86.0 kJ; At standard conditions, acetic acid is less thermodynamically stable than water because it has a more negative value of ΔG°. B. ΔG°rxn = -86.0 kJ; At standard conditions, acetic acid is more thermodynamically stable than water because it has a more negative value of ΔG°. C. ΔG°rxn = +86.0 kJ; At standard conditions, acetic acid is less thermodynamically stable than water because it has a more negative value of ΔG°. D.. ΔG°rxn = -0.017 kJ; At standard conditions, acetic - ANSWER--A. ΔG°rxn = -86.0 kJ; At standard conditions, acetic acid is less thermodynamically stable than water because it has a more negative value of ΔG°. Acetylene (properly known as ethyne) and calcium hydroxide are the products of the reaction between calcium carbide (CaC2) and water. Ethyne can be easily set on fire. This can be done on the surface of an ice cube, giving it the appearance of "burning ice". Identify the balanced reaction for the combustion of ethyne and explain why it burns with intense heat. A. 2C2H2 + 5O2 à 4CO2 + 2H2O; There is a lot of energy released in this reaction because there is a triple bond between the carbons in ethyne, which contains a lot of energy, and this energy is released when the bonds are broken. B. C2H4 + 3O2 à 2CO2 + 2H2O; There is a lot of energy released in this reaction because there is a double bond between the carbons in ethyne, which contains a lot of energy, and this energy is released when the bonds are broken. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) C. C2H4 + 3O2 à 2CO2 + 2H2O; There is a lot of energy released in this reaction because the energy rel - ANSWER--D. 2C2H2 + 5O2 à 4CO2 + 2H2O; There is a lot of energy released in this reaction because the energy released when forming the chemical bonds in four moles of CO2 and two moles of water H2O is much more than the energy required to break the chemical bonds in two moles of ethyne and five moles of oxygen. In some enzymatic reactions, the product of the reaction that is catalyzed by the enzyme is able to bind to the active site on the enzyme itself. What effect would this have on the activity of the enzyme? Could this be a biologically useful feature in some situations? Explain. A. This would inhibit the enzyme's activity, slowing it down. No, this could not be biologically useful and is the sign of a damaged enzyme. Enzymes should catalyze as many reactions as possible for biological efficiency. B. This would enhance the enzyme's activity, speeding it up. Yes, this could be biologically useful because it would maximize production of the product. C. This would inhibit the enzyme's activity, slowing it down. Yes, this could be biologically useful because it could prevent over-production of the product. D. This would enhance the enzyme's activity, slowing it down. No, this would not be biologically useful because it - ANSWER--C. This would inhibit the enzyme's activity, slowing it down. Yes, this could be biologically useful because it could prevent over-production of the product. Silicon can be "doped" with other elements by adding small amounts of those elements to the silicon. This can make "n-type" or "p-type" semiconductors, depending on what is added to the silicon. What type of semiconductor would be produced by adding indium to silicon? Why? Which element could you add to make the opposite type of semiconductor? A. Doping silicon with indium produces a "p-type" semiconductor. This is because the indium has more protons than silicon, so it is a "p-type" semiconductor. Adding arsenic to silicon would produce an "n-type" semiconductor. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) B. Doping silicon with indium produces a "n-type" semiconductor. This is because the indium has more neutrons than silicon, so it is an "n-type" semiconductor. Adding arsenic to silicon would produce a "p-type" semiconductor. C. There is not enough information to answer this question. To know what type of semiconductor will be produced requires knowledge - ANSWER--D. Doping silicon with indium produces a "p-type" semiconductor. This is because the indium has fewer valence electrons than silicon, and this will produce positively charged "holes" in the electron structure. Adding arsenic to silicon would produce an "n- type" semiconductor. Atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons are called - ANSWER--Isotopes proposed an atomic theory in 1808. - ANSWER--John Dalton The magnitude of the electron charge was discovered by - ANSWER--R. Millikan E. Rutherford is credited with discovering the - ANSWER--Nucleus Metals and non-metals are separated in the periodic table by a(n) - ANSWER-- Staircase Horizontal rows in the periodic table are called - ANSWER--Periods In a chemical reaction, the reactant that is used up first is the. - ANSWER--Limiting reagent The concentration of a solution is termed its. - ANSWER--Molarity The chemical formula of a compound determined from its molecular mass is called the. - ANSWER--Molecular Formula Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) A phase diagram is a diagram depicting the phases of a substance at different temperatures and pressures. True False - ANSWER--True Phase change is a physical change involving a substance changing from one state of matter to another, such as liquid to gas. True False - ANSWER--True Surface tension is the tendency of liquids to maximize their surface area. True False - ANSWER--False Sublimation is a phase change involving a substance changing from solid directly to gas. True False - ANSWER--True The solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by forces. Viscosity Capillary action Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Surface tension - ANSWER--Viscosity Solids can be divided into two categories, crystalline and. Glass Amorphous Metallic - ANSWER--Amorphous The two types of close-packing are called cubic close-packing and close- packing. Hexagonal Simple Triangular - ANSWER--Hexagonal Three types of atomic solids are nonbonded, metallic, and. Network covalent Ionic Molecular - ANSWER--Network covalent Effusion is the transfer of gas through a small orifice into an evacuated chamber. - ANSWER-- True Kinetic molecular theory is a basic atomic model that describes the behavior of liquids. True False - ANSWER--False Boyle's law is a gas law that associates the product of the pressure and volume with the number of moles, temperature, and a universal proportionality constant. - ANSWER--True Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Standard temperature and pressure are conditions defined as 0ºC and 1 atm. - ANSWER--True The solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by forces. Ion-dipole Dipole-dipole Hydrogen-bonded - ANSWER--Ion-dipole An alloy is an example of a solution. - ANSWER--solid-solid A concentration term commonly used for solutions that uses the volume of a solution is. - ANSWER--Molarity The Tyndall effect is the effect whereby a colloidal solution interacts with electricity. True False - ANSWER--False Raoult's law applies to a solution comprised of a non-volatile solute and is the relationship between the vapor pressure of the solution and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent. - ANSWER--True Boiling point elevation is a colligative property that involves the increase in the boiling point of a solvent by the addition of a solute - ANSWER--True Colligative properties are concerned with the type of particles and not their number. - ANSWER--False When a solid is dissolved in water and forms a solution that conducts electricity, the solid is called a(n). Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Metal Electrolyte Ion - ANSWER--Electrolyte Two dissolved ions in hard water are Mg2+ and. Na+ Ca2+ Cu2+ - ANSWER--Ca2+ When a solid comes out of a solution, the solid is called a(n). Precipitate Salt Electrolyte - ANSWER--Precipitate Acid-base reactions are also called reactions. Neutralization Ionic Dipole - ANSWER--Neutralization Who defined an acid as a proton donor and a base as a hydroxide donor? Avogrado Arrhenius Bohr - ANSWER--Arrhenius A reaction where electrons are transferred from one reactant to another is called a(n) reaction. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Redox or oxidation-reduction Acid-base Ionic - ANSWER--Redox or oxidation-reduction The fact that two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins is called the. Heisenberg uncertainty principle Pauli exclusion principle Electron configuration - ANSWER--Pauli exclusion principle The p-orbitals can hold a maximum of electrons. Six Two Ten - ANSWER--Six The d orbitals can hold a maximum of electrons. Four Six Ten - ANSWER--Ten The actual nuclear charge minus the charge from the core electrons is the. Effective nuclear charge Oxidation state Valence electron - ANSWER--Effective nuclear charge Unreactive gases that have a full valence shell of electrons are known as the. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Halides Noble gases Hydrogens - ANSWER--Noble gases A reaction in which the same element gains and loses electrons is known as a(n) reaction. Acid-base Dissolution Disproportionation - ANSWER--Disproportionation The Haber process is used to manufacture. - ANSWER--Ammonia The is a point charge model that involves metal d orbitals and ligands. Crystal field model Acid-base model Ionic model - ANSWER--Crystal field model is a trend that describes ligands from strong field to weak field. Electronegativity The spectrochemical series The crystal field model - ANSWER--The spectrochemical series A coordination environment where a metal is surrounded by six ligands is called. Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Linear Tetrahedral Octahedral - ANSWER--Octahedral A reduction in atomic radii caused by the 4f electrons being close to the nucleus is called. Lanthanide contraction Disproportionation Spectrochemical series - ANSWER--Lanthanide contraction A ligand that forms one bond to the metal is called a(n). Ionic bond Unidentate Covalent bond - ANSWER--Unidentate What are the two particles that compose the nucleus? - ANSWER--Neutrons and Protons Isotope - ANSWER--Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons Charge of a proton - ANSWER--positive charge of a neutron - ANSWER--neutral charge of electron - ANSWER--negative Protons and electrons are... - ANSWER--equal derived unit - ANSWER--A unit defined by a combination of SI units Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Proposed the Atomic Theory in 1803 - ANSWER--John Dalton Discovered the nucleus - ANSWER--Ernest Rutherford Discovered magnitude of the electron charge - ANSWER--R. Millikan Proposed the "plum pudding" model of the atom - ANSWER--JJ Thomson A cation has a charge. - ANSWER--positive An anion has a charge. - ANSWER--negative Empirical Formula - ANSWER--a formula with the lowest whole-number ratio of elements in a compound limiting reagent - ANSWER--any reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction; it determines the amount of product that can be formed in the reaction Molarity - ANSWER--concentration of a solution molecular formula - ANSWER--The chemical formula of a compound determined by its molecular mass surface tension - ANSWER--A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid Sublimination - ANSWER--solid to gas The solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by - ANSWER-- Viscosity Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Meniscus - ANSWER--Curved surface of liquid Two types of solids - ANSWER--Crystalline and Amorphous Two types of close-packing - ANSWER--cubic close-packing and hexagonal close-packing Three types of atomic solids are - ANSWER--nonbonded, metallic, network covalent Effusion - ANSWER--Transfer of gas through a small orifice into an evacuated chamber Avogardro's number represents - ANSWER--atoms Mass number vs. atomic number - ANSWER--mass number represents the total number of neutrons and protons in one atom of the element; atomic number represents the total number of protons. Mass number = - ANSWER--protons + neutrons Atomic number = - ANSWER--protons Ernest Rutherford disproved JJ Thomson's plum-pudding model by showing that - ANSWER-- positive matter is concentrated in the central core Kinetic Molecular Theory - ANSWER--based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Boyle's Law - ANSWER--A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) - ANSWER--0 degrees Celsius and 1 atm Solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by - ANSWER--ion- dipole forces An alloy is an example of a solution. - ANSWER--solid-solid Raoult's Law - ANSWER--relationship between the vapor pressure of a solution and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent Boiling point elevation - ANSWER--the difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent Two dissolved ions in hard water - ANSWER--Mg2+ and Ca2+ Precipitate - ANSWER--When a solid comes out of a solution Acid-base reactions are also called - ANSWER--neutralization reactions Arrhenius - ANSWER--Defined acids as proton donors and bases as hydroxide donors Reddox or oxidation-reduction - ANSWER--reaction where electrons are transferred from one reactant to another Orbital - ANSWER--plot of the wavefunction squared that gives the probability map of the electron's position Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Wavelength - ANSWER--the distance between the wave peaks and troughs Amplitude - ANSWER--the magnitude of a wave; in sound, the primary determinant of loudness Node - ANSWER--Point in wavefunction where the electron cannot be found Emission Spectrum - ANSWER--radiation that is emitted by atoms The specific orbitals that electrons occupy determine the atom's - ANSWER-- electron configuration Pauli Exclusion Principle - ANSWER--Two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins valence electrons - ANSWER--Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom 2, 8, 20, 50, 82, 126 Element essential for plant growth - ANSWER--potassium S Block Element - ANSWER--Most main group elements P Block - ANSWER--Most nonmetallic elements Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) Kelvin = C + - ANSWER--273.15 Density = - ANSWER--Mass/Volume Scientific Method - ANSWER--Observations give rise to laws, data give rise to hypotheses, hypotheses are tested with experiments, and successful hypotheses give rise to theories. Number of known elements - ANSWER--118, 94 natural Units of Length - ANSWER--meter Units of Mass - ANSWER--kilograms Units of time - ANSWER--seconds Units of Temperature - ANSWER--Kelvin Amount of substance - ANSWER--mole Acids are compounds that dissolve in water to produce - ANSWER--protons Bases are compounds that dissolve in water to produce - ANSWER--hydroxide ions Strong Acids - ANSWER--HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HClO3, HSO4 Mass of Electron - ANSWER--charge/(charge/mass) Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) 18 Element+ = - ANSWER--Minus one electron Element- = - ANSWER--plus one electron Group 1A elements have what charge? - ANSWER--1+ Group 2A elements have what charge? - ANSWER--2+ Group 3A elements have what charge? - ANSWER--3+ Group 4A elements have what charge? - ANSWER--4- Group 5A elements have what charge? - ANSWER--3- Group 6A elements have what charge? - ANSWER--2- Group 7A elements have what charge? - ANSWER--1- Zinc Iodide formula: Zn2+ + I- - ANSWER--ZnI2 (Zn has a charge of 2+ and I has a charge of 1-. To get 2- to even out the charge, we need two Iodide ions) Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) If a cation and anion have different values in their charge, what do you do for the formula? - ANSWER--Swap the charge numbers and put them as subscripts. Mono = - ANSWER--1 Di = - ANSWER--2 Tri = - ANSWER--3 Tetra = - ANSWER--4 Penta = - ANSWER--5 What is the name of NF3? - ANSWER--Nitrogen Trifluoride What is the name of N2O4 - ANSWER--Dinitrogen Tetroxide What is the molecular formula for carbon disulfide? - ANSWER--CS2 What is the molecular formula for dinitrogen trioxide? - ANSWER--N2O3 What is the molecular formula for sulfur tetrafluoride? - ANSWER--SF4 What is the molecular formula for tetraphosphorus decasulfide - ANSWER--P4S10 What is the empirical formula for C6H12O6 - ANSWER--CH2O Document shared on https://www.docsity.com/en/straighterline-chemistry-final-exam-2024pdf/11423005/ Downloaded by: kitwana ([email protected]) All elements fall into one of the following groups: - ANSWER--metal, nonmetal, metalloid mass number = - ANSWER--number of protons + number of neutrons On the periodic table, what is the number below the element? - ANSWER--Atomic Weight On the periodic table, what is the number above the element? - ANSWER--Atomic Number Alpha rays - ANSWER--Positively charged particles that are deflected away from the positively charged plate Beta rays - ANSWER--Electrons that are deflected away from the negatively charged plate Gamma rays - ANSWER--high energy radiation that have no charge and are unaffected by external electric or magnetic fields. 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