Straighterline Chemistry Final Exam 2024
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Questions and Answers

Which of these elements is chemically similar to magnesium?

  • Nickel
  • Potassium
  • Iron
  • Sulfur
  • Calcium (correct)

    • What is the vapor pressure above a beaker containing a solution of NaCl that is made up of 250ml of water and 12g of NaCl?

  • 35.8 mmHg
  • 23.4 mmHg (correct)
  • 63.2 mmHg
  • 10.3 mmHg

    • A smart phone has dimensions of 4.9 inches (height), 2.3 inches (width) and 8.0 millimeters (depth). What is the volume of the smart phone in cubic centimeters? (1 in = 2.54 cm)

  • 34 cm3
  • 90 cm3
  • 3.4 cm3
  • 1.7 x 105 cm3
  • 58 cm3 (correct)

    • What is the term used for findings that are summarized based on a pattern or trend?

    <p>Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a tentative explanation for a set of observations?

    <p>Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants use up copious amounts of which alkali metal, preventing most of it from being washed out to sea?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following isotopes is likely to be the most stable?

    <p>Sn-50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reducing agent in the following equation? Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) --> MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

    <p>Mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Avogadro's number?

    <p>The number of atoms in 12g of Carbon-12</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ratio of reactants and products in the chemical equation? NaOH + H2SO4 ==> Na2SO4 + H2O

    <p>2:1:1:2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most nonmetallic elements are found in which block of the periodic table of elements?

    <p>P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which arrangement accurately describes the standard entropy values for Na at different phases?

    <p>Na (s) &lt; Na (l) &lt; Na (g)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element has been oxidized and what element has been reduced in the redox reaction shown? 3CuS + 8HNO3 ==> 3CuSO4 + 8NO + 4H20

    <p>Sulfur has been oxidized; nitrogen has been reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When iron ions react with water, is the iron ion acting like an acid or a base?

    <p>The iron ion is acting like an acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is either of the two major steps in the Haber-Bosch process considered an oxidation-reduction reaction?

    <p>Both of these steps are oxidation-reduction reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the concentration of sulfuric acid is increased in a galvanic cell, will Ecell increase or decrease?

    <p>Ecell will decrease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calculate the value of the standard Gibbs Free Energy change for the reaction CH3OH(l) + CO(g) --> CH3COOH(l). Is acetic acid thermodynamically stable compared with liquid water at standard conditions?

    <p>ΔG°rxn = -86.0 kJ; At standard conditions, acetic acid is less thermodynamically stable than water because it has a more negative value of ΔG°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of semiconductor would be produced by adding indium to silicon, and which element could produce the opposite type of semiconductor?

    <p>Doping silicon with indium produces a 'p-type' semiconductor; Adding arsenic to silicon would produce a 'p-type' semiconductor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons called?

    <p>Isotopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed an atomic theory in 1808?

    <p>John Dalton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the magnitude of the electron charge?

    <p>R.Millikan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did E. Rutherford discover?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are metals and non-metals separated in the periodic table?

    <p>Staircase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the horizontal rows in the periodic table called?

    <p>Periods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reactant that is used up first in a chemical reaction called?

    <p>Limiting reagent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the concentration of a solution?

    <p>Molarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the chemical formula of a compound determined from its molecular mass called?

    <p>Molecular Formula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A phase diagram is a diagram depicting the phases of a substance at different temperatures and pressures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phase change is a physical change involving a substance changing from one state of matter to another, such as liquid to gas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Surface tension is the tendency of liquids to maximize their surface area.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sublimation is a phase change involving a substance changing from solid directly to gas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by which of the following forces?

    <p>Ion-dipole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Solids can be divided into two categories, crystalline and...

    <p>Amorphous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two types of close-packing are called cubic close-packing and...

    <p>Hexagonal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Three types of atomic solids are nonbonded, metallic, and...

    <p>Network covalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Effusion is the transfer of gas through a small orifice into an evacuated chamber.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kinetic molecular theory is a basic atomic model that describes the behavior of...

    <p>Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Boyle's law is a gas law that associates the product of the pressure and volume with the number of moles, temperature, and a universal proportionality constant.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Standard temperature and pressure are conditions defined as 0ºC and 1 atm.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by which of the following forces?

    <p>Ion-dipole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An alloy is an example of a ... solution.

    <p>Solid-solid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Tyndall effect is the effect whereby a colloidal solution interacts with electricity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Raoult's law applies to a solution comprised of a non-volatile solute and is the relationship between the vapor pressure of the solution and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Boiling point elevation is a colligative property that involves the increase in the boiling point of a solvent by the addition of a solute.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Colligative properties are concerned with the type of particles and not their number.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a solid is dissolved in water and forms a solution that conducts electricity, the solid is called a(n)...

    <p>Electrolyte</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Two dissolved ions in hard water are Mg2+ and...

    <p>Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a solid comes out of a solution, the solid is called a(n)...

    <p>Precipitate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acid-base reactions are also called...

    <p>Neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who defined an acid as a proton donor and a base as a hydroxide donor?

    <p>Arrhenius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A reaction where electrons are transferred from one reactant to another is called a...

    <p>Redox or oxidation-reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins?

    <p>Pauli exclusion principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons can p-orbitals hold at most?

    <p>Six</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many electrons can d orbitals hold at most?

    <p>Ten</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the actual nuclear charge minus the charge from the core electrons called?

    <p>Effective nuclear charge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Unreactive gases that have a full valence shell of electrons are known as...

    <p>Noble gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A reduction in atomic radii caused by the 4f electrons being close to the nucleus is called...

    <p>Lanthanide contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two particles that compose the nucleus?

    <p>Neutrons and Protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a proton?

    <p>positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of a neutron?

    <p>neutral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of an electron?

    <p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are protons and electrons equal in charge?

    <p>equal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a derived unit?

    <p>A unit defined by a combination of SI units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the Atomic Theory in 1803?

    <p>John Dalton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the nucleus?

    <p>Ernest Rutherford</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who discovered the magnitude of the electron charge?

    <p>R.Millikan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the "plum pudding" model of the atom?

    <p>JJ Thomson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Raoult's Law?

    <p>relationship between the vapor pressure of a solution and the vapor pressure of the pure solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Boiling Point Elevation.

    <p>the difference in temperature between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two ions are dissolved in hard water?

    <p>Mg2+ and Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a Precipitate?

    <p>When a solid comes out of a solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Acid-base reactions also called?

    <p>neutralization reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Arrhenius define acids and bases?

    <p>Defined acids as proton donors and bases as hydroxide donors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Redox or Oxidation-Reduction?

    <p>reaction where electrons are transferred from one reactant to another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Orbital.

    <p>plot of the wavefunction squared that gives the probability map of the electron's position</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Wavelength?

    <p>the distance between the wave peaks and troughs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Amplitude?

    <p>the magnitude of a wave; in sound, the primary determinant of loudness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Node?

    <p>Point in wavefunction where the electron cannot be found</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an Emission Spectrum?

    <p>radiation that is emitted by atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines an atom's electron configuration?

    <p>specific orbitals that electrons occupy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain the Pauli Exclusion Principle.

    <p>Two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define Valence Electrons.

    <p>Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the element essential for plant growth?

    <p>potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Group 1A elements have in terms of charge?

    <p>1+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Group 2A elements have in terms of charge?

    <p>2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Group 3A elements have in terms of charge?

    <p>3+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Group 4A elements have in terms of charge?

    <p>4-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Group 5A elements have in terms of charge?

    <p>3-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Group 6A elements have in terms of charge?

    <p>2-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Group 7A elements have in terms of charge?

    <p>1-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for Zinc Iodide?

    <p>ZnI2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is done to the formula if a cation and anion have different charge values?

    <p>Swap the charge numbers and put them as subscripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of NF3?

    <p>Nitrogen Trifluoride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of N2O4?

    <p>Dinitrogen Tetroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula for Carbon Disulfide?

    <p>CS2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula for Dinitrogen Trioxide?

    <p>N2O3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula for Sulfur Tetrafluoride?

    <p>SF4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula for Tetraphosphorus Decasulfide?

    <p>P4S10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the empirical formula for C6H12O6?

    <p>CH2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All elements fall into one of the following groups: ____, ____, ____

    <p>metal, nonmetal, metalloid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mass number equal to?

    <p>number of protons + number of neutrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number below an element on the periodic table?

    <p>Atomic Weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the number above an element on the periodic table?

    <p>Atomic Number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Alpha rays?

    <p>Positively charged particles that are deflected away from the positively charged plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Beta rays?

    <p>Electrons that are deflected away from the negatively charged plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Gamma rays?

    <p>high energy radiation that have no charge and are unaffected by external electric or magnetic fields</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Strong Acids?

    <p>HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4, HClO3, HSO4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the mass of an Electron?

    <p>charge/(charge/mass)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of Element+?

    <p>Minus one electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the charge of Element-?

    <p>plus one electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done if a cation and anion have different values in their charge for the formula?

    <p>Swap the charge numbers and put them as subscripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Mono' represent?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Di' represent?

    <p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Tri' represent?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Tetra' represent?

    <p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Penta' represent?

    <p>5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scientific name for NF3?

    <p>Nitrogen Trifluoride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper name for N2O4?

    <p>Dinitrogen Tetroxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula for Carbon Disulfide?

    <p>CS2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula of Dinitrogen Trioxide?

    <p>N2O3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula for Sulfur Tetrafluoride?

    <p>SF4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecular formula for Tetraphosphorus Decasulfide?

    <p>P4S10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the empirical formula for C6H12O6?

    <p>CH2O</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Calculate the number of moles in 47.51 g of Al2O3.

    <p>0.4660 mol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Known to form complexes with platinum that inhibit the growth of cancerous cells, what is the systematic name for [CoCl3(H2O)]-?

    <p>Aquatrichlorocobaltate(II)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In K4[Fe(CN)6], how many 3d electrons does the iron atom have?

    <p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Write the formula for diamminedichloroethylenediaminecobalt(III) bromide.

    <p>[CoCl2(en)(NH3)2]Br</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the complex ion [Co(en)2Br2]+, what is the oxidation number of Co?

    <p>+3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of isomerism is there restricted rotation around a bond?

    <p>Geometrical isomers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What name is given to a compound containing a -CONH2 group?

    <p>Amide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bromination of benzene (C6H6) occurs by substitution rather than addition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The density of a substance is an intensive property.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rusting of a piece of iron under environmental conditions is a physical change.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    77 K is colder than 4 K.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Here are the study notes:

    Chemistry

    • StraighterLine Chemistry Final Exam 2024-2025

    Elements and Compounds

    • Calcium is chemically similar to magnesium.
    • Iron(III) ion has an electron configuration of [Ar]3d5.
    • Phosphorus has a hybridization of sp3 in the PCl4+ cation.

    Atomic Structure

    • Effective nuclear charge is less than the actual nuclear charge due to shielding.
    • Electron configuration of an element with ns2np1 outermost electrons is in group 3A.

    Molecular Geometry

    • Molecular geometry of ammonia (NH3) is trigonal pyramidal.
    • AB5 molecules with one lone pair on the central atom have a square pyramidal molecular geometry.

    Stoichiometry

    • Mass of one copper atom is 1.055 × 10-22 g.
    • Percent sulfur in iron(III) sulfate is 24%.
    • Micrograms in 65.3 kg is 6.53 × 1010 μg.

    Chemical Bonding

    • CS2 is a covalent compound.
    • Molecular geometry of a molecule with one lone pair on the central atom is trigonal pyramidal.

    Periodic Table

    • Electron configuration of gold is [Xe]4f145d106s1.
    • Characteristics of isotopes were described.
    • Atomic mass unit is a unit of mass equal to one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

    Spectroscopy

    • Emission spectra can be used to identify unknown atoms.
    • Different types of spectra were described.

    Acids and Bases

    • A strong acid is H2SO4.
    • Equilibrium constant for the autoionization of water at 25°C is 1.0 × 10-14.
    • Amphiprotic species include Al2O3.

    Gases

    • Conditions of STP are 273.15 K and 760 torr.
    • Van der Waals equation was described, including the constants a and b.

    Intermolecular Forces

    • Hydrogen bonding occurs in CH3CH2OH.
    • Dispersion forces are stronger in krypton than in argon.
    • Types of intermolecular forces were described.

    Solubility and Solutions

    • Henry's law states that the solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas over the solution.
    • An unsaturated solution is one that contains less solute than it has the capacity to dissolve.
    • Solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by pressure, temperature, and nature of the solute and solvent.Here are the study notes:

    Selective Precipitation

    • The principle of selective precipitation is used to identify the types of ions present in a solution.
    • It is also known as qualitative analysis.

    Acid-Base Indicators

    • Methyl red is a common acid-base indicator.
    • It has a Ka equal to 6.3 × 10-6.
    • The un-ionized form of methyl red is red, and its anionic form is yellow.
    • At a pH of 7.8, a methyl red solution would be yellow.

    Titration

    • When a strong acid is titrated with a weak base, the pH at the equivalence point is less than 7.0.
    • A spontaneous endothermic reaction always causes the surroundings to get colder.

    Nuclear Chemistry

    • 123I is used to image the brain.
    • Nuclear power plants do not pollute the air with SO2, soot, and fly-ash.
    • Californium-249 is used to obtain dubnium-260.
    • Sr-92 is used to obtain an isotope with atomic number 121 and mass number 299.

    Coordination Compounds

    • The name given to a compound containing a -CONH2 group is an amide.
    • Bromination of benzene occurs by substitution rather than addition.
    • The rusting of a piece of iron under environmental conditions is a chemical change.
    • Lewis theorized the octet rule to describe chemical bonding where atoms lose, gain, or share electrons in order to achieve a noble gas configuration.

    Physical Chemistry

    • Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
    • Atomic size decreases across a period due to an increase in the effective nuclear charge (Zeff).
    • The radii of ions are not always smaller than the radii of the corresponding atoms of the same element.

    General Chemistry

    • The correct formula for the dibromobis(oxalato)cobaltate(III) ion is not [Co(C2O4)Br2]3+.
    • The maximum oxidation state of an element in the first transition series never exceeds its group number.
    • In complexes of transition metals, the maximum coordination number of the metal is not equal to its number of d electrons.
    • A complex ion that undergoes a very slow exchange reaction is called an inert complex.

    Isotopes and Radioactivity

    • Sn-50 is the most stable isotope among F-21, Kr-77, Po-210, and Sn-50.
    • Ernest Rutherford disproved J.J. Thomson's plum-pudding model of the atom by showing that positive matter is concentrated in the central core.
    • Avogadro's number is the number of atoms in 12g of Carbon-12.

    Let me know if you'd like me to reorganize or clarify any of these points!### Acid-Base Reactions

    • Iron ions can act as acids or bases, depending on the definition used (Brønsted-Lowry, Lewis, or Arrhenius)
    • In the reaction Fe3+(aq) + 3H2O(l) → Fe(OH)3(s) + 3H+(aq), the iron ion is acting as an acid, accepting a pair of electrons from the oxygen

    The Haber-Bosch Process

    • The Haber-Bosch process is used to produce ammonia (NH3) from nitrogen and hydrogen
    • The process involves two steps:
    • CH4(g) + H2O(g) → 2H2(g) + CO(g)
    • 3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)
    • Both steps are oxidation-reduction reactions

    Galvanic Cells

    • The galvanic cell involves two half-reactions:
    • HSO4-(aq) + Pb(s) → H+(aq) + PbSO4(s) + 2e- (Eo = +0.35 V)
    • PbO2(s) + 3H+(aq) + HSO4-(aq) + 2e- → PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) (Eo = +1.46 V)
    • Increasing the concentration of sulfuric acid will increase the Ecell of the galvanic cell

    Thermodynamics

    • The standard Gibbs Free Energy change (ΔG°rxn) can be calculated for a reaction
    • In the reaction CH3OH(l) + CO(g) → CH3COOH(l), ΔG°rxn = -86.0 kJ
    • Acetic acid is less thermodynamically stable than water at standard conditions

    Enzyme Activity

    • Enzyme activity can be inhibited by the product of the reaction binding to the active site on the enzyme
    • This inhibition can be biologically useful in preventing over-production of the product

    Semiconductors

    • Doping silicon with indium produces a p-type semiconductor
    • The indium has fewer valence electrons than silicon, producing positively charged "holes" in the electron structure

    Atomic Theory

    • Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
    • The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and neutrons
    • The charge of a proton is positive, while the charge of a neutron is neutral

    Phase Changes

    • Sublimation is a phase change involving a substance changing from solid directly to gas
    • A phase diagram is a diagram depicting the phases of a substance at different temperatures and pressures

    Solutions

    • The solubility of ionic compounds in water is mainly determined by ion-dipole forces
    • An alloy is an example of a solid-solid solution
    • Molarity is a concentration term that uses the volume of a solution

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