Diversity of Life Processes PDF

Locomotion: Animals- walking, flying, swimming, slythering. Uses muscular systems skeletal systems and specialized appendages (wings, fins) Plantae- opening and closing of flowers, growth of roots towards moisture( Positive hydrotropism) Fungi- spread through mycelium. Can expand to new areas throug...

Locomotion: Animals- walking, flying, swimming, slythering. Uses muscular systems skeletal systems and specialized appendages (wings, fins) Plantae- opening and closing of flowers, growth of roots towards moisture( Positive hydrotropism) Fungi- spread through mycelium. Can expand to new areas through the growth of hyphae which can help them find nutrients. Protis- tiny hairs, pseudopodia Monera- flagellar (tails) and gliding mechanisms. Reproduction: Animals- internal/external fertilization. Some species can produce offspring asexually. Environmental influences: seasonal changes can affect many animals breeding and reproduction cycles Resourceability: abundance of food can influence and other resources can affect an animal's ability to successfully produce offspring. Plantae- produce offspring through fertilization of seeds and pollination. Some plants can also reproduce through asexual reproduction called vegetative propagation. (bulbs, runners) Environmental influences: pollinator availability Climate conditions: temperature and moisture Fungi- fusion of specialized hyphae. asexual production through spore production or budding Environmental influences: nutrient availability, moisture levels Protista- some exchange in gamete fusion, asexual production commonly through binary fusion or budding Environmental influences: nutrient availability, stress conditions like overcrowding Monera- asexual reproduction through binary fusion Genetic exchange- horizontal gene transfer methods (enhance genetic diversity) Energy acquisition Animals- heterotrophs , digestive systems. Mobility, predatory foraging behaviours. Plantae- autotrophs, chloroplasts, leaf structure, root systems Fungi- heterotrophs, mycelium, enzyme production, symbiotic relationships. Protista- autotrophs, chloroplasts, cilia and flagella, feeding structures. Monera- both autotrophic and heterotrophic , diverse metabolic pathways Response to stimuli Light Animals- use light for navigation, mating displays, or predator avoidance Plantae- exhibit phototropism growing toward light sources to maximize photosynthesis Fungi- some can direct their growth toward light to enhance spore dispersal Gravity Plantae- roots grow downward (positive gravitropism) while stems grow upward (negative gravitropism) Animals- maintain ballance and orientation some respond with changes in behaviour or movement Touch Plantae- certain plants respond to touch by closing traps or moving leaves Animals- reflexes or behaviour triggered by physical contact Temperature Plantae- some plants alter growth patterns in response to temperature changes Animals- some animals adjust behaviour based on temperature such as seeping shade Water Plantae- roots grow toward water sources (hydrotropism) and some plants have adaptations to conserve water Animals- animals may seek water or respond to changes in salinity in environments. Chemical signals Plantae- can respond to signals from other plants or herbivores sometimes producing defensive compounds Animals- many chemicals such as pheromones for communications such as mating signals or territorial markers Sound Plantae- some studies suggest that plants can respond to sound vibrations Animals- many respond to sound stimuli for communication and predator detection Mechanical stress Plantae- react to wind or mechanical stress by strengthening their stems or altering growth patterns Animals- may react to physical threats or changes in their environment, fleeing from predators. Photosynthesis- the process by which green plants and certain other organisms transform light energy into chemical energy Chemosynthesis- the use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food Cellular respiration- the process by which cells derive energy from glucose ATP- the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level Chitin, cellulose, and peptidoglycan Chitin ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ cellulose ​ ​ ​ ​ peptidoglycan Unicellular organisms Amoeba (pseudopods)- move through a process called amoeboid, extend part of their cytoplasm toward direction of movement (crawling motion) Paramecium (cilia)- uses cilia, tiny hair like structures covering their entire body, cilia beat in rhythmic waves to create propulsive force allowing the organism to move through water. Euglena (flagella)- have one or two flagella that they use for locomotion. Moves in a whip-like motion to propel the organism forward, can change shape slightly as they move. Dinoflagellates (flagella)- use two flagella to move one wraps around the body like a belt and the other trails behind. Allows to spin and rotate to move. Archaea Archaea are single-celled microorganisms with structure similar to bacteria. Microscopes Light microscope- uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects. Transmission electron microscope- microscopy technique capable of providing very high resolution images down to a level of several Angstroms Scanning electron microscope- an electron microscope in which the surface of a specimen is scanned by a beam of electrons that are reflected to form an image Homeostasis state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly Keeping stability Ethical implications of using model organisms Justification -​ medications -​ Before experimenting on humans Ethical concerns -​ Inhumane -​ Cost -​ Immorality How do we compromise? -​ Using simplistic organisms Ethical considerations when studying humans -​ Consent -​ Unethical research 3R’s replacement (use alternatives when possible) Reduction (reduce numbers of animals used) Refinement (reduce suffering) Cost + benefits of reproductive strategies Sexual reproduction- results in genetic diversity but higher energy costs due to the need of two individuals and gamete production. Benefits: genetic variation, adaptability, survival in changing environments. Costs: time and energy to find a mate, risk of diseases, fewer offspring per individual. Asexual reproduction- faster and more energy, efficient but results in genetically identical offspring (clones). Benefits: rapid population growth, no need to find mates, energy efficient. Costs: lack of genetic diversity, more susceptible to environmental changes, accumulation of harmful mutations. K- strategy- examples are humans and elephants, fewer offspring, high parental investment, long lifespan, best in a stable environment. R-strategy- many insects and fish, high reproductive rate, many offspring, little parental investment, best in unstable environments. Behavioural, structural + physiological adaptations against threats Behaviour adaptations- actions or activities that an organism performs to avoid or reduce threats. These behaviours are often innate and can be learned or instinctive. Structural adaptations- physical features of an organism that help it survive in its environment. These include external and internal physical characteristics that have evolved over time. Physiological adaptations- an internal body process to regulate and maintain homeostasis for an organism to survive in the environment in which it exists (poison production, heat and cold tolerance, immune responses) Maintaining homeostasis (regulation of internal environment to maintain stable conditions or cellular processes) Biofeedback mechanisms- include a negative feedback where the body counters a change to bring a system back to its set point. Fluid regulation- multicellular organisms require water balance for cellular function. Thermoregulation- multicellular organisms can consist of endotherms and exotherms. Endotherms regulate their body temperature internally while exotherms rely on external sources of heat. How organisms acquire, transport + excrete materials Commensalism- one organism benefits is neither helped nor harmed Parasitism- one organism benefits at the expense of another Mutualism- the relationship between two organisms where both benefit Biological classification system Carl Linnaeus- introduced a standard system of naming organisms using the latin names: the genus and species. binomial nomenclature- genus- the broader group to which to which the organism belongs. Species- a more specific identifier Ex. panthera leo (lion) Taxonomy- the classification of living things into hierarchical groups based on shared characteristics Kingdom>phylum>class>order>family>genus>species Dichotomous Keys Follow the steps provided in the key to read.