Biology Chapter 3: Organisms and Adaptations

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Questions and Answers

Which of these is NOT a method of locomotion?

Using pseudopodia

Mycelium spread (correct)

Slythering

Flagellar movement

What is the primary method of asexual reproduction in Monera?

Vegetative propagation

Budding

Binary fusion (correct)

Spore production

Which kingdom relies primarily on hyphae for both locomotion and nutrient acquisition?

Monera

Plantae

Protista

Fungi (correct)

Which factor would MOST LIKELY affect the reproduction of plants, but not directly affect the reproduction of animals?

Pollinator availability (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a heterotrophic organism?

A fungus using mycelium (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a physiological adaptation?

The production of poison to deter predators. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a biofeedback mechanism within an organism?

To maintain homeostasis through negative feedback. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these relationships is best described as mutualistic?

Fungi providing nutrients to plant roots in return for sugars. (A) Signup and view all the answers

In binomial nomenclature, what is the function of the 'genus'?

It represents the group to which an organism belongs. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order of the taxonomic hierarchy from broadest to most specific?

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of 'cilia' in a paramecium?

Propelling the organism through rhythmic waves (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of phototropism in plants?

To maximize photosynthesis by moving towards light sources (D) Signup and view all the answers

How do some animals primarily use light, as a stimulus?

For navigation, mating displays and predator avoidance (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis?

Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce food, while chemosynthesis uses energy released by inorganic chemical reactions. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of ATP in cells?

To act as the primary source of energy for use and storage (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do 'pseudopods' enable movement in an amoeba?

By extending the cytoplasm in the direction of movement (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does 'gravitropism' refer to in plants?

The growth response to gravity (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism can have both autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolic pathways

Monera (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the motion of Euglena?

Whip-like motion of one or two flagella, with slight changes in body shape. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these descriptions BEST characterizes the movement of dinoflagellates?

Two flagella, one of which trails behind the organism, causing it to spin. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between a transmission electron microscope and a scanning electron microscope?

A transmission electron microscope obtains a high resolution image of internal structures; whereas, a scanning electron microscope scans the surface of a specimen (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the term homeostasis refer to in biological systems?

A balance needed for survival and proper functioning of the body. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a primary ethical concern regarding the use of model organisms in research?

The possibility of causing inhumane treatment to those organisms. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 R’s in animal research ethics?

Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which is a key difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

Sexual reproduction is slower and more energy costly, yielding greater genetic diversity, whereas asexual reproduction is fast, yielding no genetic diversity. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is typically a characteristic of an r-strategy reproductive approach?

Producing many offspring with little to no parental investment. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Locomotion

Animals use muscular systems and specialized appendages (wings, fins) for movement (walking, flying, swimming, slithering).
Plants use growth of roots towards moisture (positive hydrotropism) and the opening/closing of flowers.
Fungi spread through mycelium, which helps them find nutrients.
Protists move using tiny hairs (flagella) or pseudopodia.
Monera use flagella or gliding mechanisms.

Reproduction

Animals reproduce sexually (internal/external fertilization) or asexually.
Environmental factors (seasonal changes, resource availability) influence animal reproductive cycles.
Plant reproduction involves fertilization of seeds and pollination, or vegetative propagation (bulbs, runners).
Fungi reproduce asexually through spore production or budding.
Protists reproduce asexually through binary fission or budding.
Monera reproduce asexually through binary fission.

Energy Acquisition

Animals are heterotrophs, using digestive systems for mobility and predatory foraging.
Plants are autotrophs, utilizing chloroplasts, leaves, and roots for structure and feeding.
Fungi are heterotrophs, using mycelium for enzyme production and symbiotic relationships.
Protists are autotrophs or heterotrophs, using chloroplasts, cilia, and flagella for feeding.
Monera exhibit both autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolic pathways.

Response to Stimuli

Light: Animals use light for navigation, mating, and predator avoidance. Plants exhibit phototropism (growing towards light).
Gravity: Plant roots grow downward (positive gravitropism), stems upward (negative gravitropism). Animals maintain balance and orientation.
Touch: Plants respond by closing traps or altering leaf positions; animals respond with reflexes or behavioural changes.
Temperature: Some plants alter growth patterns in response to temperature changes. Animals change behaviour for temperature regulation (seeking shade).
Water: Plant roots grow toward water (hydrotropism). Animals seek water or respond to salinity changes.
Chemical signals: Plants release chemical compounds for defense or communication; animals use pheromones for communication.
Sound: Certain plants may respond to sound vibrations. Animals rely on sound for communication and predator avoidance.
Mechanical stress: Plants react to wind or mechanical stress by altering growth; animals flee from physical threats.

Other

Photosynthesis: Plants use sunlight for energy conversion, forming chemical energy.
Chemosynthesis: Some organisms use inorganic chemicals for energy production.
Cellular respiration: Organisms utilize glucose to obtain cellular energy. ATP is the key energy currency in the cell.

Cellular components

Chitin
Cell wall components (cellulose, peptidoglycan)
Unicellular organisms
- Amoeba (pseudopods)- move through a process called amoeboid movement
- Paramecium (cilia)- use cilia for propulsive force
- Euglena (flagella)- use flagella for locomotion
- Dinoflagellates (flagella)- uses two flagella for locomotion
Archaea - single-celled microorganisms with structures similar to bacteria
Microscopes: light, transmission electron, scanning electron microscopy
Homeostasis: balance for survival and correct functions of body systems

Ethical Implications

Ethical considerations of using model organisms for experimentation before experimenting on humans. Ethical concerns of methods and conditions.
3Rs: Replacement (use other alternatives), Reduction (reduce animal use), Refinement (less suffering)

Cost and Benefits of Reproductive Strategies

Sexual reproduction leads to genetic diversity but needs more energy and time.
Asexual reproduction is faster and more energy-efficient but results in identical offspring with little genetic diversity.
K-strategy species (fewer offspring, high parental investment) thrive in stable environments.
R-strategy species (high reproductive rate, less investment) flourish in unstable environments.

Behavioural, Structural, and Physiological Adaptations

Behavioural adaptations: Actions or behaviours to avoid or reduce threats (innate or learned).
Structural adaptations: Physical features for survival.
Physiological adaptations: Internal bodily processes to regulate homeostasis.

Maintaining Homeostasis

Biofeedback mechanisms return a system to its initial set point when it deviates from normalcy.

Fluid and Thermoregulation

Multicellular organisms require fluid balance for cellular functions.
Endotherms maintain body temperature internally; exotherms rely on external sources.

Biological Classification

Carl Linnaeus (binomial nomenclature)- uses genus and species names (e.g., Panthera leo).
Taxonomy categorizes organisms based on shared characteristics (Kingdom>Phylum>etc).

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Biology Chapter 3, which covers locomotion, reproduction, and adaptations of different organisms. This quiz will challenge you with a mix of questions related to the Monera kingdom, physiological adaptations, and the taxonomic hierarchy. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of biological concepts.