Summary

These handouts provide a basic overview of various social science disciplines like anthropology, economics, and geography, providing definitions, elements, and branches of each social science field. The document explores core topics within each discipline, laying a foundation for further study.

Full Transcript

**SOCIETY** - an organized group of individuals whose members work together or regularly meet and have a shared territory, interest, and way of living. - it signifies companionship or association with others. - is the outcome of the purposeful activities of the people who came t...

**SOCIETY** - an organized group of individuals whose members work together or regularly meet and have a shared territory, interest, and way of living. - it signifies companionship or association with others. - is the outcome of the purposeful activities of the people who came together for the achievement of a shared goal **SOCIAL SCIENCE** - is defined as the body of knowledge concerned with the methodical study of various aspects of our society, numerous social phenomena, and the impacts of these occurrences on people's lives - the area of study that deals with the human behavior in its cultural and social facets. - it is considered as the branch of science that focuses on the interpersonal relationships among people living in a society. **ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL SCIENCES** 1. **Society**- the first element of Social Sciences, puts the entire body of knowledge in individuals as social beings and their social backgrounds or environments. 2. **Empirical analysis-** places the Social Sciences in an academic mode of investigation about human society using the scientific method, the systematic and rational process of obtaining knowledge. **POSITIVISM-** is a philosophy that believes that every single reasonable affirmation can be scientifically proven or tested by empirical sciences or is capable of mathematical or logical evidence. **Auguste Comte-** the founder of Positivism and the one who foreshadowed the use of this philosophy in studying human behaviors, argued that metaphysics and theology are imperfect methods in searching for knowledge; that rational thought is far more powerful in comparison to faith and superstition in explaining different social phenomena. **Natural Sciences-** or the sciences of nature, give attention on investigating every single natural phenomenon that occurred, or is currently happening, in our world using tangible evidence like natural forces, fossils, and artifacts. **Humanities-** are academic disciplines that study numerous human conditions and the manners wherein the human experiences are treated and recorded.\\ **SOCIAL SCIENCE DISCIPLINES:** 1. **ANTHROPOLOGY -** is the study of humankind - Greek word *Anthropos -- "humankind" logo- "word" or "study of"* - [Anthropologist-] a person that studies anthropology - **[Branches :]** - **Physical or Biological Anthropology-** is the study of human biology within the milieu of evolution. - **Cultural or Social Anthropology[- ]**involves the study and comparative analysis of pre-literate societies, including all aspects of human behavior. - **Archaeology-** involves the study of earlier cultures and ways of life by way of retrieving and examining the material remains of previous human societies. 2. **ECONOMICS - i**s a discipline that concentrates on how a particular society solves its problem of scarcity and resources. - Greek word *oikos -- "house" nomos- "custom" or "law"* translate as "management of household" - [Economists-] a person that studies Economy - **[Fields :]** - **Macroeconomics-** analyses how economy functions as a whole or its basic subdivisions, such as the government or business sectors. Looking the economy broader lens. - **Microeconomics** focuses on the behaviour of individual agents, like households, industries, and firms. Like looking through the microscope 3. **GEOGRAPHY-** is the study of the features of the earth and the location of living things on the planet. - Greek word *geographia* from *geo- "earth" graphe- "to describe"* literal translation would be "*to describe the earth"* - [Geographers-] a person that studies Economy - **Main Branches:** - **Physical Geography-** it includes the study of soil, landforms, water, vegetation, minerals and climate. They also interested in the interplay of humans and the natural environment - **Human Geography-** is interested in determining humankind's role in changing the environment as well as the different processes that help shape human society, including migration and settlement patterns. 4. **HISTORY-** is a branch of knowledge that attempts to ascertain, record, and explain facts and events that happened in the past. - Greek word *historia* meaning "inquiry." - [Historians-] a person that studies History - **Branches:** - Social history- Experiences of common people - Cultural history- Customs, arts, traditions - Political History- Political ideas, events, movements, parties, leaders - Economic History- Economic occurrences, way of living, distribution of goods - Diplomatic History- International relations between states - Military History- Military affairs, strategies, doctrine, armed conflict - History of Religion - Religious experiences and ideas - Environmental History-Human interaction with nature and environment - History of Women- Women's role in history 5. **LINGUISTICS-** Is a field of knowledge involving the scientific study of language as a universal and recognizable aspect of human behaviour and capacity. - [Linguists- a] person that studies Linguistics - **Morphology-** study of language form - **Syntax**-study on how these words is formed into phrases - **Phonology**- study of sounds - **Philology**- study of human speech - **BRANCHES**: - **General Linguistics**- concepts and categories of language or theory of language - **Micro Linguistics-** structure of language system - **Macro Linguistics-** external view of language 6. **POLITICAL SCIENCE-** includes the study governments, and the need for the institution, its form and its processes. - **BRANCHES:** - Comparative Politics - Policy studies and analysis - Political Theory - Political Economy - Internal Relations - Political Philosophy - Political ideology 7. **PSYCHOLOGY-** deals with the nature of human behaviours, and both internal and external factors that affect these behaviours. - Latin word *psychologia* combining *psych "spirit" or "soul"* and *logia "study of the soul"* - [Psychologists-] a person that studies psychology 8. **SOCIOLOGY-** s a field of study dealing with the systematic study of patterns of human interaction. - Latin word *socius "companion"* and Greek word *logos "word" or "study of"* - [Sociologists-] a person who studies sociology - **BRANCHES:** - **General Sociology-** deals with the properties and homogeneity common to all social and cultural phenomena, including those characteristics found among groups and institutions. - **Special Sociology-** focuses on specific sociocultural phenomena usually selected for further study, including socialization, interaction, conflict, and domination. 9. **DEMOGRAPHY-** is the science and statistical study of human populations. - Greek word *demos* meaning "*people"* and French "graphie" - 3 demographic processes: 1. Birth 2. Migration 3. Aging (death) - [Demographers-] a persons who studies demography

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