Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract PDF

Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract Rhinitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose, often involving the upper respiratory… Definition and Overview...

Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract Rhinitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose, often involving the upper respiratory… Definition and Overview Four varieties of rhinitis: acute, chronic, cropous, and follicu… Inhalation of irritant vapors (e.g., am- chloride). monia, Primary Causes: Presence of foreign bodies (e.g., pollen,… Infection by microorganisms staphylococcus, (e.g., streptococcus). Etiology Lowered resistance due to environmen- factors tal (e.g., cold weather). Infestation by parasites (e.g., Oestrus ovis sheep). in Secondary Causes: Association with specific infectious diseases (e.g., strangles, glanders). Extension of inflammation from oth- respiratory er tract parts (e.g., laryngi- tis). Fungal infections (e.g., Aspergillus fumigatus dogs). in Acute Rhinitis Redness and swelling of the mucous membrane of the nos… Bilateral nasal discharge, initially watery, progressing to mucoid, mucopurulent, and pu… Symptoms Possible nasal blockage leading to mouth breathing and snort… Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) if complications… Based on clinical symptoms and sudden on… Diagnosis Nasal discharge characteristics aid in diag… Ensure well-ventilated environment and easily digestible… Treatment Irrigate nasal chambers in severe… Use medicated steam inhalation with specific disinfectan… Definition A prolonged form of rhinitis that follows neglected acute cases or chronic respiratory dis… Neglected acute rhinitis cases. Etiology Chronic diseases of the respiratory tract (e.g., chronic alveolar emphy… Mucoid nasal discharge from the on… Chronic Rhinitis Swollen, bluish nasal mucous mem… Symptoms Snorting due to nasal cavity stenosis. Ulcers and abrasions from head shak… Diagnosis and Differential Diag… Requires careful differentiation from glanders, sinusitis, tooth infections, and tubercu… Treatment Similar to acute rhinitis but requires more… Definition Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane characterized by false membrane forma… Primarily caused by Bacillus necropho… Etiology Transmitted in an enzootic form. Begins like acute rhinitis but includes small greyish patches (false mem… Cropous Rhinitis Symptoms Swollen maxillary lymph nodes and slight… Nasal discharge containing shreds of mucous mem… Similar to acute rhinitis; do not remove the false mem… Treatment Antibiotics if fever is present. Isolate affected animals. Definition Specific to horses, involving inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane and maxillary… Etiology Caused by Streptococcus equi. Inflammation of the nasal mucous mem… Follicular Rhinitis Symptoms Small nodules on nasal septa that enlarge and burst, leaving ero… Swollen regional lymph… Recovery typically occurs within 2-3 weeks. Treatment Application of iodine or mercurial oint… Antibiotic injections and medicated steam inhala… Epistaxis Definition Bleeding from the nostrils. Improper use of stomach tubes in… Traumatic injuries to the nose or nasal… Primary Causes Overexertion in race… Congenital factors. Causes Puncture by parasites (e.g., Oestrus ovis in… Secondary Causes Ulceration of nasal mucosa (e.g., glan… Associated with diseases like anthrax and hemorrhagic sep… Unilateral or bilateral bleeding, bright red in color. Clinical Signs May be mixed with mucous. Scanty bleeding may stop on its own, while profuse bleeding can lead to anemia and… Locate the injury using an endo… Diagnosis and Differential Diag… Differentiate between nasal, lung, and stomach bleeding based on blood characteris… Complete rest and cold compresses. Astringent solutions or gauze plugs for affected nos… Treatment Tracheotomy for severe bilateral epistaxis. Enhance blood coagulation with calcium chloride and vitamin… Laryngitis, Tracheitis, and Bronchitis Overview Infections of the upper respiratory tract causing inflammation, often affecting adjacent… Cattle: Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, calf diphtheria, hemophilus som… Sheep: Chronic laryngitis from Corynebacterium pyo… Etiology Horses: Equine herpesvirus, viral arteritis, influenza, stran… Dogs: Acute and chronic bronchitis characterized by cough. Feline: Allergic bronchitis (feline asthma) in young… Pathogenesis Mucosal irritation leads to coughing and partial airway obstruc… Common signs include coughing, inspiratory dyspnea, fever, and tox… Clinical Findings Enlarged and painful soft tissues around the… Based on clinical signs and examination of the… Diagnosis Differentiation from pneumonia may be neces… Spontaneous recovery is possible with… Antibiotics for bacterial infections. Treatment Tracheotomy for severe dyspnea. Corticosteroids to reduce laryngeal edema. Tracheal Collapse Definition A progressive disease of the trachea causing chronic coughing, common in small breed… Weakening of cartilage rings leading to airway narrow… Causes Genetic predisposition, stress, obesity, and heart diseases may exacerbate the condi… Persistent, harsh, dry cough, sometimes described as "goose-honk… Clinical Signs Severe cases may lead to wheezing, difficulty breathing, or… Diagnosis Cough elicited by palpating the throat; X-rays and bronchoscopy may confirm diag… Cough suppressants, sedatives, corticosteroids, and bronchodila… Treatment Antibiotics for infections and maintaining a healthy body…