Decker 2024 Fall Review PDF

New Connections: The Mongol Conquests, The Indian Ocean, and the Beginnings of the Modern World Honors World History 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Text Slide 🍐 To edit the type of question, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. By the end of this unit, you will: Understand the history of the Mongol Conquests Be able to explain the different cultures, peoples, and beliefs that constituted the Indian Ocean world Be able to analyze the role of the Mongol Conquests and the Indian Ocean region in the formation of the early modern world from 1200-1500 What makes Topeka, London, and Beijing modern? (type your response below) 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Text Slide 🍐 To edit the type of question, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. Mongolia, Mongolians, and Nomadic Life Steppes=grassy plains of Central Asia Nomadic, mobile life Gers (yurts) Horses Sheep Clans Genghis Khan and the Early Mongol Conquests Born Temujin ~1162 Early death of father Forced to ‘scramble’ 1206 uniting of nomadic tribes 1205-1227 wars of expansion Southwestern threats Jin (north China) Central Asia Middle East/Eastern Europe Bloody, violent conquests But somewhat exaggerated accounts? Genghis Khan “The greatest happiness is to scatter your enemy, to drive him before you, to see his cities reduced to ashes, to see those who love him shrouded in tears, and to gather into your bosom his wives and daughters.” “All the face of the earth from the going up of the sun to its going down, [has been] given [to me by God]….Whosoever, therefore, shall submit [without resistance], mercy shall be shown unto him and unto his wives and children and household; but whosoever shall not submit, shall perish together with all his wives and children and kinsmen.” Mongolian Tactics Decimal, military organization Break power of the clans Importance of horses, bow/arrows Mobile, highly planned campaigns Merciless conquests Simulated flight Genghis Khan “I am the punishment of God. If you had not committed great sins, God would not have sent a punishment like me upon you.’ Because the citadel outside the city offered bitter resistance, the khan ‘gave orders for all the quarters of the town to set on fire [after it had been thoroughly looted]. Then the people of Bokhara were driven against the citadel [as arrow fodder] […]. The moat had been filled with animate and inanimate and raised up with levies and Bokharians [forced to scale the scaling ladders]. […] Of the Qangli [Kipchak[ no male was spared who stood higher than the butt of a whip. Of the Khwarazmian the youths and full-grown men that were fit for such service were pressed into a levy for the attack on Samarqand and Dabusiya.” (from Christopher Baumer, The History of Central Asia, v. 3, quoted material from Ala al-Din Ata Malik Juvaini, Tarikh-e Jahan-gusha, vol 1. Pp. 105-7) On Mongol Tactics: “The Mongols’ successes were based on their superior conduct of war. Before battle began, spies would reconnoitre possible lines of approach, sources of water and pastures for horses, and collect information about the enemy armies. Since the Mongols avoided hand-to-hand fighting and at the beginning of a battle sought as far as possible to weaken and disorganise the enemy through superior archery power, their main weapon was the asymmetrical reflex bow. As described by del Carpine, every horseman owned two to three bows with different ranges, three quivers with various types of arrow, and a battle axe. Warriors in the heavy cavalry had in addition a slightly curved sabre, a lance, a helmet and lamellar body armour, which, as Matthew Paris noted, left their backs uncovered; their horses were also armoured. In addition every horseman had two to four replacement horses at his disposal, so that during a protracted battle he could repeatedly mount a new steed. The Mongol army consisted almost exclusively of mounted warriors, of whom 60 per cent were light and 40 per cent heavy cavalry.” (note the British spelling here) (Christopher Baumer, The History of Central Asia, v. 3 (pg. 185-186) Women in the Mongolian Empire Relatively gender egalitarian nomadic society Domestic role Logistical management Opportunities for power Ex. Sorghagtani Beki Ex. Chabi Post-Genghis Khan Khanates Division into four realms (for four sons) at Genghis Khan’s death Ogodei as Great Khan 1229 Death may have saved Europe Mongke as (last) Great Khan Brother Kublai Khan completes conquest of Song dynasty China (1279), establishes Yuan Dynasty The Mongols and New Connections Increased trade connections Exchange of cultures Spread of disease Bubonic Plague Genghis Khan is remembered for many things: as a world conqueror, as a tyrant, as father of the Mongolian nation (etc.) How do you think Genghis Khan should be remembered? Type your response in CER format 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Text Slide 🍐 To edit the type of question, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. The Indian Ocean: A Center of the Early Modern World Lesson Objectives. After this subunit you will: Understand the general contours of the Indian Ocean region and the trade that occurred in it Be able to analyze the importance of the Indian Ocean region to the formation of the early modern world. Indian Ocean Region: An Overview Vast region—East Coast of Africa, Red Sea, Arabian Peninsula, Persian Gulf, Indian, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia But also ‘manageble Millennia of trade Magnet of trade “Three days later we reached the land of Malabar, which is the pepper country. It extends for 2 months' journey along the coast from Sandabur [Goa] to Kawlam [Quilon]. The road over the whole distance runs beneath the shade of trees, and every half-mile there are benches...and a well for drinking...On this road there is not a foot of ground but it is cultivated...I have never seen a safer road than this...Two days' journey brought us to Fakandur, a large town on an inlet. Here there is a large quantity of sugar-canes...unexcelled in the rest of the country...Three days after leaving we reached Manjarur [Mangalore]...this is the town at which most of the merchants from Fars and Yemen disembark, and pepper and ginger are abundant there...one of the principal rulers in that land...is Rama Daw. There is a colony of about four thousand Muslims there, living in a suburb alongside the town. Conflicts break out between them and the townspeople, but the sultan makes peace between them on account of his need of the merchants....We set sail for the town of Hili...it is large and well-built, situated on a big inlet which is navigable for large vessels. This is the farthest town reached by ships from China...Thence we travelled to the city of Calicut, which is one of the chief ports of Malabar and one of the largest harbors in the world. It is visited by men from China, Sumatra, Ceylon, the Maldives, Yemen and Fars, and in it gather merchants from all quarters....When we reached the city, the inhabitants and merchants and the sultan's representative came out to welcome us with drums, trumpets, bugles and standards [banners] on their ships. We entered the harbor in great pomp, the like of which I have never seen in those lands."” (Primary Source (from the Travels of Ibn Battuta, as recorded on https://www.indianoceanhistory.org/LessonPlan/MedievalEra.aspx) “In fact, the Chinese excursion [1405-1433] was but one episode in a longer history of the Indian Ocean, starting in about 650 with the expansion of the Islamic world and the establishment of the Tang dynasty in China and ending around 1750 with the British colonization of India on the eve of the Industrial Revolution. During those 1,100 years, the Indian Ocean arguably was the single most important crossroads of trade and generator of merchant wealth in the world…” (Secondary Source (from Robert Marks, the Origins of the Modern World, ed. 4)) Indian Ocean Region to 1500 An Overview Numerous cultures By 1500 increasing Islamic influence throughout But also Hinduism, Buddhism, other faiths Incredible assortment of goods traded Economic center of world for centuries Helps to inspire later European exploration Polycentric, largely peaceful space Lack of walled cities indicates peace No dominant empires Monsoon Winds Monsoon=seasonal rains and winds due to temperature differentials What is a monsoon? (youtube.com) Monsoon-associated winds created a ‘highway’ from East Africa to India (useful for trade from Arabian Peninsula as well) East Africa and Islam Lesson Objectives. After this subunit you will: Understand the history and importance of Swahili and East African culture, government, and trade Analyze the place of East Africa in the Indian Ocean world. Explain the origins and early development of Islam, including the origins and meaning of the Sunni-Shiite split Analyze the impact of Islam (as well as the Sunni-Shiite split) on subsequent world history East Africa (the Swahili Coast)—An Overview Market towns of Azania Bantu-speaking by 5th century CE By 1000 CE arrival and intermarriage of Arab traders Growth of ‘monsoon highway’ to India Dhows Exports=raw materials (ivory, later gold); imports=manufactures, luxuries Links as far as China Visit of al-Masudi in 916 By 1500 CE—Formation of Swahili culture and Swahili coastal city-states Primary Source Moroccan scholar al-Masudi (916 CE) as quoted in Shillington, History of Africa pg. 160 “The land of Zanj produces wild leopard skins. The people wear them as clothes, or export them to Muslim countries. They are the largest leopard skins and the most beautiful for making saddles…They also export tortoise-shell for making combs, for which ivory is likewise used…There are many wild elephants in this land but no tame ones. The Zanj do not use them for war or anything else, but only hunt and kill them for their ivory. It is from this country that come tusks weighing fifty pounds and more. They usually go to Oman, and from there are sent to China and India. This is the chief trade route … The Zanj have an elegant language and men who preach in it. One of their holy men will often gather a crowd and exhort his hearers to please God in their lives and to be obedient to him. He explains the punishments that follow upon disobedience, and reminds them of their ancestors and kings of old. These people have no religious law: their kings rule by custom and by political expediency.” The Formation of Swahili Culture Swahili from Arabic word sahil (‘coast’)-the people of the coast’ Kiswahili=Bantu language with Arabic additions (written in Arabic script) “Between the tenth and fourteenth centuries, the term ‘Swahili’ came to denote a distinctive coastal society that was Islamic in religion and culture, but primarily African in language and personnel. It was an urban coastal trading culture and economy…” (Shillington, 161) Formation of ~40 Swahili trading cities Muslim leader (sultan), predominately African townspeople (some Muslim, some not) Wealth through engagement in trade with India Kilwa as example par excellence Muhammed and the Formation of Islam 1 (Back-history) Comparatively dry, arid Importance of deserts Various cultural spheres Settled Bedouin Melting pot of religious influences Polytheism Zorastrianism Christianity Judaism Muhammed and the Formation of Islam 2 Prophet Muhammad (570-632) Member of Quraysh First revelations 610 (Night of Power and Excellence) Revelations continue last 22 years of life (Quran— “Recitation”) Mecca 610-622; criticism of Quraysh Forced move to Medina (hijira) 622 Many converts in Medina, raids on Meccan caravans, eventual return to Mecca Marriage to Khadija (only wife until after her death) Five Pillars of Faith Five Pillars of Faith Profession of faith (shahada) “I attest that there is only one God and Muhammad is his Prophet Prayer (Salat)-Five times a day. Friday noon prayer most important Almsgiving (zakat)—traditionally 2.5% of wealth and assets Fasting (Sawm)—Ramadan (month of Muhammad’s first revelations) Pilgrimage (Hajj)—to Mecca/Ka’ba, at least once in lifetime if able Other Important Components of Islam Umma (Ummah) Community “Humankind was one single Ummah. And God sent messengers with glad tidings and warnings; and with them He sent the Scriptures in truth, to judge between people in matters wherein they differed…” (Quran 2:213) Shari’ah Law Rights given to women The Gender Dichotomy: How Sharia Law in the Seventh Century Granted Women Legal Empowerment - Princeton Legal Journal Jihad (struggle) Both spiritual and martial Ulama (scholars) Abrahamic religion Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad are all prophets Quran (Koran) Kaaba Center of Hajj Sunni-Shiite Split 1 Following the Rightly-Guided Caliphs: The Umayyad (661-750 CE) and Abassid (750-1258 CE) Caliphates. Both are SUNNI caliphates. (not Shiite) Sunni-Shiite Split Importance of Ali ibn Abi Talib (cousin of Muhammad; married to Fatima, Muhammad’s only surviving child from marriage to Khadijah). Many thought Ali should have been first caliph Ali becomes fourth caliph 656. Murdered 661. Ali’s son Husayn killed 680 by Umayyads Event still remembered today Shiites believe that a descendant of Ali should be leader of Muslim community; leader must be a direct descendant of Muhammad But most believe that Ali/Muhammed’s line has ended For Sunni, also add–did not think leader needed to be blood relative of Muhammed The people of Iraq had sent numerous letters to al-Ḥusayn begging him to come to them. As a result, he left Mecca on the 10th of Dhul Ḥijjah. He had with him a large group of his family, including women and children. Yazīd wrote to ‘Ubaydallāh ibn Ziyād, his governor in Iraq, ordering him to intercept and militarily engage al-Ḥusayn. Yazīd sent 40,000 soldiers to Ibn Ziyād for this purpose; this army was commanded by ‘Umar ibn Sa‘d ibn Abī Waqqāṣ. Just as they did to his father before him, the people of Kufa betrayed al-Ḥusayn. When he realized that he was militarily outnumbered, al-Ḥusayn offered to return to Mecca or to go to Yazīd in Damascus. However, they refused his offers and insisted on killing him. He was then killed, beheaded, and his head placed in a basket which was brought to Ibn Ziyād. May God curse his killers, Ibn Ziyād, and Yazīd as well! He was killed at Karbala; the story of his death is a long one which the heart cannot bear to relate without immense sadness. Verily, we are from God and unto him we return! Sixteen of his family members were killed alongside him. When al-Ḥusayn was murdered, the world stood still for seven days and the stars collided with one another. He was killed on the Day of ‘Ashūra’ [10th of Muharram] and there was a lunar eclipse on that day and the horizon was a blood-red color for six months after that. The redness of the sky continued after that, even though such a thing had never been seen before. It was also said that not a single stone was overturned in Jerusalem on that day except that fresh blood was found beneath it. And the saffron that was in the army [of Ibn Ziyād] became ashes…and a man who had spoken an ill word against al-Ḥusayn was blinded when the Almighty cast two stars into his eyes to take away his sight. Islam and Trade Spread of Islam long associated with trade Early records of Muslim traders as far as China Close link between Islam, trade, and the Indian Ocean Arabian Peninsula Swahili Coast India Southeast Asia Muhammed is believed by Muslims to be_____________ 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: A prophet (messenger), B: God, C: Earthly king, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. Swahili culture refers broadly to the culture produced by the mixing of Islamic/Arab and ___________cultures 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: Bantu-speaking West African, B: Bantu-speaking East African, C: Arabic-speaking East African, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. Shiites (Shia) are Muslims who believe that the early leadership of Islam should have been left to _____________after Muhammed’s death. 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: Followers of Muhammed (Abu Bakr), B: Relatives of Muhammed (Ali), C: Women, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. The death of _____________rendered the Sunni-Shiite (Sh’ia) split a permanent one 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: al-Husayn (Ali's son), B: Hasan (Ali's son), C: Muhammed, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. The East Coast of Africa featured_______________from 1000 CE to 1500 CE 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: A single strong Swahili empire, B: Many coastal Swahili trading cities, C: Nomadic societies only, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. CER: What was the primary cause of the Sunni-Shi’a divide? 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Text Slide 🍐 To edit the type of question, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. Dhows The rich history of Zanzibar's dhows - Africa Geographic Kilwa Important Swahili Coast trading city Pre-eminent 14th/15th centuries By 14th/15 century arguably the most important Gold trade (Sofala) from states such as Great Zimbabwe Ibn Battuta--The East African Coast (1331) We stayed one night in this island and sailed on to the city of [Kilwa], a large city on the seacoast...The city of [Kilwa] is one of the finest and most substantially built towns; all the buildings are of wood and the houses are roofed with dis reeds... [Kilwa's] sultan...was called also by the appellation of Abdul-Mawahib, on account of the multitude of his gifts and acts of generosity...This sultan is a man of great humility; he sits with poor brethren, and eats with them, and greatly respects men of religion and noble descent. Great Zimbabwe and Motape Interior Kingdoms/states Access to gold mines Links with coast Why were Swahili Coast city-states such successful trade hubs? 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Text Slide 🍐 To edit the type of question, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. India in the Early Modern Indian Ocean World Lesson Objectives. After this unit you will be able to: Understand the role of Indian cultures and states in the Indian Ocean trade Be able to explain the origins and impact of Hinduism and Buddhism Be able to analyze the origins, politics, and administration of the Mughal Empire Early Civilizations of India Long history of civilization, kingdoms, empires Two examples below Harappan Civilization (2600-1900 BCE) Mauryan Dynasty Established by Chandragupta Maurya following death of Alexander the Great Spy system Ashoka Patronage of Buddhism Hinduism A collection of beliefs/ways of life Connections with ancient Vedic literature (~1200-600 BCE) Brahman—” Most Hindus believe in brahman, an uncreated, eternal, infinite, transcendent, and all-embracing principle.” (Britannica). Samsara=cycle of rebirth Karma=merit accumulated through good/bad deeds Moksha= enlightenment/release from cycle of samsara Dharma=Duty Numerous Hindu deities The Caste System As Hinduism developed, four varnas , subdivided into thousands of jatis (castes) Goal is to perform dharma (duty) appropriate for own position Takeaway: Indian society divided into different castes (prohibitions on intermarriage between, association between, etc.) Buddhism, A (Very Brief) Overview Siddhartha Gautama (‘the Buddha’)–northern India, 6th-5th century BCE) Leaves home shortly after birth of son to find truth Aged 35, 40 days of meditation under Bodhi Tree, reaches Enlightenment Four Noble Truths Accepts Hindu karma, rebirth; does not include brahman (and atman—the soul) Goal of nirvana (cessation of rebirth and therefore suffering) All life is suffering The cause of suffering is desire The way to stop suffering is to stop desire To remove desire, follow the Noble Eighthold Path 56 “Thus I have heard. Once the Lord was at Vārānasī, at the deer park called Isipatana. There he addressed the five monks: There are two ends not to be served by a wanderer. What are these two? The pursuit of desires and the pleasure which springs from desire, which is base, common, leading to rebirth, ignoble, and unprofitable; and the pursuit of pain and hardship, which is grievous, ignoble, and unprofitable. The Middle Way of the Tathāgata [the Buddha] avoids both these ends. It is enlightened, it brings clear vision, it makes for wisdom and leads to peace, insight, enlightenment, and Nirvāna. What is the Middle Way?...It is the Noble Eightfold Path–Right Views, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. This is the Middle Way… And this is the Noble Truth of Sorrow. Birth is sorrow, age is sorrow, disease is sorrow, death is sorrow; contact with the unpleasant is sorrow, separation from the pleasant is sorrow, every wish unfulfilled is sorrow–in short all the five components of individuality are sorrow. And this is the Noble Truth of the Arising of Sorrow. It arises from craving, which leads to rebirth, which brings delight and passion and seeks pleasure now here, now there–the craving for sensual pleasure, the craving for continued life, the craving for power. And this is the Noble Truth of the Stopping of Sorrow. It is the complete stopping of that craving, so that no passion remains, leaving it, being emancipated from it, being released from it, giving no place to it. And this is the Noble Truth of the Way which Leads to the Stopping of Sorrow. It is the Noble Eightfold Path–Right Views, Right Resolve, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. Mahayana/Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhism Key difference for our purposes is the Mahayana belief in bodhisattvas—individuals who have done everything they need to attain enlightenment but remain involved in human affairs to help humans Map to right shows distribution of Buddhist belief today (Note disappearance of Buddhism in India; Mahayana in East Asia; Theravada in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka; Tibetan Buddhism in Nepal, Tibet, Mongolia) “The bodhisattva is endowed with wisdom of a kind whereby he looks on all beings as though victims going to the slaughter. And immense compassion grips him. His divine eye sees…innumerable beings, and he is filled with great distress at what he sees, for many bear the burden of past deeds which will be punished in purgatory, others will have unfortunate rebirths which will divide them from the Buddha and his teachings, others must soon be slain, others are caught in the net of false doctrine, others cannot find the path [of salvation], while others have gained a favorable rebirth only to lose it again. So he pours out his love and compassion upon all those beings, and attends to them, thinking, “I shall become the savior of all beings, and set them free from their sufferings.” The Delhi Sultanate History of invasions by Muslim rulers to north Muhammad of Ghazni (17 invasions 1000-1026) Muhammad of Ghur from 1182 Delhi Sultanate From 1208 Starts with ‘Slave Dynasty’ Frequent ‘backs’ and ‘forths’ in treatment of Hindus For most of Sultanate did not extend to deep south 1398-1399 invasion by Timur (Tamerlane) Final dynasty is Lodis dynasty (1451-1526) Takeaway: from 1000 CE and especially from 1208, significant parts of north India (and sometimes south India) controlled by Muslim power) (FYI): That Tamerlane Guy Timur 1336-1405 Central Asian conqueor “On that day, Thursday and all of Friday, nearly 15,000 Turks were engaged in slaying, plundering, and destroying….The other booty was immense in rubies, diamonds, garnets, pearls and other gems; jewels of gold and silver…vessels of gold and silver; and brocades and silks of great value. Gold and silver ornaments of the Hindu women were obtained in such quantities as to exceed all accounts. Excepting the quarter of the saiyids, the ulama, and the other Musulmans, the whole city was sacked.” (D.R. SarDesai, India: The Definitive History (144)) Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1565) Hindu state in South India Center of trade (including Indian Ocean) Continuous competition with Bahmanī sultante(s) “Vijayanagar the city was a symbol of vast power and wealth. It was a royal ceremonial and administrative center and the nexus of trade routes. Foreign travelers and visitors were impressed by the variety and quality of commodities that reached the city, by the architectural grandeur of the palace complex and temples, and by the ceremonial significance of the annual Mahanavami celebrations, at which the Nayakas and other chiefs assembled to pay tribute. Vijayanagar was, to some extent, consciously represented by its sovereigns as the last bastion of Hinduism against the forces of Islam” (Britannica). On the destruction of Vijayanagar in 1565 by Bahmani kingdoms“The third day saw the beginning of the end….The enemy had come to destroy and they carrie out their object relentlessly. They slaughtered the people without mercy; broke down the temples and palaces; and wreaked such savage vengeance on the abode of the kings that, with the exception of a few great stone-built temples and walls, nothing more remains but a heap of ruins to mark the spot where once the stately buildings stood….With fire and sword, with crowbars and axes, they carried on day after day their work of destruction. Never perhaps in the history of the world has such havoc been wrought and wrought so suddenly, on so splendid a city, teeming with a wealthy and industrious population in the full plentitude of prosperity one day, and on the next seized, pillaged, and reduced to ruins, amid scenes of savage massacre and horror beggaring description.” Mughal Empire, an Overview Latest in series of Muslim states ruling over (parts of) India 16th/17th century pinnacle; 18th/19th century decline Babur (descended via father from Timur, via mother from Genghis Khan). Conquers Delhi 1526. Succeeded by Humayun-loses (1540) and recovers Delhi in 1555 Akbar (r. 1556-1605)—expansion, ‘tolerance,’ culture Aurangzeb (r. 1658-1707)—social reforms, orthodoxy, civil unrest by end of reign Significant trade hub Growing European influence and the Battle of Plassey (1757） Babur (founder of dynasty; Central Asian roots) Conquers Delhi in 1526, establishes Mughal Empire in India Akbar (r. 1556-1605) Expansion of empire Religious tolerance Administrative reforms Hindu (lower-ranking) officials) 1579 abolishes jizya (poll tax paid by non-Muslims) Mansabdar system The Ibadat Khana and the Din-i Ilahi Ibadat Khana–Academy (open discussion of religion) Din-i Ilahi (new syncretic religion of Akbar) Akbar describing the purpose of the Ibadat Khana “I perceive that there are varying customs and beliefs of varying religious paths...But the followers of each religion regard the institution of their own religion as better than those of any other...wherefore I desire on appointed days the books of all the religious laws be brought forward, and the scholars meet and hold discussion, so that I may hear from them, and that each one may determine which is the truest and mightiest religion.” CER Use the primary source to argue one reason that made Akbar a great leader. 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Text Slide 🍐 To edit the type of question, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. Mansabdari System Salaried Mughal officials Office not automatically inheritable Aurangzeb ( r. 1658-1707 ;b.1618) and Mughal Decline Wins bloody succession struggle 1658 Military campaigns and expansion Heavy taxes and financial difficulties Principled rule? Ban of sati (widow immolation), eunuch castration, illegal taxes Turn towards conservative Islamic policies Restoration of the poll tax for Hindus 1679 Relatively anti-Hindu outlook, esp. following 1680 Baktha’war Khan, an adviser to Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor from 1658 – 1707. “...Hindus have been entirely excluded from holding public offices, and all the worshiping places of the infidels [Hindus] and the great temples of these infamous people have been thrown down and destroyed in a manner which excites astonishment at the successful completion of so difficult a task.. Taj Mahal–built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan to commemorate wife Mumtaz Mahal (Arjumand Banu 1593-1631) Mughal India: Art, Culture and Empire - Curator's Introduction The Mughals and World Trade Hub of world trade World leader in textile production Increasing deals with (and influence of Europeans) on the coast from 1500 China in the Indian Ocean Trade: The Early Ming Lesson Objectives–After this subunit you will be able to: Explain the Dynastic Cycle and the Mandate of Heaven Compare and contrast Legalism and Confucianism Explain the founding of the Ming dynasty Analyze the place of the early Ming in the Indian Ocean, as well as the effects of the Ming withdrawal from the Indian Ocean Overview, China and the Indian Ocean Long history of trade from China to the Indian Ocean region Official contacts peak in the early Ming dynasty Voyages of Zheng He But a ‘retreat’ from Indian Ocean following 1420s/1430s Chinese Antiquity, an Overview 1 Yellow River roots Yellow River as cradle of Chinese civilization Early writing Oracle Bones>Chinese Calligraphy Before 1000 BCE Chinese Antiquity, an Overview Early kingdoms>eventual empire Qin Shi Huang and Qin Empire 221 BCE Han Empire 206 BCE Ideologies and Concepts Confucianism Legalism The Mandate of Heaven Dynastic cycle The Yellow River“China’s Sorrow” (and Birthplace) Chinese Writing: Oracle Bones> Calligraphy Early Kingdoms>Eventual Empire Mythical early politics Zhou Kingdom （1046-256 BCE) Eventually warring states The Qin—First Empire of China Qin Shi Huang Unification Standardization Legalism Eccentricism Overthrow by Liu Bang (Han Dynasty) Deeper Dive Yellow River and Early Chinese Civilization: https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/huang-he-valley/ Chinese Writing https://asia-archive.si.edu/learn/chinas-calligraphic-arts/ Early Kingdoms>Empire https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/qin-shi-huangdi Confucianism http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/at/conf_tradition/tct01.html Legalism http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/special/china_1000bce_legalism.htm#:~:text=They%20devised%20elaborate%20means%20for,fight%20hard%20on%20the%20battlefields. Ideologies and Concepts 1: Confucianism Confucius (551-479 BCE) Warring States Period Philosopher Importance of Relationships, Practical Solutions for (Harmonious) Life General lack of explanation for afterlife Confucianism (later philosophy centering on developing/understanding Confucius’ thought) Importance of right relationships Filial piety, humaneness, ritual ‘Goodness’ General emphasis on education, scholars Leads to later examination system Primary Source: Confucian Analects: On Government, (497 BC) The Master said, “Lead them by means of regulations and keep order among them through punishments, and the people will evade them and will lack any sense of shame.1 Lead them through moral force (de) and keep order among them through rites (li), and they will have a sense of shame and will also correct themselves.” Duke Jing of Qi asked Confucius about government. Confucius replied, “Let the ruler be a ruler; the minister, a minister; the father, a father; the son, a son.” “Excellent,” said the duke. “Truly, if the ruler is not a ruler, the subject is not a subject, the father is not a father, and the son is not a son, though I have grain, will I get to eat it?” Ideologies and Concepts 2: Legalism Achieving a disciplined society requires harsh measures Importance of law, legal codes Heavy emphasis on discipline, punishment Han Fei (d. 233 BCE) Use by Qin Shi Huang Selections from the Han Feizi: Chapter 49, “The Five Vermin” “Humaneness may make one shed tears and be reluctant to apply penalties, but law makes it clear that such penalties must be applied. The ancient kings allowed law to be supreme and did not give in to their tearful longings. Hence it is obvious that humaneness cannot be used to achieve order in the state....” “Hardly ten men of true integrity and good faith can be found today, and yet the offices of the state number in the hundreds. If they must be filled by men of integrity and good faith, then there will never be enough men to go around; and if the offices are left unfilled, then those whose business it is to govern will dwindle in numbers while disorderly men increase. Therefore the way of the enlightened ruler is to unify the laws instead of seeking for wise men, to lay down firm policies instead of longing for men of good faith. Hence his laws never fail him, and there is no felony or deceit among his officials....” CER: Which philosophy (Legalism or Confucianism) do you most agree with as a philosophy through which to rule a kingdom? Why? Ideologies and Concepts 3—The Mandate of Heaven Meaning: A ruler rules through the will of heaven; under a good ruler the kingdom (empire) will flourish; under a bad ruler the kingdom (empire) will decline Connection to dynastic cycle Dynastic cycle= cycle of dynasty creation, time of good rule and prosperity, eventual bad rule and decline, overthrow The Shu Jing (The Classic of History) (6th Cent. BCE) "Oh! of old the former kings of Xia cultivated earnestly their virtue, and then there were no calamities from Heaven. The spirits of the hills and rivers alike were all in tranquility; and the birds and beasts, the fishes and tortoises, all enjoyed their existence according to their nature. But their descendant did not follow their example, and great Heaven sent down calamities, Our king of Shang brilliantly displayed his sagely prowess; for oppression he substituted his generous gentleness; and the millions of the people gave him their hearts. Now your Majesty is entering on the inheritance of his virtue; -- all depends on how you commence your reign. To set up love, it is for you to love your relations; to setup respect, it is for you to respect your elders. The commencement is in the family and the state.... The Yuan Dynasty Mongol rule Dadu (Beijing) First time Beijing served as capital Overthrown 1368 Zhu Yuanzhang (Hongwu Emperor)—born a peasant Zhu successfully overthrows Yuan, establishes the Ming (1368-1644) Which Chinese philosophy would most likely be associated with the below text? Lead them through moral force (de) and keep order among them through rites (li), and they will have a sense of shame and will also correct themselves 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: Confucianism, B: Legalism, C: The Mandate of Heaven, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. Times are good in China. The ruler is good. The people are prosperous. Harvests are good. The ruler_____________ 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: Has lost the Mandate of Heaven, B: Has the Mandate of Heaven, C: Has the Approval of God, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. The Ming dynasty started with great leaders and prosperity. After 200+ years it had bad leaders, bad harvests, and famines. According to the concept of the dynastic cycle, what would likely occur next? 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: A good Ming emperor would take over and restore the dynasty to greatness, B: A leader from outside the Ming would defeat the Ming and start a new dynasty, C: The Mongols would invade and conquer China, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. Per our class discussions, the below statement would most likely be associated with which philosophy? 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: Confucianism, B: Daoism, C: Legalism, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. The ________dynasty in China was led by Mongol emperors 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: Qin, B: Ming, C: Yuan, D: Qing, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. The Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 China’s last long-term dynasty with ethnically Han emperors The Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang r. 1368-1398) Establishes Ming dynasty Capital in Nanjing Reinstitutes examination system Relatively anti-eunuch Mix of Legalist and Confucianist principles (but on whole can associate with legalism) The Great Ming Code Harsh punishments (associate with legalism) Hu Weiyong—prime minister executed along with 30,000 others Increasing purges following seal controversy (1000 executed in controversy) During the final years of the Yuan dynasty, there were many ambitious men competing for power who did not treasure their sons and daughters but prized jade and silk, coveted fine horses and beautiful clothes, relished drunken singing and unrestrained pleasure, and enjoyed separating people from their parents, wives, and children... ...I did not dare to do these evil things....In order to protect my reputation and to preserve my life, I have done away with music, beautiful girls, and valuable objects. Those who love such things are usually “a success in the morning, a failure in the evening.” (The Hongwu emperor) The Great Wall Examination and Mandarin System Government officials (Mandarins) chosen through merit-based tests Tests based in Confucian classics Path for social mobility and encourages education Three levels—shengyuan (Bachelors); juren (Masters); jinshi (PhD) A Description of the Empire of China, Jean Baptiste du Halde (1738) The great and only road to riches, honour, and employments is the study of the jing (the classical Chinese philosophers), History, the laws, and morality, and to learn to do what they call wen-chang, that is to write in a polite manner, in terms well chosen and suitable to the subject. By this means they become [Mandarins], having passed the third level of examinations. Soon after they are sure to have a government post. Even those who return to their provinces to wait for posts are in great [favor] with the mandarin of the palace; they protect their families against all [problems] and enjoy a great many privileges. But as nothing like this is to be hoped for by those who apply themselves to the speculative sciences, and the study of them is not the road to honor and riches, it is no wonder that these sorts of science should be neglected by the Chinese. Secondary Source: Ichisada Miyazaki, China’s Examination Hell (46). Below on the provincial (juren) examination “Hauntings by Ghosts. A man who became ill or suffered an unexpected mishap in the examination compound fell into extreme disgrace…for–according to the concepts of religious Taoism widely accepted on all levels of Chinese society–...he who committed an evil deed would be sure to suffer for it. The most suitable place for such retribution, of course, was the examination compound. The most dangerous vice for a scholar was “licentiousness,” by which was meant not a craze for dancing girls and the like, but the ruination of a respectable woman. Candidates guilty of this offense would fail at the crucial moment, no matter how bright they usually were. There is, for instance, the story of a candidate who suddenly went mad in the compound and began yelling, “Forgive me! Forgive me!” On his answer sheet not a single character had been brushed, only the picture of a girl’s shoes, because he had been tormented and driven insane by the ghost of a young maid who had [died] after he had seduced her.” Yongle Emperor (r. 1402-1424) Forced to seize power from nephew Consolidation of Hongwu achievements Forbidden City construction Trade and foreign policy-oriented Zheng He voyages—tribute/trade Tribute system—tribute, kowtow to emperor; goods, wealth to tributaries Largely symbolic ‘rule’ Great Wall construction Pro-eunuch Government purges decrease following Forbidden City fire Gradual move from Legalism to Confucianism The Forbidden City Eunuch Officials Castrated male officials Servants, officials for emperor in inner quarters Castration ensured purity of imperial line (that the imperial princes were in fact the son of the emperor) Two thousand+ year history in China Also elsewhere—Persia, the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire In Italy as soprano singers Ming greatly increases their use Later in dynasty eunuchs dominate politics Zheng He’s Voyages– Tribute/Trade Zheng He (Muslim eunuch naval commander) Treasure junks Seven voyages– The ‘Heyday of China in the Indian Ocean’ Voyages to trade, show prestige of the Ming Interactive map: Zheng He | Biography, Facts, & Significance | Britannica Early Ming v. Mid-Late Ming Foreign Policy System Early Ming Zheng He’s treasure fleet voyages Tribute system Expanded by Hongwu Emperor Tribute system=neighboring states send ambassadors to Beijing, kowtow (bow) to emperor, promise loyalty; emperor (often) promises protection, allows trade China as Middle Kingdom On the whole, an open foreign policy Mid-late Ming Reversal of early Ming openness No more voyages of exploration/trade though tribute system continues Mongol concerns and Great Wall construction Relatively closed though trade continues (no more Indian Ocean treasure fleets) Later Ming (1424-1644) Continues to be center of trade and world economy Silver-based economy coincides with Spanish discovery of silver in Americas, leads to first global economic system But increasing problems with leadership Turns back on expansive trade/exploration policy of Zhenghe ‘Hidden’ emperors and eunuch control, corruption Wanli emperor as case study Wei Zhongxian corruption End of Ming (early 1600s-1644) Bad leadership Crop failures (‘little ice age’ Rebellions Rise of the Manchus (Qing) Renaissance and Reformation Honors World History 2024 Learning Goals. After this unit you will: -Understand the history and course of the Renaissance (both Italian and Northern) and the Reformations -Be able to explain the importance of the Renaissance and Reformations to European history -Be able to analyze the importance of the Renaissance and Reformations to 14th-17th century world history Do you think humans have free will? 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: Yes, B: In some ways, C: No, D: Unsure, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. Renaissance Overview ~1350-~1600 First Italy, then spreads north “Rebirth” Inspired by Rome/Greece Shift from religion-centered thought/art to human-oriented thought and art Humanist/Humanism What does it mean to be human? The End of Roman Central Control and Medieval Politics (Middle Ages 1) End of Western Rome traditionally dated 476 CE Rise of ‘Barbarian kingdoms’ Ongoing Christianization of Europe Early-Mid Middle Ages Feudal society–agrarian (rural-based) Manor system Need for defense of manors—knights Eventual rise of cities The Middle Ages2 Happy to Serf You (I.e. Feudalism) Partial loss of (Roman) government, culture, knowledge, urban culture Feudal society and economy Manor system Many peasants as serfs Heavily agrarian Decentralized economy Begins to change after 1000 CE Art centered on religious themes The Middle Ages 3: Europe as (mostly) Catholic (Religion in Medieval Europe) Dominant form of Christianity in Western/Central Europe throughout Middle Ages Eastern Europe Great Schism 1054 Belief in Jesus Christ as (son of) God One God three persons Leadership by pope (Rome) Catholic Church leader of intellectual life But education primarily oriented towards religious/monastic life (priests/monks, etc.) Dominance of society facilitates power issues, corruption The Middle Ages 4: Medieval Artwork Concern with Christian (Catholic) themes Church art Often flat, two dimensional in appearance ‘Loss’ of themes of antiquity (Ancient Greece/Rome) Examples: Reduced emphasis on the human No more nude sculpture The Middle Ages 5: Writing and Reading Latin dominant written language Importance of Catholic church and religious life to writing/reading Loss of human-centered themes of antiquity (Rome/Greece) Very few books Books have to be hand-copied (often by monk scribes) The Art of the Book in the Middle Ages | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History (metmuseum.org) Crossing into the Renaissance 1: The Crusades, the Silk Roads (cross-Eurasian trade), and Other Long Distance Connections Most of Europe was__________during the Medieval Era (Middle Ages) 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: Catholic, B: Jewish, C: Muslim, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. Feudalism in Europe during the Medieval Era refers in part to a population that lived mostly in the ___________ 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: Countryside, B: Cities, C: German Republic, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. Most people who could write in Medieval Europe wrote in _____________ 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: French, B: Latin, C: Greek, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. The word Renaissance means___________ 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: Rebirth, B: Money, C: Education, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. The Catholic Church is/was led by the_________ 🍐 This is a Pear Deck Multiple Choice Slide. Your current options are: A: Sultan, B: Priest, C: Pope, 🍐 To edit the type of question or choices, go back to the "Ask Students a Question" in the Pear Deck sidebar. Crossing into the Renaissance 2: The Bubonic Plague (The Black Death) Multiple outbreaks in (European) history Most famous is 1347 outbreak Arrives from Central Asia (tied to Mongol conquests?) Kills up to 1/3 of population Some have argued helps to lead to Renaissance People decide to enjoy life after so much death? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MYnMXEcHI7U Crossing into the Renaissance 3: Italian City-states ~1351–Ready for the Renaissance Urban Centers Wealthy Long distance trade connections Catholic Roman heritage Affected by Black Death Italian Renaissance Italy as center of Renaissance (rebirth (Silk Roads) trade and commerce leads to urbanization, merchant power Ottoman conquest and flight from Byzantine Empire; Greek knowledge spreads to Italy 14th century –largely independent city-states Roman heritage Renaissance as Rebirth: Classical Greece and Rome High antiquity Human-centered philosophy Esp. as seen in Plato, etc. Ideals of citizenship Pursuit of truth, beauty Art and sculpture Civic Humanism:The Heart of the Renaissance Recovery of knowledge of (Greek/Roman) past Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374) Focus on humanities (rhetoric, poetry, history, grammar) and art/sculpture Public-focus Civic Humanism=the attempt to improve society and the human condition through a Rome/Greece inspired (re)focus on study of what it means to be human Florence— ‘Center of the Renaissance’ Center of Trade Guild control 1300s Medici Rule from 1434 Cosimo de Medici Republic> Medici Rule The Medicis https://docs.google.com/document/d/1Xx6urat2rfesCH5R_-kJYPdo609DNXUsP-7QKhzb6DQ/edit Florence: the Unexpected Frequent punishments for ‘sodomy’ allow insight into ‘homosexuality’ in Renaissance Florence Widespread, but thought of differently than today High numbers of cases prosecuted Office of the night Potential death penalty “Rocke has gone through all the surviving records of a magistracy set up in Florence in the 15th century exclusively to deal with cases of sodomy. The unique court of six respectable citizens (several of whom were to be incriminated themselves), all over 45, elected annually, seemed to have been partly window-dressing, as Florence had a reputation abroad as the capital of the sodomites and partly as a means to collect fines. Or call it a tax on sodomy. This court was called the Office of the Night, and in a city of about 40,000 people, Rocke estimates that as many as 17,000 were incriminated at least once, but only 60 were condemned to prison, exile or death.” The Bonfire of the Vanities and the Fall of the Medicis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iw_4mEZMdoM Rome: A New Center of the Renaissance Women in the Italian Renaissance “…the role of some women during the Italian Renaissance seems to have developed and grown, but this was predominantly in elite groups where women were granted more opportunities thanks to their humanistic education. For many common women, their lives retained a more traditional and medieval look, without much improvement in their rights.” (Anisia Iacob, The Collector) Exception: Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1652/53) Art of the Italian Renaissance Combination of Greek/Roman and Christian themes On the whole quite human-centric compared to the art of the Middle Ages Realism 3-D Vanishing point Compare to ‘flat’ art of the Middle Ages Art as part of civic humanism and Renaissance project Leonardo Da Vinci as example Donatello (1386-1466) Master of sculpture First David (left) was first “free-standing nude executed since antiquity [ancient times].” Leonardo da Vinci—The Last Supper (b. 1452) Leonardo Da Vinci (b. 1452) Renaissance man (interested in many subjects, including painting, anatomy, military, engineering) Many patrons But I like to work slowly and at my own pace! Leonardo da Vinci (The Last Supper) Leonardo da Vinci (Invention/Engineering/Military)Credit to Boston Museum of Science Michelangelo b. 1475 Also a Renaissance man (poet, architect, sculptor, painter) Most famous works include Sistine Chapel paintings and David and Pieta sculptures Michelangelo, David Michelangelo, The Sistine Chapel Old Michelangelo Young Michelangelo Raphael 1483-1520 Raphael, The School of Athens How does the artwork of Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Rafael represent the Renaissance and its art? Alexander VI and Cesare Borgia Cesare Borgia (1475/76-1507)—natural son of Pope Alexander VI Attempts to establish strong state in central Italy Admired by Machiavelli Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) 1498 government official in Florence Attracted to cause of Cesare Borgia (son of pope, wanted to establish own central Italy state) Writings are about how to maintain strong government for common good; but suggests can use bad tactics to achieve this Machiavelli—The Prince Concerning Cruelty And Clemency, And Whether It Is Better To Be Loved Than Feared Upon this a question arises: whether it be better to be loved than feared or feared than loved? It may be answered that one should wish to be both, but, because it is difficult to unite them in one person, is much safer to be feared than loved, when, of the two, either must be dispensed with. Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will offer you their blood, property, life and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you. The Northern Renaissance–The Everyday The Northern Renaissance—A Summary The Renaissance spreads to Northern Europe Occurs later than Italian Renaissance (~1450-early 1600s) Inspired by Italian Renaissance Importance of trade, cities Similar to Italian Renaissance and draws from it Flanders Continued humanism Especially notable for the ‘everyday’ Printing press Use of vernacular in writing =language of the common people (French, English rather than Latin) Flemish Painters Flanders— center of trade and urbanism Humanist influence Secular, everyday themes Flemish Painters–Jan van Eyck (before 1395-1441) -Religious themes -Realism, oil paint techniques Flemish Painters–Pieter Bruegel(peasant life, everyday life) Christine de Pisan (1364-1430) French poet/author Married at 15; widowed 10 years later Concentrates on literary output Works on everything from romance to defense of women Christine de Pisan (1364-d. c. 1430; French poet, writer; The Book of the City of Ladies) Pizán, Cristina de, La Ciudad de las Damas, text and trans. by Marie-José Lemarchand, Madrid, Siruela, 1995. Being in this state of mind, a certain strange tract fell into my hands, which was not mine but rather one that someone had lent to me. I opened it then and saw that it had as a title The Lamentations of Mateolo. It made me smile, because, although I had not read it, I knew that this book was famous for discussing respect towards women. I thought that leafing through its pages might amuse me a little… Although this book has no authority at all, its reading left me, however, perturbed and sunk in a profound perplexity. I asked myself what the reasons could be that lead so many men, clergymen and laymen, to vituperate [speak critically] against women, criticising them whether it be in the spoken word or in writings and treatises. It is not that it is a question of one man or two... On the contrary, philosophers, poets, moralists, all–and the list would be too long- seem to speak with the same voice in order to arrive at the conclusion that woman, bad in essence and nature, always leans towards vice. But, whichever way I looked at it, consuming the ideas like someone peeling back a piece of fruit, I was not able to understand nor admit as well founded the judgement of men on the nature and conduct of women. The Printing Press Johannes Gutenberg 1456 Bible using moveable metal type. Revolutionary—prior to printing press only few thousand books in Europe 1500—15-20 million published Following century—150,000,000- 200,000,000 books Summary: Revolutionizes reading and writing by allowing many more books to be made Northern Renaissance Humanists–Erasmus(Dutch scholar, foremost scholar of Northern Renaissance critic of church) “Kings make war, priests strive to line their pockets, theologians invent syllogisms, monks roam outside their cloisters, the commons riot, and Erasmus writes colloquies.” (Erasmus, Colloquies, from Coffin et al. 393) Northern Renaissance Writers–Shakespeare(poet, playwright, champion of the vernacular) 0001 Two households, both alike in dignity 0002 (In fair Verona, where we lay our scene), 0003 From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, 0004 Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. 0005 5 From forth the fatal loins of these two foes 0006 A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life; 0007 Whose misadventured piteous overthrows 0008 Doth with their death bury their parents’ strife. 0009 The fearful passage of their death-marked love 0010 10 And the continuance of their parents’ rage, 0011 Which, but their children’s end, naught could remove, 0012 Is now the two hours’ traffic of our stage; 0013 The which, if you with patient ears attend, 0014 What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend. The Reformations, A Summary 1 Protestant Reformations (or Reformations)=Division within Christianity in Europe Before Reformations most European Christians were Catholic So the Reformations represent series of breaks within Catholic Church What was seen as wrong with the Catholic Church Corruption Controversy Sale of indulgences Martin Luther Only Faith Only Scripture The Reformations, A Summary 1 Further breaks John Calvin and Calvinism Predestination Church of England Henry VIII and Queen Elizabeth I Catholic Counter Reformation Council of Trent (1545-1563) End result—Europe now features many different forms of Christianity Religious war/violence Criticisms of the Catholic Church 1 (Background) Western/Central Europe largely Catholic Eastern European Greek Orthodox following Great Schism Church hierarchy Papacy (pope) Church as religious and political institution Criticisms of the Catholic Church 2 Renaissance popes Pope Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503)—bribery, use of money to support campaigns of illegitimate son Julius II (1503-13)—wars Leo x—member of Medici family, “self-indulgent aesthete” (Coffin et al.) Sale of Indulgences Hierarchical institution So criticisms/issues included corruption, hierarchy, and sale of indulgences Martin Luther (1483-1546) and the Break with the Church Early adult life—monk and doctor 1517 95 Theses Challenges sale of indulgences 1519 Leipzig States popes/clergy fallible Charged with heresy by Pope Leo X Martin Luther (1483-1546) and the Break with the Church 2 1520 three conclusions Only faith (Sola Fide)--you only need faith to get to heaven Only Scipture (Sola Scriptura)-- only need Bible to understand God “priesthood of all believers”--Christians are equal Papal bull (order) 1521 Excommunicated by Church Diet of Worms and Proclaimed an outlaw But protected by Frederick of Saxony (“Frederick the Wise”) Lutheranism spreads Printing press vitally important to spread of Lutheranism Excerpts from Luther's 95 Theses (1517) 33. Men must be on their guard against those who say that the pope's pardons are that inestimable gift of God by which man is reconciled to Him; 36. Every truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without letters of pardon. 43. Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better work than buying pardons; 47. Christians are to be taught that the buying of pardons is a matter of free will, and not of commandment. 62. The true treasure of the Church is the Most Holy Gospel of the glory and the grace of God. 66. The treasures of the indulgences are nets with which they now fish for the riches of men. 67. The indulgences which the preachers cry as the "greatest graces" are known to be truly such, in so far as they promote gain. 75. To think the papal pardons so great that they could absolve a man even if he had committed an impossible sin and violated the Mother of God -- this is madness. 76. We say, on the contrary, that the papal pardons are not able to remove the very least of venial sins, so far as its guilt is concerned. Primary Source Luther, On Christian Liberty (1520) From this anyone can clearly see how a Christian is free from all things and over all things so that he needs no works to make him righteous and save him, since faith alone abundantly confers all these things. Should he grow so foolish, however, as to presume to become righteous, free, saved, and a Christian by means of some good work, he would instantly lose faith and all its benefits, a foolishness aptly illustrated in the fable of the dog who runs along a stream with a piece of meat in his mouth and, deceived by the reflection of the meat in the water, opens his mouth to snap at it and so loses both the meat and the reflection. Luther, Refusing to Recant (‘Take it back’) Martin Luther Diet of Worms 1521 “Unless I am refuted [proven wrong] and convicted [found guilty] by testimonies of the Scriptures or by clear arguments (since I believe neither the Pope nor the Councils alone; it being evident that they have often erred and contradicted themselves), I am conquered by the Holy Scriptures quoted by me, and my conscience is bound in the word of God: I cannot and will not recant anything, since it is unsafe and dangerous to do anything against the conscience.” Empire of Charles V (orange territories) John Calvin/Calvinism Calvin--1509-1564 Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) Foremost Protestant theologian (scholar of religion) Much more active form of Christianity than Luther’s—work for God’s glory John Calvin/Calvinism Predestination (God is so absolutely sovereign/powerful that God had predestined some people to be saved (the elect) and others to be damned (the reprobate)) Calvinism spreads from Geneva (establishes theocracy) to France, Netherlands, Scotland, central/eastern Europe (includes Puritans) Henry VIII and the Church of England (Anglicanism) King Henry VIII-(r. 1509-1547)—wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn Pope unwilling to give annulment, archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer rules marriage void 1533 1534 Act of Supremacy (Parliament)-king “the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England” Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Following short reigns of brother Edward VI and sister Mary I, Elizabeth I (daughter of Anne Boleyn) becomes queen 1558) “Elizabethan settlement”—moderate in terms of religion, combination of Catholic/Protestant interpretations Religious tolerance Long reign (one of greatest in English history), war with Spain, leads gradually to association of England with Protestantism (but Catholicism also survives in England) Defeat of Spanish Armada Cultural flowering Spread of Protestantism Queen Elizabeth The queen's majesty understanding that there be certain persons having in times past the office of ministry in the Church, which now do purpose to use their former office in preaching and ministry, and partly have attempted the same, assembling specially in the city of London a great number of people, [creating] among the common sort.. unfruitful dispute in matters of religion, but also contention and occasion to break common quiet, Therefore all her subjects, as well those that be called to ministry in the Church as all others, that they [are forbidden] to preach, or teach, or to give audience to any manner of doctrine or preaching other than to the Gospels and Epistles. A Century of Powerful Women? Multiple female rulers or regents in 16th century Europe Mary (England) Elizabeth (England) Mary Queen of Scots Catherine de Medici Exception or something else? Catholic Reformation/Counter-reformation Attempts by Catholic Church to reform in response to the Protestant Reformation One signature ‘reform’ is the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) Council of Trent (1545-1563) Upholds traditional Catholic teachings: Scripture/Tradition as equal authorities; Church interprets scripture. Good works and faith necessary. Purgatory exists. Transubstantiation, Invocation of Saints upheld. BUT Selling of indulgences banned. Summary: Most Catholic beliefs upheld but sale of indulgences banned Council of Trent “DECREE CONCERNING THE EDITION, AND THE USE, OF THE SACRED BOOKS Moreover, the same sacred and holy Synod*, --considering that no small utility may accrue to the Church of God, if it be made known which out of all the Latin editions, now in circulation, of the sacred books, is to be held as authentic… Furthermore, in order to restrain petulant spirits, It decrees, that no one, relying on his own skill, shall, --in matters of faith, and of morals pertaining to the [understanding] of Christian doctrine, --wresting the sacred Scripture to his own senses, presume to interpret the said sacred Scripture contrary to that sense which holy mother Church, --whose it is to judge of the true sense and interpretation of the holy Scriptures...” Early Modern Eurasian Empires Honors World History 2024 Ottoman Empire: An Overview 1 1300-1922 Based in Anatolia (Turkey) Central Asian roots Major world empire: controlled parts of Middle East, North Africa, Eastern Europe Ethnically Turkic Ottoman Empire: An Overview 2 Emperors called sultans Followed Islam Ethnically diverse empires Christians Jewish Communities Muslims Military Might Janissaries Central Asian Origins Summary: Turkic-speaking people spread across Eurasia ~1000 CE (and before/after), including to Anatolia (the Ottomans) Political History to 1453 Osman (~1300 CE) Wars with Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire) Disaster at end of 14th century (Tamerlane) Early 15th Century Recovery (more lands) 1453–A Year to Remember Conquest of Constantinople under Mehmed II Use of gunpowder Fall of Byzantine Empire Istanbul Hagia Sophia CER Info Built as Christian Church by Byzantine (Eastern Roman) emperor Justinian I 532-537 CE Following Ottoman conquest 1453, made into a mosque Converted into museum 1935 by modern government of Turkey (Ataturk) President Erdogan converts back into mosque 2020 Ottoman Political History to 1700 Continued expansion following 1453 War against Safavids early 1500s Conquest of Egypt 1516-1517 Title of caliph Battle of Lepanto 1571 Ottoman naval defeat Esp. 18th century losses Creators of the modern world? Block Europeans from trade with Asia Force Europeans to seek another route Columbus, etc. Arguably most powerful empire in world into 1600s Devshirme Devshirme (the collecting) =the collection of non-Muslim (often Christian) boys by the Ottoman Empire. The boys were made slaves, converted to Islam, and then put into either the Ottoman military (where they were called Janissaries) or made into government officials. Janissaries Crack Ottoman troops, possibly best in world 1400s-1600s Sultans ‘own’ troops Enslaved through devshirme and thus in theory loyal to sultan only End comes in 1826 with ‘Auspicious Incident’ “...recruits are divided into two classes. Those who compose the first one, are sent to Anatolia, where they are trained in agricultural labor, and instructed in the [Muslim] faith;... The [second class], in whom traces of a higher character are discernible, are placed in one of the four [palace schools]... Teachers come every morning, who remain with them until evening, and teach them to read and write. Those [in the first group] who have performed hard labor are made Janissaries. Those [in the second group] who are educated in the [palace schools] become [government officials] or higher officers of state.” “A man cannot rise to high rank just because he comes of a great family…. When Sultan appointed a man to any post he neither attached any importance to his wealth, nor listened to any empty entreaties. He looked only for capability, character, innate ability and talent; in this way everyone is rewarded according to his own capability and talent. In every post there is a man who can do his work thoroughly. In Turkey everyone is the creator and patron of his position and his reward… The Turks do not believe that talent and capability can be inherited in any way…Dishonest; lazy and inactive men can never rise to high rank, but always remain in an insignificant, low position. The secret of why the Turks have succeeded in every attempt they have made and have become a ruling race that increases their boundaries every day is Decker - Honors World History – The Renaissance and the Reformations 5 simply this” The Jizya Jizya= The jizya was a tax paid by non-Muslims who lived in the Ottoman empire to the empire. In return, the non-Muslims did not have to convert to Islam. every one in the [Christian and Jewish] communities that pays the jizya [tax] to me, should live in tranquility and peace... No one should hurt these people or their belongings, in violation of the command of God and... the Holy Law of the Prophet [Muhammad]. Millet system Millet ‘system’=’system’ of allowing non-Muslims a level of self-government “No man was persecuted for his religion in sixteenth century Turkey, when all over Europe – not only in Spain – inquisitions were at work and the skies were reddened by the glare of the pyres [fires] in which thousands of unbelievers perished. In matters of personal hygiene, there was no question where the superiority lay: cleanliness in Constantinople was reckoned an integral part of godliness, and the Turks jeered unmercifully at their western European contemporaries who did not wash their bodies all over more than twice between birth and death” Selim I (r. 1512-1520) Not favored son, has to fight for power, eliminate father, brothers ‘Selim the Grim’ Conquest of Egypt Muslim majority empire Title of Caliph Wars with Safavids 1514 Battle of Chaldiran Süleyman I (r. 1520-1566) Only son of Selim I Famous for conquests/battles, including Eastern Europe (Hungary) and against Safavids Married to Roxelana (Hurrem) Also established dominant Ottoman navy Roxelana (1505-1558) and Women in the Ottoman Empire Women have legal rights, but still in patriarchal society Roxelana info (not ‘model’ woman): Originally from Poland/Ukraine Enslaved, becomes consort of Suleyman Marries Suleyman (breaking precedent) Example of sultanate of women Correspondence with Polish king Coffee and the Ottoman Empire 1 Ottoman Empire plays critical role in spread of coffee culture Some of first coffeehouses (cafe) Seen as subversive, attempts to ban The Safavids in Brief Iranian based Shi’a rule Shah Ismail founds dynasty ~ 1501 Shah Abbas I (r. 1587-1629)—dynasty reaches perhaps height of centralization, power Use of Ottoman-like ghulam (slave soldier) and administrative institutions (centralization) 17th century decline and 18th century fall Ancient Persian Empires Achaemenid (BCE) Sassanian (CE) dynasties Long-stretching Persian (Iranian) culture Takeaway—Islam is not the only framework through which to understand the Middle East I.e. Persian (Iranian) culture just as important to understanding the history of Iran as Islam. Sufism Islamic mysticism; stresses the importance of achieving a personal/emotional experience of god (Allah) rather than ulama intellectualism https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNw9x53Ybos Shah Ismail and the Founding of the Safavids Conversion to Shiite belief (Shiite Islam) 1501 proclaimed Shah (ruler) Founder of Safavid Empire Aided to power by Qizilbash (Red-hats or Red heads) Turkic warriors Safavids v. Ottomans Wars with Ottomans 1514 Defeat at Chaldiran Baghdad switches hands multiple times Source of Sunni-Sh’ia discord to present Letter from Sultan Selim I (of the Sunni Ottoman Empire) and Shah Isma’il (of the Shi’a Safavid Empire) 1514... It has been heard repeatedly that you have subjected the upright community of Muhammad (prayers and salutations upon its founder!) to your devious will, that you have undermined the firm foundation of the Faith, that you have unfurled the banner of oppression in the cause of aggression, that you no longer uphold the commandments and prohibitions of the Divine Law, that you have incited your abominable Shi’a faction to unsanctified sexual union and to the shedding of innocent blood, that like they “Who listen to falsehood and consume the unlawful” [Qu’ran V:42] you have given ear to idle deceitful words and heave eaten that which is forbidden.... should you lift up the hand of oppression from the heads of your subjects ruined by tyranny and sedition, should you take up a course of repetance, become like one blameless and return to the sublime striaght path of the Sunna of Muhammad (Prayers and salutations upon him and God’s satisfaction upon his immaculate family and his rightly-guided companions all!). For “My companions are like the stars: whomever you choose to follow, you will be guided aright” and finally should you consider your lands and their people part of the well-protected Ottoman state, then shall you be granted our royal favor and our imperial patronage... Abbas the Great (Abbas I) ‘Greatest’ Safavid shah (ruler) Replacement of Qizilbash with Ghulam Slave warriors Use of guns (gunpowder empire?) Centralization Taxes to crown (Abbas I) The Safavids and Europeans Seizure of Hormuz by Portuguese trades 16th century Good relations with English Robert Shirley Recovery by Abbas I in early 17th century Safavid Art and Culture Read about Safavid Art and Culture here: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/safa/hd_safa.htm Watch this video on the Royal Square at Isfahan here: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/115/video/ The Decline and Fall of the Safavids Misadministration Shah issues (see quote next slide) Empire carries on for a time due to officials) End of dynasty 1736 Sir John Malcolm, British ambassador to the Safavid Court of the Shahs Safi and Abbas II, mid-1600s, commenting in his memoirs about the harem and pleasures, common to later Muslim monarchs in Turkey, Persia, and India “A monarch, who was never permitted to leave this prison [the harem] till he ascended the throne, was likely to be effeminate and inefficient. It was hardly possible that he could resist the intoxication of absolute power. The unlimited indulgences of his passions seemed almost the certain consequence of his former debaucheries, and his entire lack of experience.... The love of wine, in which this prince often indulged to excess, was the cause of all the evils of his reign. It was in his moments of intoxication alone that he was capricious, cruel, and unjust;... To the public officers of government he was severe, but to the poor mild and lenient.” The Fall of the Ming and the Qing, An Overview Early Ming (Hongwu/Yongle eras)-height of the Ming Zheng He voyages Capital moved to Beijing (Forbidden City Mid-Ming No longer outgoing (but also not closed off, but perhaps largest economy on Earth) Center of culture The Fall of the Ming and the Qing, An Overview Late Ming travails (problems) lead to fall of dynasty Replaced by Qing dynasty (1644-1911) Ethnically Manchu emperors SIGNIFICANT expansion of borders (affects present-day PRC) Both Inner Asian and Chinese Ming Decline (esp. late 16th century-17th century) Continues to be center of trade and world economy Silver-based economy coincides with Spanish discovery of silver in Americas, leads to first global economic system But increasing problems with leadership in 14/1500s Turns back on expansive trade/exploration policy of Zheng He ‘Hidden’ emperors and eunuch control, corruption Wanli emperor as case study End of Ming (early 1600s-1644) Bad leadership Crop failures (‘little ice age’ Rebellions Rise of the Manchus (Qing) “A string of one thousand small copper coins that had been worth around an ounce of silver in the 1630s had become worth half an ounce by 1640, and perhaps one-third of an ounce by 1643. The effect on peasants was disastrous, since they had to pay their taxes in silver, even though they conducted local trade and sold their own harvests for copper.”(Jonathan Spence, The Search for Modern China, 20) Wanli Emperor (r. 1572-1620) Assumes throne ~ 9 years old Start[s] out as a conscientious young ruler” (Spence, 16) Becomes frustrated over succession crisis, inability to travel Eventually refuses to participate in government for years Rise of Manchus Altaic language/people (from today’s Manchuria) A connection (whether real or imagined) to the Jin Dynasty Jurchens (1115-1234) Speak Manchu language (has written script by 17th century), distinct Altaic culture Nurhaci (1559-1626). Ends tribute to Ming~1610. Proclaims the Jin 1616. Establishes banner system. Successor Hong Taiji proclaims the Qing (清) in 1636. Dies 1643. Manchus conquer Beijing in 1644. The Qing Conquer (northern) China: A Story of the Last Ming Emperor, the Shun, and the Great Wall Li Zicheng rebellion Rebels led by Li Zicheng reach Beijing April 1644 Last Ming emperor hangs himself Shun dynasty (Li Zicheng)until June 1644 Wu Sangui allows Manchus through Great Wall, pushes Shun out of Beijing Queue Enforced hair cutting for Han Chinese by Qing Kangxi (r. 1661-1722) Kangxi The Kangxi Emperor Puts down Rebellion of the Three Feudatories 1673-1681 Orders conquest of Taiwan 1683 Treaty of Nerchinsk 1689 with Russia Dolon Nur 1691 (Khalkas—Outer Mongolia) Personally leads army across Gobi Desert and defeats Zunghars under Galdan in 1696 at Jao Modo Zunghar Emp “Now Galdan is dead, and his followers have come back to our allegiance” “ My great task is done…Heaven, earth, and ancestors have protected me and brought me this achievement As for my own life, one can say it is happy. On can say it’s fulfilled. One can say I’ve got what I wanted.” Qianlong (r. 1735-1796) The Qianlong Emperor: Oversees the Qing at its zenith (height) Final defeat of Zunghars and the conquest of Xinjiang Emblematic of (at least) early-mid Qing as both Chinese and Inner Asian Fluent in Chinese but also Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan, etc.* Rules from Forbidden City (China) but also summers at hunting resort (Inner Asian ‘party’ town) of Chengde Consciously portrays himself as Chinese to Han Chinese subjects; Inner Asian to Inner Asian subjects Compare: image to right with Qianlong as Manjushri The Qianlong Emperor as Manjushri, the Bodhisattva of Wisdom - Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art Xinjiang Xinjiang Briefly controlled by Han and Tang dynasties ‘Silk Roads’ Land Conquered by Manchu Qing Dynasty 1750s Briefly independent 1864-77, reconquered by Zuo Zongtang 1877 Provincehood 1884 Tumultuous first half of 20th century Conquered by PRC 1949 Multi-ethnic (Uyghur, Kazakh, Hui, Uzbek, Tajik, Kirghiz, Han) A Manchu Dynasty? A Chinese Dynasty? Rulers were Manchu throughout the course of the dynasty Favoritism for Manchus (and Mongolians) Different ‘faces’ of the emperor Qianlong as Manjushri Empire clearly divided into Han Chinese and non-Han Chinese regions Different Laws Prohibition on movement between (Mongolia, Manchuria) A Manchu Dynasty? A Chinese Dynasty? But… Manchu acculturation (loss of language, etc.) had begun by 18th century, accelerates in 19th The Qing adopted many Chinese cultural and administrative institutions, including legal institutions, cultural forms (Confucianism), language, etc. Vast majority of empire’s people (though not territory) were Han Chinese Were the Qing and their emperors Chinese? The question has deep meaning for today’s China–justification for PRC control of Xinjiang, Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and Tibet stems in significant part from the Qing dynasty, which the PRC (current government of China) maintains was a Chinese dynasty The question is really a linguistic one in many ways I.e. there is a linguistic gap between English and Chinese when it comes to race/ethnicity/language English: Chinese=race/ethnicity AND language AND nation Mandarin: (race/ethnicity) 汉族（Han People)= Han Chinese Mandarin: (nationalism) 中华民族/中国人 (Chinese nation, Chinese people)=Chinese (nation) Mandarin: (language; the language of the Han) 汉语= Mandarin (language) The Banner System Military and social system for the Qing 24 banners, including 8 each for Han Chinese, Mongolian, and Manchus But Manchu 8 banners the most famous At start of the dynasty, the banner troops were the Manchus best troops Stationed across empire (The early Qing also had Green Standard (Han Chinese) troops) Banners can be described as cradle to grave welfare/military system Footbinding Binding feet of girls to deform foot and create small adult feet for women Results in pain, limp, small feet Initially practiced by elite, spreads throughout China during Qing Not all women Han Chinese (not Manchu) women Painful Memories for China's Footbinding Survivors : NPR The Macartney Embassy (1793) End of 18th century—Qing very much stand alongside Britain, France, as world powers Balance of trade favors the Qing 1780s—Qing +16,000,000 silver (i.e. British -16,000,000 silver) British King George III sends Lord George MacCartney to renegotiate trade with Qing Qianlong says (basically) ‘no’ (see primary source) The Rus By ~900 CE, Slavic-speaking, multiple Kiev largest principality; Prince Vladimir of Kiev becomes (Orthodox) Christian in 987 CE (converts people as well) The Mongol Conquest and the Golden Horde Mongol conquest in 1230s Mongol rule (The Golden Horde Indirect rule of Russian principalities Decline of Golden Horde after Tamerlane (Timur) 1395-1396 The Rise of Muscovy Ascendant from (~) early 1400s Ivan III wars of expansion Ivan IV (r. 1533-1584) Takes title of tsar Claims divine right to rule Centralization of power Ivan the Terrible Destruction of Novgorod The Romanov Dynasty 30 years of instability following Ivan IV ends with Mikhail Romanov as tsar 1613 Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725) Centralization Europeanization (shaving of beards and beard tax) Military modernization Building of St. Petersburg Catherine the Great (1762-1796) Continued expansion Reform Religious protections Support of education Society and Economy Importance of Russian Orthodox church Serfdom Siberian Expansion https://www.loc.gov/collections/meeting-of-frontiers/articles-and-essays/exploration/russian-discovery-of-siberia/ Oceanic Connections Honors World History (Unit 4) 2024/2025 Pre-Columbian Americas, An Overview Settlement 10,000+ years ago Berengia—Siberians trek eastward into Alaska Long history of both farming and hunter-gathering Pre-Columbian Americas, An Overview Advanced civilizations Urban civilizations esp. in Meso-America Including: Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Incans, Mississipian Very large population Perhaps 50-60 million The Aztec Empire 1325 CE founding Capital at Tenochtitlan (pop 200,000 Advanced civilization–agriculture, reservoirs, population of empire 6-11 million Domination/alliance of neighboring city-states The Aztec Empire Advanced irrigation, architecture Chinampas farming Planting on artificial islands Hierarchy and human sacrifice Incan Empire Last in series of advanced civilization of western South America Rapid rise after 1400 CE Centralized government–army, road system, politics Khipu as writing system? Population 10-12 million Pre-Columbus Population and Takeaways Americas settled by tens of millions of people prior to the arrival of Columbus and subsequent Europeans Hundreds of cultures/languages Advanced civilizations Islam in Northern Africa Ghana, Mali, Songhai Significant empires of west Africa (one after the other) Control of cross-Saharan (gold-salt) trade Islam (esp. Mali, Songhai) Mali ruler Mansa Musa Summary: Ghana, Mali, and Songhai were powerful west African kingdoms/empires that grew rich on the cross-Saharan trade. 251 Mansa Musa’s Hajj Al-Umari, Masalik al-Absar (1338) From the beginning of my coming to stay in Egypt I heard talk of the arrival of this sultan Musa on his Pilgrimage and found the people of Cairo eager to recount what they had seen of the Africans prodigal spending. I asked the emir Abu… and he told me of the opulence, manly virgues, and piety of his sultan. “When I went out to meet him, that is, on behalf of the mighty sultan al-Malik al-Nasir, he did me extreme honor and treated me with the greatest courtesy… Then he forwarded to the royal treasury many loads of unworked native gold and other valuables. I tried to persuade him to go to the Citadel to meet the sultan, but he refused persistently saying: ‘I came for the Pilgrimage and nothing else. I do not wish to mix anything else with my Pilgrimage.’ He had begun to use this argument but I realized that meeting the sultan was repugnant to him because he would be obligated to kiss the ground and sultan’s hand. I continued to make excuses but the sultan’s protocol demanded that I should bring him into the royal presence, so I kept on at him until he agreed…” This man Mansa Musa flooded Cairo with his benefactions. He left no court emir nor holder of a royal office without the gift of a load of gold. The people of Cairo made incalculable profits out of him and his suite in buying and selling and giving and taking. They exchanged gold until they depressed its value in Egypt and caused its price to fall… This has been the state of affairs for about twelve years until this day by reason of the large amount of gold which they brought into Egypt and spent there. Portuguese and Spanish Early Exploration (1400s) Ottoman ‘block’ Prince Henry the Navigator (Portugal) Maritime navigation advances (including from Muslim technology) Astrolabe Caravel Guns/artillery Spanish conquest of the Guanches (Canary Islands) Portuguese forts along coast of Africa Restock, trade Settle on coast begin to engage in slave trade One result: stronger European governments 253 Vasco de Gama–First to India via southern tip of Africa (1498) 254 The Portuguese in the Indian Ocean Armed piracy (Robert Marks) Example 1: Pedro Álvares Cabral (seizing of Arab merchant vessel) Example 2: Francisco de Almeida, sacking of Kilwa, Mombasa, Mozambique (Swahili Coast Example 3: Portuguese takeover of Goa (India) Malacca (Southeast Asia) 255 256 257 Spain: Reconquista, Unification, Inquisition Reconquista Gradual ‘reclaiming’ of Spain from Muslim states Unification Marriage of Isabella and Ferdinand (1469) Consolidation of unified Spain under Charles V (early 1500s) Inquisition Purify Spain of heretics Utilized to centralize power Christopher Columbus–sailing under Spain,accidental discovery of Americas 1492 (three subsequent voyages to Carribean) 259 Conquest of Central and South America Hernando Cortés—Arrives in Veracruz 1519, conquers Aztecs 1521 Francisco Pizarro—conquers Incas 1531-1536 Summary: Forces under the Spanish conquered the Aztec Empire in Central America 1519-1521 and the Incan Empire in South America 1531-1536. Following these conquests, much of South America became part of the Spanish Empire. The Great Dying “The Great Dying” Up to 90% of indigenous peoples of Americas gone within coming centuries King James I The Charter of New England “And also for that We have been further given certainly to knowe, that within these late Yeares there hath by God's Visitation reigned a wonderfull Plague, together with many horrible Slaugthers, and Murthers, committed amoungst the Sauages and brutish People there, heertofore inhabiting, in a Manner to the utter Destruction, Deuastacion, and Depopulacion of that whole Territorye, so that there is not left for many Leagues together in a Manner, any that doe claime or challenge any Kind of Interests therein, nor any other Superiour Lord or Souveraigne to make Claime” Spanish Conquest Territories in the Americas Spanish/Castilian dominance Viceroyalties (provinces) of Mexico/Peru Encomienda system—forced labor Strict but ‘fluid’ racial order Silver for a (China-based) world system Summary: The Spanish control Mexico and much of South America for three centuries Encomienda Summary: Under the encomienda system, indigenous (native) people of the Americas were put under the ‘protection’ of Spanish men. In practice, the system worked to force these indigenous people to provide forced labor for the Spanish. Heavily criticized, including famously by Spanish Catholic clergyman Bartolome de las Casas Some reforms but little substantial changes Bartolome de las Casas on the destruction of the Indies The Indies were discovered in the year 1492. The year following, Spanish Christians went to inhabit them, so that it is since forty-nine years that numbers of Spaniards have gone there… All that has been discovered up to the year 1549 is full of people…Among these gentle sheep…the Spaniards entered.. like wolves, tigers, and lions which had been starving for many days, and since forty years they have done nothing else; nor do they otherwise at the present day, than outrage, slay afflict, torment and destroy them. To such extremes has this gone that, whereas there were more than 3 million souls, … there are today, not 200 of the native population left. M. L. Bush, historian, Renaissance, Reformation and the Outer World, 1967 “The Indian was exploited. But in the law he remained free. Enslavement was practiced, but it was not officially tolerated. Moreover, the Franciscan order, a powerful missionary force in the New World, did its best to save the Indian from the evil ways of the White man. In Bartolomé de Las Casas and Francisco de Vitoria, the Indian found influential defenders; and through their schemes for separate Indian Christian communities, he found a partial escape from the White man. But the Indian mission towns, which were permitted by [the Spanish king] Charles V, were objected to by his successor, Philip II, and they only survived in remote areas.” Slavery: institution that existed for much of recorded human history, including in Africa Previous forms of slavery across the world had varied, but all fundamentally different from slavery in the Americas Slavery practiced within Africa, role of African slave traders in Atlantic slave trade New slave trade eventually has significant political effects in Africa by encouraging militaristic states Slavery in the Americas: horrific abuses due to combination of new European ideas of racial superiority and new ideas of profit-making Desire for profit on global scale leads to massive increase in scale of slavery, hours worked, abuses At least 10 million Africans enslaved, brought to Americas; picks up ESPECIALLY AFTER THE YEAR 1600 Millions more born into slavery The Middle Passage= Voyage for slaves from Africa to the Americas Cramped, horrific conditions High death rate Primary Source: Letter from King Mbemba of Kongo to King John III of Portugal (1526) In Kongo there is a great disruption which is of no service to God. Many of our people desire the products of Europe which are brought here by your people. In order to satisfy your voracious appetite for slaves, they seize many of our people, even free citizens of Kongo who are not war prisoners. Sometimes they even kidnap noblemen and the sons of noblemen and take them to be sold to the white traders in our Kingdom. The effect of this corruption is that our country is being completely depopulated. To avoid such a great evil we passed a law so that any white man living in our Kingdoms and wanting to purchase goods must first inform three trusted noblemen and officials of our court. They will investigate if the slaves are captives or free men, and if cleared by them there will be no further doubt. But if the white men do not comply with our orders, they will lose all of the slaves they have purchased and we will refuse to sell any more slaves to your people. The Brutal Middle Passage, Olaudah Equiano (1789) The first object which saluted my eyes when I arrived on the coast was the sea, and a slave ship which was then riding at anchor and waiting for its cargo. I now saw myself deprived of all chance of returning to my native country… ; and I even wished for my former slavery in preference to my present situation, which was filled with horrors of every kind… I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life; so that with the loathsomeness of the stench and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste anything. I now wished for the last friend, death, to relieve me; but soon to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables, and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands and laid me across I think the windlass, and tied my feet while the other flogged me severely. I had never experienced anything of this kind before, and although not being used to the water, I naturally feared that element the first time I saw it, yet nevertheless could I have got over the nettings, I would have jumped over the side, but I could not… One day, when we had a smooth sea and moderate wind, two of my wearied countrymen who were chained together, preferring death to such a life of misery, somehow made it through the netting and jumped into the sea. Plantation Slavery Slavery in Americas tightly connected to plantations (large/massive farms in need of large labor forces for labor-intensive crops) Sugarcane eventually one of most important plantation crops (Caribbean and elsewhere in the Americas) High death rates from European diseases for indigenous (native) peoples meant need to look for slaves from elsewhere, leading to massive increase in enslavement of peoples from Africa The Triangular Trade Triangular trade (core): Slaves to Americas; plantation products and raw materials to Europe; European manufactured goods and weapons to the Americas and Africa Mercantilism Significant economic theory in early modern Europe –Argues for need for favorable balance of trade = More hard currency (silver/gold) coming into country than going out Importance of colonies Tariffs to protect trade (including in colonies) against foreign competition 274 The Columbian Exchange The biological exchange(plants, animals, diseases, people) between the Americas and Europe/Asia/Africa in the decades and centuries following Columbus (1492) Sweet Potato/Corn(Americas to Eurasia/Africa) Population increases in Eurasia/Africa Example 18th century China Smallpox (Eurasia/Africa to America Critical component of Great Dying Domesticated animals (such as horses, cattle, pigs) Significant economic, environmental, social effects Ex. Horses and Native American tribes of the Plains Columbus on his reasons for sailing (from Britannica) …and I saw the Moorish king come out of the gates of the city and kiss the royal hands of Your Highnesses…and Your Highnesses, as Catholic Christians…took thought to send me, Christopher Columbus, to the said parts of India, to see those princes and peoples and lands…and the manner which should be used to bring about their conversion to our holy faith, and ordained that I should not go by land to the eastward, by which way it was the custom to go, but by way of the west, by which down to this day we do not know certainly that anyone has passed; therefore, having driven out all the Jews from your realms and lordships in the same month of January, Your Highnesses commanded me that, with a sufficient fleet, I should go to the said parts of India, and for this accorded me great rewards and ennobled me so that from that time henceforth I might style myself “Don” and be high admiral of the Ocean Sea and viceroy and perpetual Governor of the islands and continent which I should discover…and that my eldest son should succeed to the same position, and so on from generation to generation forever. 279 280 Samurai and Shoguns: Japanese History 1100s to 1400s Since 12th century, Japan had an emperor but in reality ruled by shogun (head military commander) Ashikaga family as shoguns from 1300s Warrior class called samurai. Closer to mercenaries than loyal, honest warrior servants of the movies By 1500 Ashikaga shogunate had itself almost completely lost control of Japan. Individual samurai lords (daimyo) ruled small areas of Japan. = Warring States Period Warring States Era Japan (1477-1603) Nearly complete decentralization after Onin War 1467-1477. I.e. Japan broken into many small territories, each ruled by a daimyo. Shogun loses almost all power. So Japan has an emperor with almost no power AS WELL as a shogun with almost no power 1477-1573 Dozens of daimyo (great lords) control small territories Japan ~1500--“Low Overthrow High” Status not fixed, commoners can become samurai, esp. if a good warrior Trend toward re-unification 1500-1550. Smaller daimyos gradually lose, fewer and fewer warring daimyos 1540s—Introduction of firearms to Japan by Portuguese The Unification Japan reunified under the Three Great Unifiers Oda Nobunaga (r. 1568-1582) Toyotomi Hideyoshi (r. 1582-1598) Hegemon of Japan by 1590 Invades Korea twice in 1590s Begins separation of society Sword policy Tokugawa Ieyasu Establishes Tokugawa shogunate 1603 (The Battle of Nagashino (Nagashino Gassen), one of a pair with F1975.26 - Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art) Hideyoshi Toyotomi (1585) "The farmers of all provinces are strictly forbidden to have in their possession any swords, short swords, bows, spears, firearms or other types of weapons. If unnecessary implements of war are kept, the collection of annual rent (nengu) will be more difficult, and without provocation uprisings can be fomented." Tokugawa Japan, An Overview Samurai government headed by Tokugawa shogun 4 main status groups SPAM (in order of importance)—Samurai, Peasants, Artisans, Merchants Tokugawa Japan, An Overview Centralized decentralization (or decentralized centralization?) Shogun has lots of control but daimyo (great lords) maintain some independence Sankin kotai Anti-Christian Closed Country Policy Sankin Kotai (Daimyo Forced Residence in Tokyo) Policy developed to try to prevent the 200+ daimyo (samurai lords)from rebelling against the Tokugawa According to Sankin Kotai, daimyo must spend 1 out of every two years in Edo (Tokyo). Families must reside in Tokyo (i.e. they are basically hostages) Ensures loyalty/dependence of daimyo; also puts daimyo in debt Closed Country Policy A series of policies in the early Tokugawa period result in Tokugawa Japan being mostly (but not completely) closed off to the outside world 1612 expulsion of missionaries (following Hideyoshi’s earlier 1587 decree) and later Exclusion Act—Closed Country Policy Japanese prohibited from leaving Japan Most Europeans have to leave Japan ‘closed’—though Dutch (Deshima), Koreans, China maintain limited trade (Christianity also banned) 1) Japanese ships shall by no means be sent abroad. 2) No Japanese shall be sent abroad. Anyone violating this prohibition shall suffer the penalty of death, and the shipowner and crew shall be held up together with the ship. 3) All Japanese residing abroad shall be put to death when they return home. 4) All Christians shall be examined by official examiners.Informers against Christians shall be rewarded. 5) The arrival of foreign ships must be reported... and watch kept over them. Tokugawa Society Population doubles in 17th century; Significant economic growth Samurai increasingly struggle with little military activity Bushido= way of warrior A reality for the Tokugawa? Per Hagakure, samurai were honorable, fearless. But most worked ‘bureaucrat’ jobs in the Tokugawa Hierarchical society; difficulties for women Uk

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