Mongol Notes PDF

The Mongols 1. Patterns, 320-338 Origins; Society in the Inner 2. PBA 1 on the Mongols Asian Steppe; tribes, pastoral-nomadism, religion 3. File containing selections from Forging an empire; Genghis Ibn al-Athir and Juv...

The Mongols 1. Patterns, 320-338 Origins; Society in the Inner 2. PBA 1 on the Mongols Asian Steppe; tribes, pastoral-nomadism, religion 3. File containing selections from Forging an empire; Genghis Ibn al-Athir and Juvaini Khan; Mongol conquests and empire Imperial geography The Post-Mongol Conquest World 1. File containing conversion of Short-term and long-term Ozbek Khan narrative effects of Mongol conquests (Deweese) Mongol rule in China, Russia, 2. PBA 1 on the Mongols and Persia Tamerlane 3. File containing selection from Marco Polo Inner Asia and the Rise of the Mongols Eurasian Steppe: A flat, elevated plateau (grassland) -> stretched from Mongolia to the Silk Road, and Romania and Hungary ○ Land was not suited for agriculture (cold and windy) ○ Pastoral nomads lived here (camels, horses, sheep, goats) -> Mongols The mongols conquered the groups among the Steppe ○ Lived in tents called Gurr (very transportable) Guiding principle for Tribes ○ Fictive Kinship ○ Warriors (horseback fighting) ○ Supertribes started forming and brought havoc to the settled civilizations Iranian Pastoral Nomad Tribes ○ Scythians ○ Sakats Hsiung Nu ○ Societies to the north of the Eurasian Steppe had more gender-egalitarian rules toward women, who even came fighting in war Not uncommen for women in Mongolia to become rulers -> Khatun ○ From the East, moves toward the West and conquered territories Known as the (Huns) by the Romans Known as the (White Huns) by the Byzantine Empire -> fictive kinship (not separated by race) Khatun: Female rulers (more efficient than the male) Khan: Male ruler Animism: The belief that everything in nature is inhabited by sprites  ○ Mongols pray to Tengri, who is the great spirit of the sky ○ Shamans: Priests who communicated with the sky Genghis Khan (Temujn): Succeeded in uniting the tribes north of China (one supertribe) ○ 1162 to 1227 ○ Streamlined the alliance toward him, by making all able-bodied men soldiers in the army ○ Separated into a decibal system with a unit of 10 per army -> the army was made up of soldiers from all alliances Strict Discipline -> Death Rewarding Loyalty Quratti: Celebration of the mongols (festivals) Subodei: Gave fierce resistance to Genghis Khan (saw someone who was was committed) ○ Made Subodei a strong, high-ranking general During this time, China was divided into two dynasties ○ North: Chin Dynasty ○ South: Sung Dynasty Mongols eventually conquered the Chin Dynasty (took over the capital of Beijing), and then the Sung Dynasty Khwaresm Shah ○ The mongols took over the empire (expensive from the Silk Road Trade) Used biological warfare by means Did not kill people who would help them -> physicians, scribes, people with knowledge of geography, advanced weapons, engineers (took them on their conquest) settled knowledge Yellow Tshu Sai: Convinced Genghis Khan (warrior pastoral nomads) to spare China (settled civilization based in agriculture) ○ Act like a protector of the peasant -> taxation ○ Keep the hydraulic system based on taxes for generations (preserve wealth over time) Empire of the Kwarezn Shahs Cities were rich (luxury, spices traded through the silk road) In the long run, even though the Mongals devastated the city, they later flourished ○ Had a middle class -> very rich Mongals conquered Russia in 1223 ○ Very brutal After Gengis Khan’s death, the Quratta (court) voted on electing Gengis Khan’s son, Ogodei Khan ○ Quratta: The voting court of the Mongals In Poland, the Teutokic Knights (knight monks) assembed in army to fight against the Mongals ○ Teutokic Knights were known as the best warriors in Mongals  ○ Met at the Battle of Legnitz Battle Debrief ○ The Mongal light cavalry surrounded the light cavalry of the Teutokic Knights, and then the heavy cavalry of the Mongols took out the heavy cavalry of the Tuetokic Knights Acted like they were retreating but then acted Once the Mongals beat the Teutokic Knights, Ogodei had died, which caused all the soldiers to retreat to Mongol in order to select the new Khan ○ By the time they selected the new Khan, Mongolia was divided and unable to again take over Russia Mongol’s weakness: The Mongol’s were not superior ○ More vulnerable the further they were from the Steppe The Mongols were eventually defeated in 1260 at the Appalachain plain The Mongols had huge army ○ Had a lot of pasture ○ Learned to ride horses and shoot bows and arrows ○ In the Eurasian Steppe, as the Mongols continued moving west, they took the captured territories into the empire ○ Were mobile (only needed their horses and weapons) Stone Turtle of Karakorum: What is left of the Steppe When Genghis Khan died, he eventually split the Mongal Empire between his sons ○ Was Mongol tradition ○ The smaller Khans gave subordinate to the bigger Khan (Obodei Khan) Formed the division of the empire The Mongol Empire took over Bhagdad and killed the last Abassid Kaelif Ilkhan = Subordinate Khan (Ollehu) ○ Established in Persia United at first, but then beginning to fight (birth of new religions, assimilations of cultures, etc.) Baybar = Muslim sultan who ruled Egypt and Egypt ○ Removed the crusaders Battle of Ayn Jalut = Led by Baybar to stop the Mongol (westward expansion) ○ Caused the Mongols their first defeat Post Conquest Monol World Pax Mongoliea: Period of peace in Mongolia (being able to pass peacefully through Mongol) ○ Created a safe system of trade Marco Polo = Detailed his journey Ibn Batuta from Morrocco = Travel freely through Asia (due to Pax Mongolia) ○ Led to the spread of technology (gunpowder) and ideas ○ Example: Buddhism spreading ○ East asia spread the art of noodle-making  Led to the spread of diseases (Mneumonic plague/black plague) -> killed a quarter of the world’s population ○ Spread from East Asia to the Silk Road Mongols Assimilated to the cultures of the conquered territories ○ Absorved the culture that they conquered Genghis Khan -> Chinghis Khan -> Kublai Khan Kublai Khan conquered the Sung Dynasty (China) ○ Marco Polo visited during the assimilation process ○ The Mongol rulers assimilated into the culture to the point that they formed a Chinese Dynasty Golden Horde (Russia) Ulus Jochi ○ Vikings mixed with the people (Slab) and called them (Rus), meaning red-head ○ The Russians were tributaries (paid taxes and lived independently) to the Mongols ○ The Golden Horde eventually broke out (starting in the 1500s) ○ Moscow became powerful by serving as the tax xollectors for the Mongols ○ Tatar Yoke = The 200 years the Mongol took over Russia (period of oppression) Some theories point out that the Mongols were the cause for Russia authoritarian rule (not a strong claim because Mongolia only idiretly ruled) ○ Sufi: Representatives of Islam (converters) Believed that a union with the divine can be achieved through non traditional practices (dancing, music, singing) ○ Uzbek Khan (ruler of the Golden Horde) was convinced by Baba Tukhas to convert to Islam The Ilkhanate ○ Qantas: Irrigation ○ Imposed heavy taxes (whenever they wanted to and not during the harvest season) Led to poverty ○ Until Ghazan came, who converted to Islam and the culture Issued reforms -> regularized the tax system, restoring prospoerity (1294-1305) Peria began flourishing -> mini golden age Persian miniatures More East Asian (Mongol) then West Asian (Persia) Chagatai Khannate ○ Tamerlane ○ Chagatai Khannate -> split into the east and west ○ Led to the rise of Timur-i-Lenk (military explorer), known as Tamerlane Was ruthless Unified, created great scholar Had plans to reunify the empire but died along the way ○ Succeeded by his grandson Uler Beg (not a great ruler, focused on scholarship) Built an observatory  Babur I ○ Conquered northern India and started a dynasty -> Mughal Dynasty (meant Mongols) Ruled India up till the 1700s Mughals stil caused themselves Mongols, Babur was a descendant of Tamerlane, and Tamerlane was a descendant of the Mongols Shaymon: The Mongol priests Shaymon were trying to find a connection with inanimate objects while Sufi were trying to find a connection through un practices Kameron Inner Asia and the Rise of the Mongols - The Eurasian steppe - belt of flat grassland that stretches from mongolia through central asia to southern russia, ukraine, and empties out into romania and hungary - Served as a superhighway because it is easily traversable - Pastoral-Nomads live on the steppe - Use camels, horses, sheep, and goats - Lived in gers/yurts - Tribally organized people - Fictive kinship - Fighters/warriors (particularly good at fighting on horseback) - Some female warriors and rulers (khan/khatun) - Egalitarian society - Unsuitable for agriculture - Scythians - Sakas - what persians called these people of the eurasian steppe - Romans thought of these people as Huns (even white Huns) - Animism - everything in nature is inhabited by spirits (pray to Tengri: the great spirit of the sky) - Shamas - priests who communicated with the sky - Genghis Khan (Temujin) : Oceanic ruler - Lived from 1162 to 1227 - Succeeded in uniting the tribes north of china - Combined force of pastoral nomads - Quraltai (kurultai): a conference or council of princes and nobles at which a new ruler was acclaimed - 1206 - Quraltai for Genghis Khan - Every man was a soldier in the mongol empire - Created a decimal system with units - Within each units there were soldiers  - Strict discipline - Rewarding loyalty - Subodei - conquered russian and created the golden horde - Chin dynasty in the north and the Sung dynasty in the south - In 1215 the Mongols conquered the Chin dynasty and conquered Beijing - They eventually took over the Sung dynasty - The took over the Empire of Khwarezm Shahs using biological warfare - The Khwarezm empire was rich because of trade from the silk road - They didn’t kill people who could help their empire such as scribes, physicians, etc. - Even though the mongols slaughtered people in the empire the cities actually flourished because they - When the Mongols took over China, Yelu Chucai convinced Genghis Khan to spare the people in China and to not kill them (Genghis Khan was planning to kill everyone and turn China into pastoral lands) - This i because you will get the reward of taxes in perpetuity with the people and the peasants - Yulu chucai taught the mongols about settled pre-modern agrarian empires - Ogedei khan, Genghis Khan’s son, took power from the Quratta (court) when genghis khan died - Quraltai: the voting court of the Mongols (council) - Battle of liegnitz 1241 - Teutonic knights are crushed - They were ready to conquer Europe - In 1241, Ogedei dies from drinking alcohol and he dies, this stops Europe from being invaded as all Mongols have to go back for the Quraltai - Mongols got more vulnerable as they get farther from the steppe - As the Mongols moved west, they took the tribes and captured territories into their empire. - When they really needed to move, they left their food and belongings and only took their horses, themselves, and their weapons (they were extremely mobile) - They literally drank their horses blood for nutrition and food - In 1267, the mongols later moved their capital from Karakorum to Beijing under kublai khan - Different khans come from and have different states/provinces - Under Hulagu, The mongol empire took over baghdad and killed the last abbasid caliphate - Ilkhanate is established in Persia under Hulagu (he wasn’t related to Genghis Khan) - Ilkhan: subordinate khan - Less crops and destroyed irrigation  - Heavy taxation - Poverty and famine throughout persia - 1294, Ghazan converts to Islam, regularizes the taxation system, fixes irrigation systems and restores prosperity - Persia is no flourishing (mini golden age) - Shah cheragh - Filigree inside tomb of oljeitu - Persian miniatures - In persia mongols assimilate into persian culture - Ilkhanate stopped in 1335 - Baybar: muslim sultan who ruled egypt - Removed crusaders - In 1260, the Mongols got the first defeat at the Battle of Ayn Jalut, led by Baybar, which stopped the westward expansion of the Mongol Empire - Pax Mongolica: Mongol Peace (being able to peacefully pass through Mongolia) - Created safe trade system for all people - Marco polo wrote/detailed about his journey - Ibn Battuta from Morocco was able to travel throughout Mongolia because of pax mongolica - Buddhism spread through the great silk road trade (religion) - New technologies like gunpowder arise - New cuisines are spreading (pasta/noodles) - Disease spread (bubonic/black plague) - Bubonic plague ravages the world - No protection from it - Spread because of pax mogolica - Spreads throughout mongolia and europe and kills a quarter of the world's population - It put a halt on renaissance and anti-semetic things - Assimilation was the conclusion for the mongol empire (absorbed the cultures that they took over) - Kublai khan - conquered the sung dynasty (china) - Marco polo visits while the mongol empire is assimilating - Mongol empire starts assimilating so much that they form a new dynasty known as the Yuan dynasty - GoldenHorde - Ulus jochi - Vikings mixed with the russian slabs and formed the kievan rus (capital at kiev and religion orthodox christianity) - When the golden horde falls apart, Russian under ivan the third kick out the mongols and russia expands as an empire starting in the 1500s - Moscow had not been popular until when the mongols came (tax collector for the mongols)  - Tatar Yoke - the oppressive rule of the mongols over russia (people claim that russia is oppressive because of the mongols) (not a strong theory because mongols had an indirect rule over russia) - Sufi: Representative of Islam - Sufi muslims are mystical - Through non traditional practices they can achieve a union with the divine - Agents of conversion - In later 1400s, Baba tuklas visits the court of the ruler of the golden horde, Ozbek khan - Convinces Ozbek khan to convert to islam - Sufis convert lots of people to islam - Sufis try to find a connection with unorthodox practices which make them flexible and prayed to the divine - Rise of tamerlane - Chagatai khanate - split into the east and west - Led to rise of tamerlane - United and created the tamerlane empire - Was ruthless - In late 1300s, he will reunite the empire (plans to reunify the empire and conquer china but he dies on the way) - Empire crumbled under his descendants - Ulugh beg took over tamerlane’s empire - He knew a lot about scholarship (math, astronomy) but not ruling - Built observatory to observe stars (observatory of Ulugh beg) - Legacy of tamerlane lasted because a descendant of tamerlane would be a great conqueror. This is Babur I. - Babur conquered northern india in the late 1400s and early 1500s - Started a dynasty that conquered the rest of India - Mughal dynasty in persian means Mongols - Still calling themselves mongols (claiming descent from Genghis Khan) even though they are completely different - Mongols created a legacy because they assimilated into the many cultures that they took over