Day 8-KIN3110-2024 Wearable Technology PDF

KIN 3110 | ADVANCED FITNESS ASSESSMENT ROBERT GUMIENIAK, PhD.  PLAN FOR THE DAY… 1. Re-cap last class/lab 2. Interesting read… 3. Wearable Technology KEY QUESTIONS Explore the trend of wearable technology in commercial fitness. Discuss the applications...

KIN 3110 | ADVANCED FITNESS ASSESSMENT ROBERT GUMIENIAK, PhD.  PLAN FOR THE DAY… 1. Re-cap last class/lab 2. Interesting read… 3. Wearable Technology KEY QUESTIONS Explore the trend of wearable technology in commercial fitness. Discuss the applications of wearable technology in fitness/exercise. Explore novel applications of wearable technology. Do you really want to let technology record and store everything about your body? Discuss the limits of wearable technology. https://scholar.harvard.edu/exercised/home  trends for 2025 ↓ Newsome, A'Naja M. et al. 2025 ACSM Worldwide Fitness Trends: Future Directions of the Health and Fitness Industry. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal 28(6):p 11-25, 11/12 2024. | DOI: 10.1249/FIT.0000000000001017  market goingup ↑ Thompson WR. Worldwide survey of fitness trends for 2023. ACSMs Health Fit J. 26(1); 11-20. 2023 Move fast and heal things. The Economist; London Vol. 442, Iss. 9279, (Jan 15, 2022): 61-62. Wea comput ↑ to company separate puy device GPS dasn b or poard https://www.precedenceresearch.com/wearable-technology-market#:~:text=The%20global%20 wearable% 20technology% 20market%20size%20was%20 accounted%20at%20USD,USD%20392. 4%20billion%20by%202030 Survival guide. (2023, Sep 16). The Economist, 448, 57-57, 58.  WHAT ARE WEARABLES? Small, portable, lightweight devices. Can be worn on, close to, or in the body. Monitor, analyze, transmit, and/or receive data. Can be used by a wide range of individuals. Image: https://www.frontiersin.org/research- topics/5516/wearable-sensor-technology-for-monitoring- training-load-and-health-in-the-athletic-population Düking, Peter, et al. "Necessary steps to accelerate the integration of wearable sensors into recreation and competitive sports." Current sports medicine reports 17.6 (2018): 178-182. does it desirable non-desirable entered produce or Summary of current technologies for monitoring health/performance and targeted physical measurements. Peake JM, Kerr G and Sullivan JP (2018) A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations. Front. Physiol. 9:743. The challenge for us: How do we interpret and apply these data?  EXAMPLES OF WEARABLES IN EXERCISE SCIENCE https://vandrico.com/wearables/list.html Shei RJ, Holder IG, Oumsang AS, Paris BA, Paris HL. Wearable activity trackers-advanced technology or advanced marketing? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022 Sep;122(9):1975-1990  reflect what actually don a Wearables pp are HOW DO WE RECORD EXERCISE? Current PA guidelines largely reflect the dose– response relationship between perceived, rather than actual - levels of PA and health outcomes, and the amount of device-measured PA needed for health benefits appears to be smaller than previously work us ppl who w/sbouts thought. sedental do a day S Wearable devices can capture unexplored movement patterns such as brief bursts of vigorous intermittent g35 - 40% lifestyle physical activity (VILPA) that is embedded reduction into everyday life, rather than being done as leisure of cancer time exercise [Stamatakis et al. 2022]. mortality eSOX b CVD Gill, J. M., et al. (2023). Potential impact of wearables on physical activity guidelines and interventions: opportunities and challenges. British Journal of Sports Medicine, bjsports-2023-106822-. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2023-106822. Stamatakis, E., et al. Association of wearable device-measured vigorous intermittent lifestyle physical activity with mortality. Nat Med 28, 2521–2529 (2022).  WEARABLES AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE The accuracy in energy expenditure estimates from activity monitors varies between activities. Larger error is observed from devices employing accelerometry alone; the addition of heart rate sensing improves estimates of energy expenditure in most activities. In some activity types, research- grade devices are not superior to commercial devices. O’Driscoll R, Turicchi J, Beaulieu K, et al. Br J Sports Med 2020;54:332–340.  ↳ measure carb intake kno caman relationship ba glusss availability 3 ex. performer CONTINUOUS GLUCOSE MONITORING IN ATHLETICS CGMs monitor glucose in diabetics. In non-diabetics, CGMs are used to hone pre-during- post exercise CHO intake. The issue; the link between blood sugar and performance is complicated - low blood sugar does not mean you will fatigue; high blood sugar does not mean you will not fatigue. “…you now have a stream of non-stop data that seems to be judging you, often negatively, after every meal and snack.” – Dr. Michael Riddell, York University. https://www.outsideonline.com/health/training-performance/supersapiens- continuous-glucose-monitor/ https://www.supersapiens.c om/en-EN/  Validation of Oura ring energy expenditure and steps in laboratory and free-living For the activity-by-activity analysis, Oura tended to underestimate EE compared with IC, with significant differences seen for sitting, standing, fast walk, and very- fast run. The measurement error was high for the stationary activities and there was increasing measurement error with increasing walking and running intensities. The Oura Ring step count correlated strongly with the pedometer and had acceptable measurement error. Oura significantly overestimated step count. The Oura Ring cannot unambiguously be recommended to be used interchangeably with the reference monitors in the study. Kristiansson et al. BMC Medical Research Methodology (2023) 23:50  CONSENSUS STATEMENTS: 1. Optical HRMs are definitely less accurate when used during SPORTS HEART vigorous activity or when used underwater. This limitation is due to the fact that the PPG signals are very susceptible MONITORS AS RELIABLE to motion artifacts caused by hand movements. DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS FOR 2. Artifacts are the biggest problem that occurs when using HRMs and are sometimes the cause of incorrect decisions regarding a given TRAINING athlete’s ability to continue practicing sports. Only a handful of HRMs have a reliable HR reading that has been validated by studies and is acceptable for daily use during training. Gajda R, et al. Sports Heart Monitors as Reliable Diagnostic Tools for Training Control and Detecting Arrhythmias in Professional and Leisure-Time Endurance Athletes: An Expert Consensus Statement. Sports Med. 2023 Oct 31. doi: 10.1007/s40279-023-01948-4. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37906426.  Wearable technology metrics are associated with energy deficiency and psychological stress in elite swimmers The relationships between wearable tech metrics and psychological stress in NCAA D1 swimmers. WHOOP strain, a combined measure of cardiovascular load and physical stress demonstrated no relationship with measures of stress and recovery in all participants. WHOOP recovery, a measure of how prepared your body is to perform or take on strain from activity. Determined and “scored” by utilizing measures of HRV, RHR, and sleep. ↑ HRV = ↓ stress scores (generally). However, this relationship is nowhere near strong enough to predict stress from HRV alone (r=-0.46). Lundstrom, E. A., De Souza, M. J., Koltun, K. J., Strock, N. C. A., Canil, H. N., & Williams, N. I. (2023). Wearable technology metrics are associated with energy deficiency and psychological stress in elite swimmers. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541231206424  CAN YOUR SMARTWATCH PREDICT VO2? Fitness watches use algorithms to estimate aerobic fitness (VO2max). Düking et al. (2022) tested the accuracy of the Garmin Forerunner 245 in predicting VO2peak of 23 runners. - The overall MAPE between lab and watch measurements was 5.7% - In runners with a low VO2peak (39-45 ml·kg-1·min-1) the GF overestimated VO2peak by 7.1% - In runners with a high VO2peak (>55 ml·kg-1·min-1) the GF underestimated VO2peak by 6.2% Data from (Passler et al. 2019) compared five commercially available wrist-worn devices against respiratory gas analysis and found a MAPE of > 10% for the majority of devices. - Even within a given brand, V̇O2 was sometimes overestimated, but other times underestimated. Düking P, Van Hooren B, Sperlich B. Assessment of Peak Oxygen Uptake with a Smartwatch and its Usefulness for Training of Runners. Int J Sports Med. 2022 Jun;43(7):642-647. Passler S, Bohrer J, Blöchinger L, Senner V (2019) Validity of wrist-worn activity trackers for estimating VO2max and energy expenditure. Int J Env Res Public Health 16:3037.  general take : All should be relatively the same but , they're not ↓ more accurate This study demonstrates that wearable devices vary in accuracy during resistance exercises and that their accuracy is activity dependent. The results, therefore, indicated the most favourable outcomes for the Apple Watch. Our data suggest that the Apple Watch Series 6 is suitable for measuring HR during exercise prescription or monitoring resistance exercise performance. In contrast, HR measures of the Whoop Band 3.0 during resistance exercises should be interpreted with discretion. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCES, 2022, VOL. 40, NO. 23, 2639–2644  DEVICES FOR MONITORING TRAINING LOADS AND MOVEMENT Development Product Reliability Commercially Characteristics Validated Company/ Name Testing Available Organization mPower Pod containing electrodes placed on the skin (with strap or No. No. Fibrux Oy Yes. adhesive strips) to record surface EMG signals. Can be used to determine activation of different types of muscle fibers, muscle fatigue, timing of muscle activation relative to movement. Derived metrics include activation power, activation volume, active power balance, fatigue index. Connected to mobile application. Mettis Biomechanical shoe insoles containing force and pressure No. NA. Mettis Yes. Trainer sensors; measure cadence, distance travelled, gait, weight Trainer distribution of foot landing, heel-to-toe-strike, impact force, contact time. Provide real-time audio feedback. Connected to mobile application. PUSH Accelerometer and gyroscope attached to a strap to record No. No. PUSH Inc. Yes. velocity, power, and total work. Peake JM, Kerr G and Sullivan JP (2018) A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations. Front. Physiol. 9:743.  DEVICES FOR MONITORING HR and HRV Development Product Reliability Commercially Characteristics Validated Company/ Name Testing Available Organization Omega Evaluates heart rate variability, neuromuscular, sensorimotor, and No. No. OmegaWave Yes. Wave physical work capacity. Data derived to determine Windows of TrainabilityTM for “readiness” of central nervous, cardiac, energy supply, gas exchange/pulmonary and hormonal systems and detoxification. Sensors placed on the body to record ECG and DC potential. Team and individual athletes analysis packages. MioSLICE Monitors physical activity levels and heart rate. No. NA. Mio. Yes. Calculates Personal Activity Intelligence (PAI) score to match physical activity and heart rate to health assessment. HELO Monitors blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, blood temperature and No. No. HELO Yes. O2 saturation, sleep cycle, breathing rate, calories, mood, and physical activity levels. Germanium, Hematite and Himalayan Salt plates to improve blood circulation, eliminate toxins, and purify cells. Peake JM, Kerr G and Sullivan JP (2018) A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations. Front. Physiol. 9:743.  DEVICES FOR MONITORING SLEEP Development Product Reliability Commercially Characteristics Validated Company/ Name Testing Available Organization FitBit Flex Wristband connected to a mobile application. Activity No. Yes. FitBit. Yes. FitBit tracker to total sleep time, time in bed. Yes. No. Charge2 Sleep Fabric headband that monitors EEG signals and sends audio No. No. Sleep Yes. Shepherd sounds to reduce brain activity to a level conducive to sleep. Shepherd Mobile application tracks sleep and provides alarm to lift LLC. brain out of sleep before the user wakes up. HUSH Wireless ear plugs connected to a mobile application that No. No. Hush Yes. plays soothing music to encourage sleep or wakefulness. Technology Inc. Dreampad Specialized pillow connected to a mobile application with No. No. Dreampad. Yes. programmable songs designed to encourage relaxation and sleep. Music is relayed through the pillow. Peake JM, Kerr G and Sullivan JP (2018) A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations. Front. Physiol. 9:743.  CHALLENGES WITH VO2: How is it being measured? WEARABLE MONITORING - Some devices utilize running speed and the inclination of the terrain to estimate theoretical VO2. EE: How is it being measured? Is net or gross? - Common calculations for EE utilize body mass, age, activity status, accelerometry data, and HR. HR/HRV: Accuracy of HR measurement? - Daily fluctuations in body temperature, circulating hormones, sleep cycle, and metabolism contribute to HRV. STEPS: What is a ‘step’? - Some devices have a sensitivity threshold, others a duration threshold. Training Intensity/Load: Internal vs. External stress 6 - For training load to be meaningful it must relate to an outcome, such as injury occurrence or can expect variability lots performance. of noise Shei RJ, Holder IG, Oumsang AS, Paris BA, Paris HL. Wearable activity trackers-advanced technology or advanced marketing? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2022 Sep;122(9):1975-1990  threats to this othere are - VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY Fuller, Colwell, E., Low, J., Orychock, K., Tobin, M. A., Simango, B., Buote, R., Van Heerden, D., Luan, H., Cullen, K., Slade, L., & Taylor, N. G. A. (2020). Reliability and Validity of Commercially Available Wearable Devices for Measuring Steps, Energy Expenditure, and Heart Rate: Systematic Review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(9), e18694–e18694. https://doi.org/10.2196/18694 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY Fuller, Colwell, E., Low, J., Orychock, K., Tobin, M. A., Simango, B., Buote, R., Van Heerden, D., Luan, H., Cullen, K., Slade, L., & Taylor, N. G. A. (2020). Reliability and Validity of Commercially Available Wearable Devices for Measuring Steps, Energy Expenditure, and Heart Rate: Systematic Review. JMIR mHealth and uHealth, 8(9), e18694–e18694. https://doi.org/10.2196/18694  Questions - > SLEEP ↳how restful b access to war was the data? step efinancial constraints ? REVIEW: STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USING WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY IN SLEEP AND CIRCADIAN RESEARCH A comprehensive understanding of sleep and its interactions with health and disease requires that sleep is measured accurately, reliably, efficiently, and longitudinally. minimally invasive > - PSG is recognized as the gold-standard measurement for sleep. Many worthy characteristics substantiate PSG as the gold standard. However, inherent limitations (e.g., cost, time, specialized personnel resources, dependence on manual scoring with imperfect inter-rater reliability) reduce the scalability of PSG sleep assessments. ↓ encourag become es users Op less awavc their body 3 Physiology de Zambotti, M., et al. (2024). State of the science and recommendations for using wearable technology in sleep and circadian research. Sleep (New York, N.Y.), 47(4), 1-. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad325  diff devices using2. to in exercise bottom : 95 % ready engage ↑ should in strenuous exercise : 12 recovered :· not engage - Top https://medium.com/@altini_marco/wearables-for-heart-rate-variability- hrv-measurement-analysis-of-data-quality-and-issues-with-a50ae8127a8b capturing data but lots of diff : Takeaway devices are , banra rin interpretation b program they uses sensors to disease track Parkinson's https://www.strive.group/  ↓ sweat sensing patches ↳ measure multiple electrolytes , metabolites biomarkers WHERE ARE WE - but , to sensitive high ameant to of - GOING? sweet patches J. Heikenfeld, "Let them see you sweat," in IEEE Spectrum, vol. 51, no. 11, pp. 46-63, Chien MN, Fan SH, Huang CH, Wu CC, Huang JT. Continuous Lactate Monitoring System Based on Percutaneous Microneedle November 2014, doi: 10.1109/MSPEC.2014.6934933. Array. Sensors (Basel). 2022 Feb 14;22(4):1468. doi: 10.3390/s22041468. PMID: 35214368; PMCID: PMC8874548.  Al WHERE ARE WE GOING? Bespoke training plans and recommendations: Get custom- I have a 5k next month with a goal of running it in 24 minutes. Can you build me designed plans, routines, recipes, recommendations and a training program? Or How can I maintain my fitness level with a newborn baby? more that address your body and your goals. Insight into the unknown: WHOOP Coach sifts through thousands of your data points to identify why you’re feeling Why am I so tired? Am I getting sick? the way you are – and exactly what affects performance. Expansive information on key performance topics: Better What is HRV? Or Why is Zone 2 training important? understand key performance science concepts and topics. Detailed comparisons to people like you : Understand what How does my sleep compare to other people my age? is normal or how you stack up to other members https://www.whoop.com/ca/en/thelocker/whoop-unveils-the-new-whoop-coach- powered-by-openai/  RECOMMENDATIONS Consider the strength of evidence (weak to strong) and effectiveness (low to high). When assessing the strength of evidence consider: (i) how rigorously has the device/technology been evaluated? (ii) how strong is the evidence in determining that the device/technology is producing the desired outcomes? (iii) how much evidence exists to determine that something other than this device/technology is responsible for producing the desired outcomes? When evaluating the effectiveness of technologies, consider whether the device/technology produces desirable or non-desirable outcomes. Peake JM, Kerr G and Sullivan JP (2018) A Critical Review of Consumer Wearables, Mobile Applications, and Equipment for Providing Biofeedback, Monitoring Stress, and Sleep in Physically Active Populations. Front. Physiol. 9:743.  LIMITATIONS OF WEARABLE TECHNOLOGY Only ~5% of wearables have been formally validated [Peake et al. Front. Physiol. 9:743, 2018.] Algorithms are proprietary. - Digital ‘Black box’ or need to be created. Datasets are imperfect. - Do not account for weather conditions, stoppages, intervals, gradients. Can be cost prohibitive and complicated. - Furthers health inequalities. Credit: Martin MacInnis, PhD. Applications of wearable technology to exercise physiology – CSEP, 2020. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND  CONCEPTUAL DATA ANALYTICS FRAMEWORK DESCRIPTIVE DIAGNOSTIC PREDICTIVE PRESCRIPTIVE If the goal is to Understanding the Forecasting the Several strategies improve athletic relationship probability that the for improving performance between training outcome of the endurance (endurance), you intensity and training outcome performance can may describe improvement in planned based on planned be applied; physical tests result endurance can & training training intensity identifying the to monitor guide prescription. and history. optimal strategy ecapture progress. baseline Consideration: Consideration: Consideration: data Consideration: Strong associations Appropriate Cognitive biases; Data collection do not provide statistical algorithms; based on valid and evidence of measures; consequences of reliable data. causation. “garbage in, decision making. not ↳ if data capturing garbage out”. be good , prediction will not good Summarized from Houtmeyers, KC., et al. Managing the Training Process in Elite Sports. Intl J of Sports Physiol and Perf. 2021.  USER TYPES, PSYCHO-SOCIAL EFFECTS AND SOCIETAL TRENDS Wanna weigh and -, Characteristics and unintended negative (-) and positive (+) consumer health technologies (CHT) use effects on examples of personas, as proposed by different authors. Baumann MF, Weinberger N, Maia M, Schmid K. User types, psycho-social effects and societal trends related to the use of consumer health technologies. Digit Health. 2023 Apr 2;9:20552076231163996  USER TYPES, PSYCHO-SOCIAL EFFECTS AND SOCIETAL TRENDS Overview of negative psycho-social side effects and their societal frames, and the typology aspects chosen and deduced from the typologies overview. Baumann MF, Weinberger N, Maia M, Schmid K. User types, psycho-social effects and societal trends related to the use of consumer health technologies. Digit Health. 2023 Apr 2;9:20552076231163996  CONSIDERATIONS Van den Bulck (2015) identified several ethical issues: Self-diagnosis based on self-gathered data could be inconsistent with clinical diagnoses provided by medical professionals. Although self-monitoring may reveal undiagnosed health problems, monitoring on a large population level is likely to result in many false positives/negatives. The use of technologies may create an unhealthy (or even harmful) obsession with personal health for individuals who use such technologies. Helpful resources @DrSianAllen Research Manager at lululemon Product reviews: https://www.dcrainmaker.com/ Van den Bulck, J. (2015). Sleep apps and the quantified self: blessing or curse? J. Sleep Res. 24, 121–123. NEXT CLASS… Now that we have reviewed wearable tech, what is next? - Topic: : Applications of Music in Assessment - Chapter: NA - See also: - CourseLink