The Ultimate Guide to CDS/NDA Success (PDF)

OLIVE PRINT THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO SUCCESS FOR CDS/NDA The Revolutionary Movement in India (1907- 1917) The first phase of the revolutionary movement in India (1907–1917) emerged as a response to the perceived inadequacy of moderate and extremist strategies. Revolutionary nationalists aim...

OLIVE PRINT THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO SUCCESS FOR CDS/NDA The Revolutionary Movement in India (1907- 1917) The first phase of the revolutionary movement in India (1907–1917) emerged as a response to the perceived inadequacy of moderate and extremist strategies. Revolutionary nationalists aimed to achieve independence through direct action, inspired by global examples such as the Russian Nihilists and Irish Nationalists. Key Reasons for Revolutionary Trends Disillusionment with Moderates: Moderates' methods of petitions and prayers were seen as ineffective and submissive. The extremists’ inability to organize a mass movement further deepened frustration. Brutal Repression of Swadeshi Movement: Government crackdowns after the Surat Split (1907) alienated and weakened nationalist forces. Leaders like Tilak were exiled, and extremists faced harsh suppression. Influence of Global Movements: The success of Russian, Irish, and Italian nationalist movements inspired Indian youth to adopt revolutionary methods. "Carrot and Stick" Policy by the British: Constitutional reforms were offered to moderates while extremists faced severe repression.  EARLY REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES Pioneering Actions: Chapekar Brothers (1897): Assassinated Plague Commissioner Rand in Pune. Mitra Mela (1899): Founded by VD Savarkar, later merged with Abhinav Bharat in 1904. Formation of Secret Societies in Bengal: Anushilan Samiti (1902): Founded by Promotha Mitter and others. Jugantar Group (1906): Led by Jatindranath Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin), launched revolutionary newspapers like Yugantar. Major Revolutionary Events Bombing of Muzaffarpur (1908): Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki attacked a British carriage, mistakenly killing two women. Khudiram was arrested and executed, while Prafulla committed suicide. Alipore Conspiracy Case (1908): British crackdown on Anushilan Samiti; leaders like Aurobindo Ghosh faced trials. Delhi Conspiracy Case (1912): Attempted assassination of Viceroy Lord Hardinge during a ceremonial procession. Rashbehari Bose and Sachin Sanyal were key figures but escaped. Indo-German Conspiracy (1915): Attempted collaboration with Germany during World War I to procure arms and overthrow British rule. The plan was betrayed, and Bagha Jatin was killed in Orissa. DO IT YOURSELF Revolutionary Activities Outside India  THE DECLINE OF THE MOVEMENT Lack of Mass Support: Revolutionary movements failed to resonate widely with the Indian masses due to their violent methods. British Repression: Stringent laws like the Defense of India Rules (1915) suppressed revolutionary activities. Rise of Gandhi’s Leadership: Gandhi's non-violent mass movements provided an alternative to revolutionary violence, garnering widespread support. Evaluation of the Revolutionary Movement Achievements: Popularized nationalist ideology and secular ideals. Inspired future generations with their courage and sacrifice. Limitations: Overestimated public readiness for rebellion. Lack of a unified organizational structure and effective leadership.  GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF BENGAL Governor- Year General of Major Reforms & Events Bengal First Governor-General of BengalEnd to the dual system of administrationRegulating Act of 1772-1785 Warren Hastings 1773Supreme Court at CalcuttaAsiatic Society of BengalFirst Anglo-Maratha War and Treaty of SalbaiFirst English translation of Bhagavad GitaPitt’s India Act-1784 Establishment of Appellate courts and lower-grade courtsEstablishment of Sanskrit 1786-1793 Lord Cornwallis collegeThird Anglo-Mysore War and Treaty of SeringapatamIntroduction of Permanent Settlement and Civil Services 1793-1798 Sir John Shore Charter Act of 1793Policy of Non-interventionBattle of Kharda Introduction of Subsidiary Alliance SystemFourth Anglo-Mysore War and the Treaty of 1798-1805 Lord Wellesley BasseinSecond Anglo–Maratha warEstablishment of Madras presidencyEstablishing Fort William College at Calcutta The Acting Governor-General of India until the arrival of Lord Minto,Diminished the area of 1805-1807 Sir George Barlow British territory because of his passion for economy and retrenchment,The Mutiny of Vellore took place in 1806 Concluded the treaty of Amritsar with Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1809,Introduced the Charter 1807-1813 Lord Minto I Act of 1813 The policy of Non-intervention came to an endthird Anglo-Maratha warAbolition of 1813-1823 Lord Hastings PeshwashipEstablishment of the Ryotwari System in Madras (By Thomas Munroe) and BombayMahalwari system in north-western Provinces and Bombay The annexation of Assam leading to the first Burmese War of 1824,The mutiny of 1823-1828 Lord Amherst Barrackpore in 1824  GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF INDIA Governors-General Year Major Reforms of India First Governor-General of India (Charter Act of 1833 made Governor- General of Bengal as Governor-General of India.)Abolition of 1828-1835 Lord William Bentinck SatiSuppression of Thugee, infanticide and child sacrifices.English Education Act of 1835Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata 1835-1836 Lord Charles Metcalfe ‘Liberator of the Indian pressdetached all restraints on an open press Dedicated himself to the improvement of native schools and the expansion 1836-1842 Lord Auckland of the commercial industry of IndiaThe first Anglo-Afghan war 1842-1844 Lord Ellenborough Sindh was annexed 1844-1848 Lord Hardinge I First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) introduced ‘Doctrine of Lapse‘Doctrine of GoodCharles Wood DispatchPost Office Act, 18541st Railway line connecting Bombay and Lord Dalhousie ThaneEstablished engineering college in RoorkeeSecond Anglo-Sikh 1848 - 1856 (Governors-General of War First telegraph line Establishment of the Public Works India) Department Abolition of titles and pensions.Started Competitive examination for Indian Civil Services Widow Remarriage Act Three universities at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857 were establishedRevolt of 1857 took placeNote – Post-1857 Revolt, Governor- 1856-1857 Lord Canning General of India was made Viceroy of British India and Canning became the first Viceroy of India/British India.  VICEROY OF INDIA Lord Canning Revolt of 1857Establishment of three universities at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay in 1857Abolition of East India (1856-1862) Company and transfer of control to the Crown by the Government of India Act, 1858Indian Councils Act of 1861 Lord John Lawrence (1864- Bhutan War (1865)Establishment of the High Courts at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras (1865) 1869) Lord Lytton (1876- The Vernacular Press Act (1878)The Arms Act (1878)The Second Afghan War (1878-80)Queen Victoria assumed 1880) the title of ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ or Queen Empress of India Lord Ripon (1880- Repeal of the Vernacular Press Act (1882)The first Factory Act (1881)Government resolution on local self- 1884) government (1882)The Ilbert Bill controversy (1883-84)Hunter Commission on education (1882) Lord Dufferin The Third Burmese War (1885-86).Establishment of the Indian National Congress (1885) (1884-1888) Lord Lansdowne Factory Act (1891).Indian Councils Act (1892).Setting up of Durand Commission (1893) (1888-1894) Lord Curzon Appointment of Police Commission (1902)Appointment of Universities Commission (1902)Indian Universities Act (1899-1905) (1904).Partition of Bengal (1905) Lord Minto II Swadeshi Movements. (1905-11)Surat Split of Congress (1907)Establishment of Muslim League (1906)Morley- (1905-1910) Minto Reforms(1909) Lord Hardinge II Annulment of Partition of Bengal (1911)Transfer of capital from Calcutta to Delhi (1911).Establishment of the (1910-1916) Hindu Mahasabha (1915) Lucknow pact (1916)Champaran Satyagraha (1917)Montagu’s August Declaration (1917)Government of India Lord Chelmsford Act (1919)The Rowlatt Act (1919)Jallianwalla Bagh massacre (1919)Launch of Non-Cooperation and Khilafat (1916-1921) Movements Lord Reading Chauri Chaura incident (1922)Withdrawal of Non-Cooperation Movement (1922)Establishment of Swaraj (1921-1926) Party(1922)Kakori train robbery (1925) Simon Commission to India (1927)Harcourt Butler Indian States Commission (1927)Nehru Report Lord Irwin (1926- (1928)Deepavali Declaration (1929)Lahore session of the Congress (Purna Swaraj Resolution) 1929Dandi March 1931) and the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)First Round Table Conference (1930)Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1931) Lord Willingdon Communal Award (1932)Second & Third Round Table Conference (1932)Poona Pact (1932)Government of India (1931-1936) Act of 1935 Resignation of the Congress ministries after the outbreak of the Second World War (1939)Tripuri Crisis & Lord Linlithgow formation of Forward Bloc (1939)Lahore Resolution of the Muslim League (demand for a separate state for (1936-1944) Muslims) 1940‘August Offer’ (1940)Formation of the Indian National Army (1941)Cripps Mission (1942)Quit India Movement (1942) Lord Wavell (1944- C. Rajagopalachari’s CR Formula (1944)Wavell Plan and the Simla Conference (1942)Cabinet Mission 1947) (1946)Direct Action Day (1946)Announcement of end of British rule in India by Clement Attlee (1947) Lord Mountbatten June Third Plan (1947)Redcliff commission (1947)India’s Independence (15 August 1947) (1947-1948) Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Last Governor-General of India, before the office, was permanently abolished in 1950 (1948-1950)  DO IT YOURSELF 1. ______________ was the first Governor-General of Bengal. 2. The policy of Subsidiary Alliance was introduced by Governor-General ______________. 3. Lord Dalhousie is known for the doctrine of ______________. 4. The transfer of power from the East India Company to the British Crown was carried out by ______________. 5. ______________ was the Viceroy of India during the partition of Bengal in 1905. 6. The title of 'Viceroy of India' was first used by ______________. 7. ______________ was the last Viceroy of British India. 8. The Vernacular Press Act was passed during the tenure of ______________. 9. The Ilbert Bill controversy took place during the viceroyalty of ______________. 10. ______________ abolished the practice of Sati in India. ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE The Indian freedom struggle, spanning from the Revolt of 1857 to Independence in 1947, was a complex, multi-phased movement marked by a blend of armed resistance, constitutional protests, and mass civil disobedience campaigns. Here is a high-level overview of the major milestones and their significance: 1857: Revolt of 1857 (First War of Independence) Triggered by grievances over British policies and disrespect for Indian traditions. Began as a sepoy mutiny in Meerut and spread to Delhi, Kanpur, and Lucknow. Though unsuccessful, it marked the first large-scale uprising against British rule. Early Political Movements (1885-1905) Formation of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885: Aimed at moderate constitutional reforms. Early leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji advocated for Indian self-governance. Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi Movement (1905-1911) Lord Curzon’s partition of Bengal incited widespread protests. The Swadeshi Movement promoted indigenous industries and boycotts of British goods. World War I Era and Revolutionary Activities (1914-1919) Ghadar Movement and Komagata Maru incident reflected expatriate Indian opposition to colonialism. Champaran Satyagraha (1917): Mahatma Gandhi's first major act of civil disobedience.  ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) Combined Hindu-Muslim unity through the Khilafat Movement. Advocated non-violent non-cooperation with the British, including boycotting institutions. Withdrawn after the Chauri Chaura incident due to Gandhi's aversion to violence. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934) Salt March (1930): Gandhi's symbolic defiance of British salt laws. Aimed at full self-rule (Purna Swaraj), it involved large-scale participation and arrests. Individual Satyagraha (1940) A protest against India’s forced involvement in World War II without consultation. Leaders like Vinoba Bhave spearheaded this non- violent movement. Quit India Movement (1942) Launched after the failure of the Cripps Mission to promise full independence. A mass uprising demanding immediate British withdrawal, marked by heavy repression. Toward Independence (1945-1947) Post-World War II economic strain weakened Britain. Naval mutinies and increased communal tensions accelerated discussions for independence. The Indian Independence Act (1947) led to partition and freedom on August 15, 1947.