GIS Application PDF

Application of GIS GIS stands for Geographical Information System. This software applications can collect, manage, analyze, and display geographical data. GIS are widely used in industry, government, education, and other areas. Environmental monitoring: vegetation, disasters, natural resources, co...

Application of GIS GIS stands for Geographical Information System. This software applications can collect, manage, analyze, and display geographical data. GIS are widely used in industry, government, education, and other areas. Environmental monitoring: vegetation, disasters, natural resources, conservation etc. 1. **GIS In Civil Engineering** - GIS can be used to help improve drainage patterns in cities, install underground utilities, and more. It is used for utilities-leak management, service planning, network planning. It can also be used for financial-insurance flood risk, property valuation - Civil engineering has been using GIS for a variety of tasks such as managing projects and acquiring data about the state of the environment. GIS can also help civil engineers to create accurate maps and to identify different types of natural hazards. 2. **GIS In Telecommunication Services** - GIS is an essential part of telecommunication services to help them plan and manage their networks. - The roles of [GIS in telecommunication](https://www.spatialpost.com/using-gis-telecommunication/) services include Location allocation for mobile network infrastructure, Planning the network layout and design for a fixed wireless network, Planning, deploying, and operating a fixed or mobile network with wireless access points. 3. **GIS In Urban Planning and Management** - GIS is a technology that allows planners and managers to analyze, detect, and monitor changes in land features. - GIS has applications in urban planning and management. By analyzing various features of cities, GIS can help planners to make better decisions about how to manage inputs like natural resources or traffic. In addition, it can help plan for future infrastructure needs. 4. **GIS For Tourism** - GIS can help with tourism promotions, better market offerings, improved customer service, a better understanding of the business performance and the location-related impacts of decisions. - Geographic Information Systems are just one of the many tools that help in tourism promotion. They provide a way to share information about destinations in order to find out what travellers are interested in visiting. This helps in promoting different places and attractions in a more efficient way. 5. **GIS In Business** - GIS provides a wide range of benefits to businesses. The use cases for GIS in business are many, and the technology can provide a competitive advantage for those who know how to leverage it. - GIS became one of the most critical technologies for businesses looking for new ways to stay competitive. It is an effective way for companies to tackle challenges like customer analytics, spatial planning and disaster management more efficiently than ever before. - Examples include retail-travel time catchment areas, store/shop site location 6. **GIS In Disaster Management** - GIS has been used in disaster management to help with the mitigation of natural hazards. They are a type of technology that is used to map and analyze geographical data. GIS software is a powerful tool for disaster management organizations as it helps them identify vulnerable areas and plan effective responses. - GIS is an essential tool in disaster management. Examples can be emergency services for crime locations, route finding - It helps with many aspects of the disaster management process, such as: - Planning and response: GIS provides spatial data and tools that can be used to plan and execute a response to the disaster. - Damage assessment: GIS also has been used in the post-disaster phase to map damages, which can help with recovery efforts. - Insight into risk factors: In addition, GIS helps identify other risk factors that may have caused the disaster or made it worse. 7. **Uses of GIS In Government** - GIS can be used by government agencies for various functions. For example, GIS can be used to track natural catastrophes or help communities plan ahead for these types of events. It can also be used to map out crime patterns or identify the pollution levels in a given area. - In the future, GIS will be used by governments to make decisions more efficiently. - Examples include central government-census, environmental planning, health service, catchment areas. This is also seen in local government-refuse collection, street lighting, council tax collection. GIS can also be used for Military-battlefield simulations Attribute Data An attribute is a record of a non-spatial characteristic. Attributes may or may not be related to geospatial features. Attributes are often rendered as tables and may be stored alone in a simple text file or included in a complex database. There are four types of attributes: ordinal, nominal, interval, and ratio. - Attribute queries are an extremely common GIS aspatial operation. - Attribute queries select a subset of records based on values of specific attributes. - Like most information systems, GIS allows the selection of data, and also provide a visual representation of the location of the query results - Each attribute query must specify three things: an attribute field, a set algebra operator, and an attribute value. Example of an attribute query would be if we had a data set of land parcels for sale.  If we were interested in selecting parcels that are at least six hundred acres in size, our attribute query would be: Acres greater than six hundred where 'Acres' is the attribute field, 'greater than' is the set algebra operator, and 'six hundred' is the attribute value we wish to evaluate.  - It is better to use a numerical referencing system understood by all users of a particular type of information, so that the specific features can be identified without confusion. - Text names can be used but if there is misspelled name or duplication of name it can lead to the falling of one set of information (incorrect interrogation) - Once the GIS is populated with feature attributes, the layers can be analysed in many ways using queries and selections. Language - Attribute queries can also select records based on multiple attributes combined using Boolean operators, such as 'and', 'or', and 'not'. - **Set Algebra Operations:** Set algebra uses operations to determine whether two values are equivalent or not. The four basic set algebra operations are less than, greater than, equal to, and not equal to. A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated  A close up of text Description automatically generated Data Types - There are four typical data types that we use in GIS: integer, float/real, text/string, and date. **Integers:** The first data type is the integer. An integer is a whole number, such as the number one, the number 2458, and the number -54. Integers can be used for mathematical calculations; however, any resulting fraction of a whole number will be rounded, or truncated. **Float or Real:** The float or real, data type holds a decimal number such as the number 1.452, the number 254,783.1, or -845.157. Like the integer data type, the float or real data type can be used for mathematical calculations. No rounding or truncation will take place when using float or real numbers, depending on the number of significant digits you have specified. **Text or String:** The text, or string, data type contains characters such as character "A", the characters "GIS", the characters "125 Main St.", or the number "9". Even though the text may contain numbers, it is important to note that they cannot be used for mathematical calculations. However, strings can be manipulated to find substrings or to cut strings and locations. **Date:** The last common data type is a date. The date data type holds time and date information such as 12/10/2010, or 10/12/10, or December 10, 2010. The date data type cannot be used for mathematical calculations however, it can be used to determine and calculate lengths of time between two different dates or times. Additionally, the computer stores the date information in its own internal data structure but can be formatted to output the date in many different ways, as shown in these examples. Examples: Malaysian edition  A black and white text on a black background Description automatically generated  Attribute Data and Location on the Map - GIS enable the user to viewdata in tabular form without necessarily using map graphics at all. This is equivalent to using typical office spread sheet software. - Often you may know the name of an object but not necessarily where it is--hence you can use the table to find the object and then switch to the map to see where it is. - The GIS forms a constant link between the attributes and the geographical properties of each of the features: you can get either one of these if you know something about the other. - Maps can be generated for any location because there is a data layer with a link between the postcode attribute and the geographical coordinates - It is necessary to have a common referencing system so that the correct record in the geospatial data can be matched with the corresponding record in the non-geospatial data. THEMATIC MAPS A thematic map is a type of map that focuses on a specific theme or topic. It uses colors, symbols, and other visual elements to represent data related to the theme being mapped. - Thematic maps are single-topic maps that focus on specific themes or phenomena, such as population density, rainfall and precipitation levels, vegetation distribution, and poverty. - Thematic maps are used to visually analyze and understand spatial patterns and relationships in data. - Thematic maps differ from reference maps which include several different elements like roads, topography, and political boundaries. - Thematic maps are layers that combines data from a wide range of different sources There are many different types of thematic maps available through GIS software. Here are 5 map types you should be familiar with: 1. Choropleth Maps - Choropleth maps represent data values in geographic areas with different colors and patterns. Data is categorized into classes, with each class assigned a unique color or pattern. - Choropleth maps are usually used for measuring Population Density and Total Population, visualizing Sales Volume and Revenue and measuring Demographics (Education, Housing, Per Capita Income, Labor, etc.)  A close up of a map Description automatically generated 2. Dot Density Maps  - These maps represent each data point with a dot and are a great way to measure density. - Regions with a large number of dots packed close to together are easily identified as high-density areas, whereas regions with few or no dots are clearly areas where your data is lacking.  - Usually used for Representing Large Quantities of Geographically-Dispersed Data, a Map of the United States Where. 1 Dot = 1,000 Acres of Public Land, analyzing Density and Spatial Patterns, and Printing or Presenting Black-and-White Maps A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated 3. Isopleth Maps  - Isopleth maps use colors and shades to represent data, similar to choropleth maps. However, they differ in that data isn't grouped within predefined boundaries such as census tracts, counties, or states. - Instead, contoured lines divide the map into different areas and show where data levels change. - Usually used for mapping Weather and Climate Patterns, visualizing Data for Large Regions (Countries, Continents, etc.) and measuring Change Over Time or Distance A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated 4. Heat Maps  - Heat maps measure density across a map. Like many other map types, they represent data using color. Darker shades indicate higher density areas while lighter shades show lower density areas. - This type of map doesn't use geographic boundaries. Instead, it works similarly to a dot density map. Plot individual data points on the map with colors assigned based on the distribution and number of points in each area. - Usually used for Sales and Marketing Analysis, including Market Research & Strategy, measuring the Density, Concentration, and Intensity of your Data, and discovering Market Opportunities and Underserved Regions A white text on a white background Description automatically generated 5. Graduated Symbol Maps  - These maps show data using varying sizes of symbols. Larger symbols represent higher concentrations of data while smaller symbols represent lower concentrations of data. - Similar to choropleth maps, data is placed into different categories. However, instead of color or shades representing data, different symbol sizes stand in for data categories. The number of symbol sizes depends on the number of categories you decide to create. - Usually used for visualizing Concentration and Categorization of Data Simultaneously, In-Depth Analysis for Sales Teams, Political Campaigns, Government Agencies, etc. Presenting Demographic Make-Up with Population Density A screenshot of a computer Description automatically generated Thematic layers Thematic layers in GIS refer to the integration of spatial information based on specific themes or phenomena. - These layers provide a visual representation of various metrics, such as record count, monetary amounts, percentage values, and other numerical fields, grouped by geographic boundaries. - Thematic layers are similar to heat maps but display concentrations delineated by geographic boundaries instead of hot spots. - Thematic layering in GIS involves the separation of spatial information by theme, such as topography and geology. It is particularly useful for grouping polygon layers thematically, allowing for a better understanding and analysis of specific themes within a geographic area. The five layers of GIS mapping include: -- Mapping Reality: Spatial Reference Frameworks -- Storing Mapped Data: Spatial Data Models -- Collecting Geographic Data: Spatial Data Acquisition Systems -- Turning Geographic Data into Useful Information: Spatial Data Analysis  Visual Analysis Visual analysis in GIS involves interpreting and understanding spatial data through visual means, such as maps, charts, and 3D models. - It helps in identifying patterns, trends, and anomalies that might not be obvious from raw data. For example, 3D visual analysis can include visibility analyses (like viewshed analysis) to determine what is visible from a certain point, and measurement analyses to calculate distances and areas in a 3D space Spatial Analysis Spatial analysis uses various techniques to examine the locations, attributes, and relationships of features in spatial data. It includes: - Data Integration: Combining data from multiple sources. - Pattern Detection: Identifying spatial patterns and trends. - Modeling Relationships: Understanding interactions between spatial features. - Suitability Analysis: Finding optimal locations for specific activities. - Change Detection: Monitoring changes over time in spatial data Buffer Analysis The buffer analysis tool in ArcGIS. The buffer analysis tool in ArcGIS \... Buffer analysis creates zones around points, lines, or polygons. These zones represent areas within a specified distance from the features. - These zones, or buffers, are used to analyze proximity relationships, such as identifying areas within a certain distance of a river or road. - Buffers can be created around points, lines, or polygons and are commonly used in environmental impact assessments, urban planning, and resource management For example, you might create a buffer zone around a river to identify regions within 500 meters of the river.  The buffered object represents the total area within a certain distance of a given feature Applications of Buffer Analysis 1. **Environmental Impact Assessments**: Identifying areas that might be affected by pollution or natural disasters. 2. **Urban Planning**: Determining suitable locations for new infrastructure, such as schools or hospitals, based on proximity to existing facilities. 3. **Resource Management**: Managing resources like water or forests by analyzing areas within certain distances from these resources. 4. **Public Safety**: Planning evacuation routes or emergency services by analyzing areas within a certain distance from hazards. How It Works 1. **Select Feature**: Choose the geographic feature (point, line, or polygon) around which you want to create a buffer. 2. **Specify Distance**: Define the distance for the buffer zone. 3. **Generate Buffer**: The GIS software creates a new polygon representing the buffer zone. 4. **Analyze**: Use the buffer zone to analyze spatial relationships and make informed decisions. A diagram of a circular object Description automatically generated  A blue circle with black text Description automatically generated