Lecture 8 & 9: Geographical Information Systems (GIS) - PDF

Geographical Texts 2 Lecture 8 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Dr.Ahmed Fawzy Definition of GIS A geographic information system (GIS) is a system des...

Geographical Texts 2 Lecture 8 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Dr.Ahmed Fawzy Definition of GIS A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. ‫ﺗﻌﺮﯾﻒ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ ) )‪: GIS‬‬ ‫ ھﻮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻻﻟﺘﻘﺎط وﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ وﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ‬ ‫ وإدارة ﺟﻤﯿﻊ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ‪.‬‬  What can we do with GIS? GIS can be used as tool in both problem solving and decision making processes, as well as for visualization of data in a spatial environment. Geospatial data can be analyzed to determine (1) the location of features and relationships to other features, (2) where the most and/or least of some feature exists, (3) the density of features in a given space, (4) what is happening inside an area of interest (AOI), (5) what is happening nearby some feature or phenomenon, and (6) and how a specific area has changed over time (and in what way).  ‫ﻣﺎذا ﯾﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ أن ﻧﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ؟‬ ‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ ﻛﺄداة ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼت وﻋﻤﻠﯿﺎت ﺻﻨﻊ اﻟﻘﺮار ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻟﺘﺼﻮر اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺑﯿﺌﺔ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ )‪ (١‬ﻣﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﻤﯿﺰات واﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻣﯿﺰات أﺧﺮى ‪،‬‬ ‫)‪ (٢‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ و ‪ /‬أو أﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﯿﺰات ‪ (٣) ،‬ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﺰات ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﻌﯿﻦ ‪ (٤) ،‬ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺤﺪث داﺧﻞ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻻھﺘﻤﺎم )‪(5‬ﻣﺎ ﯾﺤﺪث ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻣﯿﺰة أو ظﺎھﺮة ‪ ،‬و )‪ (٦‬وﻛﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﺮت ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ )وﺑﺄي طﺮﯾﻘﺔ(‪.‬‬  What are the six components of GIS? Basically, GIS has more than 5 components. However, the components of GIS is hardware, software, data, human and method. Hardware GIS hardware is a physical device that is part of a computer system that supports geographic and mapping analysis. GIS hardware has the ability to present images with high resolution and speed and support the operation of the database with large volumes of data quickly. GIS hardware consists of several parts to input data, process data, and print the results of the process.  ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﺎس ‪ ،‬ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٦‬ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت‪.‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ ھﻲ اﻷﺟﮭﺰة واﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت واﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ واﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﻌﺪات‬ ‫ ﺗﻌﺪ أﺟﮭﺰة ‪GIS‬ﺟﮭﺎ ًزا ﻓﻌﻠﯿًﺎ ﯾﻌﺪ ﺟﺰ ًءا ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻛﻤﺒﯿﻮﺗﺮ ﯾﺪﻋﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ ورﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫أﺟﮭﺰة ‪ GIS‬ﻟﺪﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﻘﺪرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ ﺻﻮر ذات دﻗﺔ وﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ودﻋﻢ ﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﺑﻜﻤﯿﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬ﺗﺘﻜﻮن أﺟﮭﺰة ‪GIS‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪة أﺟﺰاء ﻹدﺧﺎل اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت وﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ وطﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ Software The software is used to perform the process of storing, analyzing, visualizing data both spatial and non-spatial data. Spatial Data Spatial data is a real picture of an area located on the surface of the earth. Generally represented in the form of graphs, maps, images with digital format and stored in the form of coordinates x, y (vector) or in the form image (raster) that has a certain value. Non-Spatial Data (Attributes) Non-spatial data is table-shaped data in which the table contains information possessed by the object in the spatial data. The data is in the form of tabular data that are integrated with existing spatial data.  ‫ اﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﯿﺎت‬ ‫ ﯾﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺨﺰﯾﻦ وﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ وﺗﺼﻮر اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮاء اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫وﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺮاﻏﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ھﻲ ﺻﻮرة ﺣﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻷرض‪.‬ﻣﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫رﺳﻮم ﺑﯿﺎﻧﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ‪ ،‬ﺻﻮر ذات ﺗﻨﺴﯿﻖ رﻗﻤﻲ وﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ إﺣﺪاﺛﯿﺎت س ‪ ،‬ص )ﻣﺘﺠﮫ( أو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮرة اﻟﻨﻤﻮذج )اﻟﻨﻘﻄﯿﺔ( اﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ )اﻟﺴﻤﺎت(‬ ‫ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ ھﻲ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺟﺪول ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﺠﺪول ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﯾﻤﺘﻠﻜﮭﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﺎت ﺟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺒﯿﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮدة‬ Human Humans are the core element of GIS because humans are planners and users of GIS. GIS users have levels like other information systems, from the level of technical specialists who design and manage the system to users using GIS to help with their daily work. Method The methods used in the GIS will be different for each problem. Good GIS depends on the aspect of the design and its real aspects.  ‫ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‬ ‫ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ھﻢ اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ ﻷن اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ھﻢ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﻮ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ وﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮھﺎ‪.‬ﯾﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت ﻣﺜﻞ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﯿﻦ اﻟﻔﻨﯿﯿﻦ اﻟﺬﯾﻦ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم وإدارﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﮭﻢ اﻟﯿﻮﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﻨﮭﺞ او اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‪.‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﻈﻢ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﯿﺪة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ واﻟﺠﻮاﻧﺐ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﯿﺔ‪.‬‬  What are the benefits of GIS? Geographic Information Systems has many benefits because as a technology it can be applied to many domains. Actually any domain that is dependent upon spatial analyses. however since this is a very broad question, I will try to summarize its benefits in broad terms as well 1- For governments, GIS permits science based development of.١ policies and programs and better stewardship of our collective planetary resources 2- For businesses and commerce and industry, it allows objective.٢ analysis of spatial phenomena for optimal allocation of resources and compute return on investment 3- for consumers and citizens of the planet (you and I) it allows.٣ better and qualitative as well as quantitative perceptions of our surroundings and things we come in contact with, plants, animals, built and yet to be built resources and fellow human beings  ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ؟‬ ‫ ﺗﺘﻤﺘﻊ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻮاﺋﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮًا ﻷﻧﮫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﮭﺎ ﻛﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت‪.‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ أي ﻣﺠﺎل ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻼت اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ وﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﻤﺎ أن ھﺬا ﺳﺆال واﺳﻊ اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﺄﺣﺎول ﺗﻠﺨﯿﺺ ﻓﻮاﺋﺪه ﺑﻌﺒﺎرات ﻋﺎﻣﺔ أﯾﻀًﺎ‪:-‬‬ ‫ ‪ -١‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت ‪ ،‬ﯾﺴﻤﺢ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﯾﺮ اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت واﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ‪ ،‬وإدارة أﻓﻀﻞ ﻟﻤﻮاردﻧﺎ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺒﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎل واﻟﺘﺠﺎرة واﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﮫ ﯾﺘﯿﺢ اﻟﺘﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﻈﻮاھﺮ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﺼﯿﺺ اﻷﻣﺜﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮارد وﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺎﺋﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر‬ ‫ ‪ -٣‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﮭﻠﻜﯿﻦ وﻣﻮاطﻨﻲ اﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ )أﻧﺖ وأﻧﺎ( ﻓﮭﻮ ﯾﺘﯿﺢ ﺗﺼﻮرات أﻓﻀﻞ وﻧﻮﻋﯿﺔ وﻛﻤﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻣﺤﯿﻄﻨﺎ وأﺷﯿﺎء ﻧﺘﻠﻘﺎھﺎ وﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎت وﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت وﻣﺒﻨﺎؤھﺎ وﻣﺎ زال ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ أن ﻧﺒﻨﻲ اﻟﻤﻮارد وأﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ Geographical Texts 2 Lecture 9 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Dr.Ahmed Fawzy  What is the application of GIS? There is no single application, GIS is a tool that is widely used in different fields. Some of those are urban planning (geo)marketing site analysis for various types of companies or the government network-planning and -analysis for energy grids efficient distribution satellite-based remote sensing for forestry urban development  ‫ﻣﺎ ھو ﺗطﺑﯾق ﻧظم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻻ ﯾوﺟد ﺗطﺑﯾق واﺣد ‪ ،‬ﻧظﺎم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ ھو أداة ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺧﺗﻠف اﻟﻣﺟﺎﻻت‪.‬ﺑﻌض ﻣن ھؤﻻء‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط اﻟﻌﻣراﻧﻲ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫)اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ( اﻟﺗﺳوﯾق‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ﻷﻧواع ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺷرﻛﺎت أو اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﺗﺧطﯾط و‪-‬ﺗﺣﻠﯾل‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺷﺑﻛﺎت اﻟطﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺷﻌﺎر ﻋن ﺑﻌد ﺑﺎﻷﻗﻣﺎر اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ل‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺿرﯾﺔ‬ ‫ ‬ GIS techniques and technology Modern GIS technologies use digital information, for which various digitized data creation methods are used. The most common method of data creation is digitization, where a hard copy map or survey plan is transferred into a digital medium through the use of a CAD program, and geo-referencing capabilities. With the wide availability of ortho-rectified imagery(both from satellite and aerial sources), heads-up digitizing is becoming the main avenue through which geographic data is extracted. Heads-up digitizing involves the tracing of geographic data directly on top of the aerial imagery instead of by the traditional method of tracing the geographic form on a separate digitizing tablet  ‫ﻧظم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ »اﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ«‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت ‪GIS‬اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟرﻗﻣﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم‬ ‫وﺳﺎﺋل ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻹﻧﺷﺎء اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟرﻗﻣﯾﺔ‪.‬ﺗﺗﻣﺛل اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻷﻛﺛر ﺷﯾو ًﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻹﻧﺷﺎء اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟرﻗﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم ﻧﻘل ﺧرﯾطﺔ اﻟﻧﺳﺧﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﺑوﻋﺔ أو ﺧطﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺣﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ وﺳﯾط رﻗﻣﻲ ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ﺑرﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ ،CAD‬وإﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺎت ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﻲ‪.‬وﻣﻊ ﺗوﻓر اﻟﺻور‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻘروءة ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋرﯾض )ﺳواء ﻣن ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻷﻗﻣﺎر اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ أو ﻣن‬ ‫ﻣﺻﺎدر ﺟوﯾﺔ( ‪ ،‬أﺻﺑﺣت ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺗﺣوﯾل اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟرﻗﻣﯾﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﺳﺑﯾل‬ ‫اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ اﻟذي ﯾﺗم ﻣن ﺧﻼﻟﮫ اﺳﺗﺧراج اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ‪.‬ﯾﺗﺿﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﻗﯾم اﻟرﻗﻣﻲ ﻣﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻓوق اﻟﺻور اﻟﺟوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑدﻻً ﻣن اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻘﻠﯾدﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺗﺑﻊ اﻟﻧﻣوذج اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗرص رﻗﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺗﻘل‪.‬‬  ‫ﺗدرﯾب‬ methods digitizing transport logistics Insurance planning, management location aerial imagery satellite Relating information from different sources GIS uses spatio-temporal (space-time) location as the key index variable for all other information. Just as a relational database containing text or numbers can relate many different tables using common key index variables, GIS can relate unrelated information by using location as the key index variable. The key is the location and/or extent in space-time.  ‫رﺑط اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻣن ﻣﺻﺎدر ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻧظﺎم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ اﻟزﻣﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫)اﻟزﻣﻛﺎن( ﻛﻣﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﻣؤﺷر اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﺧرى‪.‬وﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻘﺎﻋدة ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻼﺋﻘﯾﺔ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻧص أو أرﻗﺎم أن ﺗرﺗﺑط ﺑﺎﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﺟداول اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﻣﺗﻐﯾرات ﻓﮭرس اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺗﯾﺢ اﻟﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ‪ ،‬ﯾﻣﻛن ﻟﻧظﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ رﺑط اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ﻛﻣﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﮭرس ﻣﻔﺗﺎح‪.‬اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح ھو اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ و‬ ‫‪ /‬أو اﻟﻣدى ﻓﻲ اﻟزﻣﻛﺎن‪.‬‬  ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ Any variable that can be located spatially, and increasingly also temporally, can be referenced using a GIS. Locations or extents in Earth space– time may be recorded as dates/times of occurrence, and x, y, and z coordinates representing, longitude, latitude, and elevation, respectively. These GIS coordinates may represent other quantified systems of temporo- spatial reference (for example, film frame number, stream gage station, highway mile- marker, surveyor benchmark, building address, street intersection, entrance gate, water depth.  ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ أي ﻣﺗﻐﯾر ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣوﻗﻌﮫ ‪ ،‬وﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﺗزاﯾد ﺑﺷﻛل‬ ‫ﻣؤﻗت أﯾﺿًﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﻧظﺎم ‪GIS.‬ﻗد ﯾﺗم ﺗﺳﺟﯾل اﻟﻣواﻗﻊ أو اﻟﻧطﺎﻗﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻷرض ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ ﺗوارﯾﺦ ‪ /‬أوﻗﺎت ﺣدوث ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻹﺣداﺛﯾﺎت ‪x‬و ‪y‬و ‪z‬اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛل ﺧطوط اﻟطول واﻟﻌرض واﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗواﻟﻲ‪.‬ﻗد ﺗﻣﺛل ھذه اﻹﺣداﺛﯾﺎت ‪GIS‬أﻧظﻣﺔ ﻛﻣﯾﺔ أﺧرى ﻣن‬ ‫اﻟﻣرﺟﻌﯾﺔ اﻟزﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ‪ ،‬رﻗم اﻹطﺎر اﻟﺳﯾﻧﻣﺎﺋﻲ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺣطﺔ ‪ ،gage station‬ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ﻣﯾل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟطرﯾق اﻟﺳرﯾﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﯾﺎر ﻣﺳﺎح‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎح ‪ ،‬ﻋﻧوان اﻟﻣﺑﻧﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺎطﻊ اﻟﺷﺎرع ‪ ،‬ﺑواﺑﺔ اﻟﻣدﺧل ‪ ،‬ﻋﻣق اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‪.‬‬  GIS file formats GIS data represents real objects (such as roads, land use, elevation, trees, waterways, etc.) with digital data determining the mix. Real objects can be divided into two abstractions: discrete objects (e.g., a house) and continuous fields (such as rainfall amount, or elevations). Traditionally, there are two broad methods used to store data in a GIS for both kinds of abstractions mapping references: raster images and vector. Points, lines, and polygons are the stuff of mapped location attribute references.. Example of hardware for mapping (GPS and laser rangefinder) and data collection (rugged computer). The current trend for geographical information system (GIS) is that accurate mapping and data analysis are completed while in the field. Depicted hardware (field-map technology) is used mainly for forest inventories, monitoring and mapping. Data capture—entering information into the system—consumes much of the time of GIS practitioners. There are a variety of methods used to enter data into a GIS where it is stored in a digital format  ‫ﺗﻧﺳﯾﻘﺎت ﻣﻠﻔﺎت ‪GIS‬‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺛل ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻧظم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت ﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ )ﻣﺛل اﻟطرق ‪ ،‬واﺳﺗﺧدام اﻷراﺿﻲ‬ ‫‪ ،‬واﻻرﺗﻔﺎع ‪ ،‬واﻷﺷﺟﺎر ‪ ،‬واﻟﻣﺟﺎري اﻟﻣﺎﺋﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ذﻟك( ﻣﻊ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟرﻗﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺣدد اﻟﻣزﯾﺞ‪.‬ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻘﺳﯾم اﻷﺷﯾﺎء اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺟردة‪ :‬ﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ‪ ،‬ﻣﻧزل( وﺣﻘول ﻣﺳﺗﻣرة )ﻣﺛل ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻷﻣطﺎر أو اﻻرﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت(‪.‬ﺗﻘﻠﯾدﯾﺎ ‪ ،‬ھﻧﺎك‬ ‫طرﯾﻘﺗﺎن واﺳﻌﺗﺎن ﺗﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺎن ﻟﺗﺧزﯾن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻧظﺎم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ ﻟﻛﻼ‬ ‫اﻟﻧوﻋﯾن ﻣن ﻣﺧططﺎت رﺳم اﻟﺧراﺋط اﻟﻣﺟردة‪ :‬ﺻور ﻧﻘطﯾﺔ وﻧﺎﻗﻼت‪.‬اﻟﻧﻘﺎط واﻟﺧطوط‬ ‫واﻟﻣﺿﻠﻌﺎت ھﻲ ﻋﻧﺎﺻر ﻟﻣراﺟﻊ ﺳﻣﺔ اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ اﻟﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‪.‬ﻣﺛﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﮭزة ﻟرﺳم اﻟﺧراﺋط‬ ‫) ‪GPS‬و ‪rangefinder‬اﻟﻠﯾزر( وﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت )اﻟﻛﻣﺑﯾوﺗر اﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ(‪.‬اﻻﺗﺟﺎه اﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ ) )‪GIS‬ھو أن اﻟﺧراﺋط اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ وﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻗد اﻛﺗﻣﻠت‬ ‫أﺛﻧﺎء وﺟودھﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﯾدان‪.‬وﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﻣﺻورة )ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟﺧراﺋط اﻟﻣﯾداﻧﯾﺔ(‬ ‫ﺑﺷﻛل رﺋﯾﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت ﺟرد اﻟﻐﺎﺑﺎت واﻟرﺻد ورﺳم اﻟﺧراﺋط‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﺎط اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪ -‬إدﺧﺎل ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧظﺎم ‪ -‬ﯾﺳﺗﮭﻠك اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن وﻗت ﻣﻣﺎرﺳﻲ ﻧظم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ‪.‬ھﻧﺎك ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ ﻣﺗﻧوﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟطرق اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻹدﺧﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧظﺎم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ ﺣﯾث ﯾﺗم ﺗﺧزﯾﻧﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻛل رﻗﻣﻲ‪.‬‬  GIS data mining GIS or spatial data mining is the application of data mining methods to spatial data. Data mining, which is the partially automated search for hidden patterns in large databases, offers great potential benefits for applied GIS-based decision making. Typical applications including environmental monitoring. A characteristic of such applications is that spatial correlation between data measurements require the use of specialized algorithms for more efficient data analysis. Many disciplines can benefit from GIS technology. An active GIS market has resulted in lower costs and continual improvements in the hardware and software components of GIS. These developments will, in turn, result in a much wider use of the technology throughout science, government.  ‫اﺳﺗﺧراج ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻧظم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ‬ ‫ٮ (ﻌﺮف اﺳ ‪0‬ٮ ‪#‬ﺤراج اﻟ *ٮٮ(ﺎٮ‪#‬ﺎت ‪#‬ڡ !ى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻌ‪# 7‬‬ ‫راڡٮ(ﺔ‬ ‫ٮ ‪##‬ﻄﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت *‬ ‫ﻧظم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ أو اﻟﺗﻌدﯾن اﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ھو ﺗطﺑﯾق‬ ‫‪#‬ى‬‫او اﻻﺳ ‪0‬ٮ ‪#‬ﺤراج اﻟﻤﲀٮ !‬ ‫أﺳﺎﻟﯾب اﺳﺗﺧراج اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‪.‬ﯾوﻓر اﺳﺗﺧراج‬ ‫ﻟﻠ *ٮٮ(ﺎٮ‪#‬ﺎت ٮ*ﺄٮ‪#‬ﻪ ٮ‪0‬ﻄ *ٮٮ(ﻖ …‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ‪ ،‬وھو اﻟﺑﺣث اﻵﻟﻲ ﺟزﺋﯾﺎ ً ﻟﻸﻧﻣﺎط اﻟﻣﺧﻔﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗواﻋد اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة ‪ ،‬ﻓواﺋد ﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻟﺻﻧﻊ اﻟﻘرارات اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧظﺎم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ‪.‬اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت اﻟﻧﻣوذﺟﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟرﺻد اﻟﺑﯾﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻣن اﻟﺧﺻﺎﺋص اﻟﻣﻣﯾزة ﻟﮭذه اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﺎت أن اﻻرﺗﺑﺎط اﻟﻣﻛﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﻗﯾﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﯾﺗطﻠب اﺳﺗﺧدام ﺧوارزﻣﯾﺎت ﻣﺗﺧﺻﺻﺔ ﻹﺟراء‬ ‫ﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت أﻛﺛر ﻛﻔﺎءة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﺗﺧﺻﺻﺎت ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗﺳﺗﻔﯾد ﻣن ﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ ﻧظم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ‪.‬وﻗد أدى ﺳوق ﻧﺷط ﻟﻧظم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺗﻛﺎﻟﯾف واﻟﺗﺣﺳﯾﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣرة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛوﻧﺎت اﻷﺟﮭزة‬ ‫واﻟﺑرﻣﺟﯾﺎت ﻟﻧظﺎم اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺟﻐراﻓﯾﺔ‪.‬ﺳﺗؤدي ھذه اﻟﺗطورات‬ ‫ﺑدورھﺎ إﻟﻰ اﺳﺗﺧدام أوﺳﻊ ﻟﻠﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻠوم واﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ‪.‬‬  ‫ﺗدرﯾب‬ spatial data transportation environmental monitoring industry public health crime mapping natural resources transportation sustainable development ( ‫ﻣڡﻬﻮم ) ﻣﻌﲎ‬ # ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻮ‬ ‫واع اﻟﺮﺋٮ"ﺴٮ"ﺔ‬+‫ﻣﺎهى اﻻٮ‬. ‫ﻄﻢ‬## ‫ڡ !ى ٮ‬# ‫ﺎت‬#‫ﻤﻮذج اﻟ *ٮٮ(ﺎٮ‬#‫ٮ‬ ‫ﻄﻢ‬++ ‫ى ٮ‬. ‫ڡ‬+ ‫ﺎت‬+‫ٮٮ"ﺎٮ‬7 ‫ٮﻤﺎذج اﻟ‬+ ‫ﻟ‬ # 7‫اﻟﺤﻌ‬ ‫راڡٮ(ﺔ‬ * ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ General Questions + >‫اﻟﺤﻌ‬ ‫راڡٮ"ﺔ؟‬ 7 ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺎﺣﻪ ؟‬ * ‫ٮ‬0 ‫ﺤ‬#‫ٮﺎذا ٮ‬# ‫و *ٮ‬ ‫طى‬. ‫وﺣ‬ + ‫طى‬. ‫ڡ‬G ‫ٮ‬+ - ‫ﺎت‬#‫ﻤﻮذج اﻟ *ٮٮ(ﺎٮ‬#‫ٮ (ﻌﺮف ٮ‬ What is the meaning of "GIS data model"? Name two main types of GIS ‫ﻄﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬# ‫ٮ‬# ‫ﻟ‬ Why is it needed? data models. # 7‫اﻟﺤﻌ‬ ‫ڡٮ(ﺬ‬# ‫ٮ‬# 0‫ﻪ اﻋﺎدة ٮ‬#‫راڡٮ(ﺔ ٮ*ﺎٮ‬ * # 7‫ٮﺎﺻﺮ *ﺣﻌ‬# ‫ﻟﻌ‬ ‫ڡٮ(ﺔ‬0 ‫ڡ (ٮ‬0 ‫راڡٮ(ﺔ ﺣ‬ Raster and Vector A GIS data model enables a computer to represent * ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻼل‬# ‫ﻣﻦ‬ real geographic elements as graphical elements. It ‫ﺎت‬#‫ﺤﺪام ٮ*يﺎٮ‬# ‫ٮ‬0 ‫اﻟريﺎﺿٮ(ﺔ ٮ*ﺎﺳ‬ is a mathematical construct for representing geographic objects or surfaces as data. ‫ﺎت اﻟﺮﺋٮ(ﺴٮ(ﺔ‬#‫ﻣﺎهى اﻟﻤﻜﻮٮ‬ ! What are the main components of the ‫ﺎت‬#‫ڡواﻋﺪ اﻟ *ٮٮ(ﺎٮ‬0 ‫ﻟ‬ geographic database? # 7‫اﻟﺤﻌ‬ ‫راڡٮ(ﺔ ؟‬ * ‫ﺎت اﻟﺮﺋٮ(ﺴٮ(ﺔ‬#‫تﻤ `ٮﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﻮٮ‬0‫ٮ‬ a geographic database contains geographic data for a particular # 7‫اﻟﺤﻌ‬ ‫راڡٮ(ﺔ‬ * ‫ﺎت‬#‫ڡواﻋﺪ اﻟ *ٮٮ(ﺎٮ‬0 ‫ﻟ‬ area and subject, such as countries, administrative divisions, cities, ‫ٮٮ(ﺔ‬# ‫ﺎت ﻣﲀ‬#‫وﺣﻮد ٮ*يﺎٮ‬ * ‫ڡ !ى‬# and related information ‫ﻜون ٮ*ﻼد أو‬0‫ڡﺪ ٮ‬0 ‫ڡﺔ‬0 ‫ٮﻄ‬# ‫ﻋﻦ ﻣ‬ ‫ٮﻬﺎ‬# ‫ڡﺴﺎم اداريﺔ او ﻣﺪن ﻟﻜ‬0 ‫أ‬ ‫ٮ*ﻄﺔ *ٮٮ*ﻌﻀﻬﺎ ٮ*ﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬0‫ﻣﺮٮ‬  Geographical Texts 2 Lecture 10 Natural Hazard Dr.Ahmed Fawzy  What is a Natural Hazard? "Hazard always arises from the interplay of social and physical systems; disasters are generated as much or more by human actions as by physical events.". ‫ٮٮ‬7 ‫ٮﻬﺎ ﻃ‬+ ‫ڡول ﻋ‬G ‫ٮ‬+ ‫اﻟڡٮ"زيكﻞ‬ ‫"عى‬ + ‫ى‬. ‫ڡ‬+ ‫ڡرا‬G ‫ﺣٮ"ﻮ‬7 ‫ﻌﺪﻫﺎ‬7‫اذا ﰷن ٮ‬ ‫ى‬. ‫ڡ‬+ ‫ڡرا‬G ‫ﺣٮ"ﻮ‬7 ‫ﺪون‬7‫ﺲ اذا ٮ‬7‫ٮ‬ ‫ى‬. ‫ح‬7 ‫ﺼٮ"ﺮ ﻣﺎده او ﻣﺎدي‬G‫ٮ‬  ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻷﺧﻄﺎر اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ؟‬ ‫ "ﯾﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ داﺋ ًﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ واﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ؛ ﺗﺘﻮﻟﺪ اﻟﻜﻮارث ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ أو أﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻋﻤﺎل اﻟﺒﺸﺮ و ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ"‪.‬‬  ‫ﺣﻄﺮ‬# ‫ﻪ ﻫﺬا‬#‫ڡول اٮ‬0 ‫ٮ‬# ‫ﻣﱴ‬ What is the difference between hazard and ‫(عى ؟‬ ! ‫ﻃ *ٮٮ‬ ‫ٮﻄﺮف‬0 ‫ٮ (ﺼٮ(ﺮ ﻋﺸﺎن ﳾ ﻣ‬-١ Disaster? ‫(عى‬ ! ‫ٮ (ﻜون ﻃ *ٮٮ‬-٢ ‫ٮ (ﺴٮ*ﺐ ﺿرر‬-٣ A hazard is distinguished from an extreme event and a disaster. A ‫ٮﻢ ٮ*ﻪ‬0 ‫ﻬ‬#‫ٮﺎ او ٮ‬# ‫(ﺤﺼ‬# ‫ﻣﺎٮ‬-٤ natural hazard is an extreme event that occurs naturally and causes harm to humans – or to other things that we care about, though usually the focus is on humans (which, we might note, is anthropogenic).  ‫اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ اﻻﺧﻄﺎر واﻟﻜﻮارث‬ ‫ ﯾﺘﻤﯿﺰ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟﻤﻔﺮطﺔ واﻟﻜﻮارث‪.‬‬ ‫ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ ‪ :‬ھﻮ ﺣﺪث ﻣﺘﻄﺮف ﯾﺤﺪث ﺑﺸﻜﻞ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ وﯾﺴﺒﺐ اﻷذى ﻟﻺﻧﺴﺎن ‪ -‬أو ﻷﺷﯿﺎء‬ ‫أﺧﺮى ﺗﮭﻤﻨﺎا ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ ﻋﺎدة ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺒﺸﺮ )وھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻧﻼﺣﻈﮫ ‪ ،‬ھﻮ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي(‪.‬‬ An extreme event is simply an unusual event; it does not necessarily cause harm. Note that many hazards have both natural and artificial components. Because hazards are threats of harm mainly to human systems, human activities play a large role in how severe a hazard is. For example, when large numbers of people crowd into floodplains and low-lying areas, they are putting themselves in harm’s way, increasing the severity of potential floods. Similarly, as we saw in the urban landscapes, many major cities are built in coastal areas. These cities face the threat of rising sea levels, a hazard being caused by global climate change, , the severity of the impacts from a natural hazard depends on both the physical nature of the extreme event and on the details of human development decisions.  ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﺤﺪث اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮف ھﻮ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺣﺪث ﻏﯿﺮ ﻋﺎدي‪.‬ﻻ ﯾﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺮرا ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮورة‪.‬ﻻﺣﻆ أن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ ﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ وﺻﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ‪.‬وﺑﻤﺎ أن اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮﺗﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻀﺮر‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻸﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﻌﺐ اﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ دورً ا ﻛﺒﯿﺮً ا ﻓﻲ ﻣﺪى‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮرة اﻟﺨﻄﺮ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺠﻤﻊ أﻋﺪاد ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﮭﻮل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﯿﻀﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ‪ ،‬ﯾﻀﻌﻮن أﻧﻔﺴﮭﻢ ﻓﻲ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻟﺨﻄﺮ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺪة اﻟﻔﯿﻀﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ رأﯾﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎظﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﻀﺮﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪن اﻟﻜﺒﺮى ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻠﯿﺔ‪.‬وﺗﻮاﺟﮫ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﺪن ﺧﻄﺮ ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﺒﺤﺎر ‪ ،‬وﺧﻄﺮ ﯾﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎخ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻲ ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺷﺪة اﻵﺛﺎر اﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﺧﻄﺮ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪث اﻟﻤﺘﻄﺮف وﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﯿﻞ ﻗﺮارات‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻨﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﯾﺔ‪.‬‬  ‫ﺗﺪرﯾﺐ‬ Natural Hazard low-lying areas interplay floods physical systems urban landscapes disasters coastal areas extreme event rising sea levels artificial components physical nature human activities floodplains ‫اﻻﺣﻄﺎر ٮ (ﻜون‬ ‫ٮ‪0‬ﺼ ‪#‬ٮٮ(ﻒ ‪#‬‬ ‫ٮ *(ﺤٮ(ﺐ ‪#‬ﻃﺎﻫﺮه وي ‪0‬ڡول‬ ‫‪Common Types of Natural Hazards‬‬ ‫ﺻ ‪#‬ٮ ‪#‬ڡٮ(هﺎ اي ٮ‪#‬وع ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮعى ‪،‬‬ ‫!‬ ‫ٮ *(ح !ى اﻟﺴؤال ﻟﻮ‬ ‫هى ؟‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻄﺎر !‬ ‫‪#‬‬ ‫(ﻮﺣﺪ … أٮ‪#‬واع ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ٮ *‬ ‫*‬ ‫(ﻮﻟﻮح !ى‬ ‫ﻣ `ٮﻼ ﻟﻮ زﻟزال = *ﺣٮ‬ ‫ ‪Natural hazards can be classified into several broad‬‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻄﺎر اﻟﻄ *ٮٮ(ﻌٮ(ﺔ‬ ‫‪#‬‬ ‫‪#‬‬ ‫اﻋﺼﺎر‪،‬ڡٮ(ﻀﺎن‪،‬ارٮ ‪0#‬ڡﺎع‬ ‫‪categories:-‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴ ‪0‬ٮوى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟٮ*ﺤﺮ =‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ ‪1- geological hazards‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ﻣ ‪#‬ٮ ‪#‬‬ ‫ﺎح !ى‬ ‫‪#‬ﺎمى = ﻣﺎﺋٮ(ﺔ‬ ‫ٮ‪0‬ﺴﻮٮ !‬ ‫ ‪2- Meteorological hazards.‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫*يﻮﻟﻮﺣٮ(ﺔ = ٮ*ﻜ ‪0‬ٮٮ(ريﺎ ‪ ،‬اﺣٮ(ﺎء‬‫ٮ‬ ‫ ‪3- Hydrological hazards.‬‬ ‫*ﺣﺬي‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ‪0‬ڡ !‬ ‫ﺎلى ‪ ،‬اﻛ ‪0‬ٮﱯ ﻋﻦ اﻻٮ‪#‬واع‬ ‫ ‪4- Biological hazards.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺣﻄﺎر‬ ‫‪#‬‬ ‫اﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄ *ٮٮ(ﻌٮ(ﺔ ‪ ،‬ٮ‪#‬ﻜ ‪0‬ٮﺐ ﻫﺬول‬ ‫اﻻرٮ*ﻌﺔ ) ‪#‬ڡراﻋ‪ #‬ﺎت ٮ (ﻌﲏ (‬  Geological hazards are hazards driven by geological (i.e., Earth) processes, in particular, plate tectonics. This includes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. In general, geological extreme events are beyond human influence, though humans have large influence on the impacts of the events.  ‫اﻷﺧﻄﺎر اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫"ﻮﻟﻮﺣٮ"ﺔ ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻻرض ٮ‪7‬ﺴٮ‪7‬ﺐ …‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫"ﻮﻟﻮﺣٮ"ﺔ اﻟ ‪+‬ٮﺎٮ ‪G7‬ﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻠٮ"ﺎت ‪7‬ﺣٮ‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻄﺎر ‪7‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤٮ‬ ‫ٮ‪G‬ﻌﺮف ‪+‬‬ ‫ ھﻲ اﻷﺧﻄﺎر اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﮭﺎ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﯿﺎت اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ )أي ‪ ،‬اﻷرض( ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﮫ اﻟﺨﺼﻮص ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺘﻜﺘﻮﻧﯿﺔ ‪.‬وھﺬا ﯾﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺰﻻزل واﻻﻧﻔﺠﺎرات اﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎﻧﯿﺔ‪.‬ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻷﺣﺪاث‬ ‫اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺮطﺔ ﺗﺘﺠﺎوز اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺒﺸﺮي ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن اﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻟﺪﯾﮭﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﯿﻄﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ أﺛﺮ ھﺪه اﻷﺣﺪاث‪.‬‬ It is possible for an extreme event to fit within more than one of these categories. For example, volcano eruptions (a geological event) block incoming sunlight, potentially enough to cause cold waves (a meteorological event). This happened in dramatic fashion in 1816 when the Mount Tambora eruption caused the 'year without summer' in the Northern hemisphere.  ‫ﺮﰷن واﻟزﻻزل‬7‫وران اﻟٮ‬d‫ﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ ٮ‬G7 ‫ﺎٮ‬+‫ﺿﺤﻤﻪ ٮ‬ + 7 ‫ﺤريﺔ‬7‫ﻣﻮﺣﺎت ٮ‬ Volcano eruptions can also cause tsunamis (a hydrological event); some of the largest tsunamis ever occurred when volcanoes along coasts caused large landslides into the water. Earthquakes (a geological event) that occur under water can also trigger tsunamis (a hydrological event), such as the 2011 Japan Earthquake and Tsunami.  ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻄﺮڡﺔ ‪+‬ڡﻌﲆ‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻄﺎر اﻟﻄ ‪7‬ٮٮ"ﻌٮ"ﺔ اﻟ ‪+‬ٮﺎٮ ‪G7‬ﺤﺔ ﻋﻦ اﺣﺪاث ﻣ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪G‬ﺪاﺣﻞ اﺣٮ"ﺎٮ‪+‬ﺎ ٮ‪7‬يﻦ ‪+‬‬ ‫ٮ "ﺤﺪث ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ اﻟﺤﺪث اﻟﻤﻔﺮط ﻣﻊ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻔﺌﺎت‪.‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺆدي ﺛﻮرات اﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎن )اﻟﺤﺪث اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ( إﻟﻰ ﺣﺠﺐ ﺿﻮء اﻟﺸﻤﺲ اﻟﻘﺎدم ‪ ،‬وھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺤﺘﻤﻞ أن‬ ‫ﯾﻜﻮن ﻛﺎﻓﯿﺎ ً ﻹﺣﺪاث ﻣﻮﺟﺎت ﺑﺎردة )ﺣﺪث أرﺻﺎد ﺟﻮي(‪.‬ﺣﺪث ھﺬا ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ دراﻣﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪١٨١٦‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﺛﻮران ﺟﺒﻞ ﺗﺎﻣﺒﻮرا ﻓﻲ "ﻋﺎم ﺑﻼ ﺻﯿﻒ" ﻓﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﻜﺮة اﻟﺸﻤﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺜﻮران‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎن أﯾﻀﺎ أن ﺗﺴﺒﺐ أﻣﻮاج ﺗﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻲ )ﺣﺪث ھﯿﺪروﻟﻮﺟﻲ( ؛ وﻗﻌﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹطﻼق ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﺖ اﻟﺒﺮاﻛﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ طﻮل اﻟﺴﻮاﺣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪوث اﻧﮭﯿﺎرات أرﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه‪.‬اﻟﺰﻻزل )اﻟﺤﺪث اﻟﺠﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ( اﻟﺬي ﯾﺤﺪث ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﯾﺆدي أﯾﻀﺎ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻲ )ﺣﺪث ھﯿﺪروﻟﻮﺟﻲ( ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ زﻟﺰال اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎن ‪ ٢٠١١‬وﺗﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ Thanks for Following GEOGRAPHICAL TEXTS 2 Lecture 11 Natural Hazard Dr.Ahmed Fawzy  SYSTEMS OF HAZARDS One extreme event can often be hazardous in several ways. For instance, an earthquake may destroy buildings, cause landslides, and rupture sewer and water lines. The ruptured lines may, in turn, contaminate water, causing water-borne diseases such as cholera. Indeed, a cholera outbreak happened after the 2010 Haiti earthquake because of disruptions to clean water supplies.  ‫ٮ "ﻤﻜﻦ ان ٮ "ﺴٮ‪7‬ﺐ اﻟﺤﺪث اﻟﻤ ‪G‬ٮﻄﺮف اﻟواﺣﺪ اﻛ ‪d‬ٮﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪+‬ﺣﻄﺮ ) ‪+‬ﺣﻄﺮ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ (‬ ‫أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻷﺧﻄﺎر‬ ‫ أﺣﺪ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟﻔﺮطﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﺧﻄﯿﺮاً ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ) ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺔ (‪.‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺪﻣﺮ زﻟﺰال اﻟﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻧﮫﯿﺎرات أرﺿﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻳﻤﺰق ﺧﻄﻮط اﻟﺼﺮف اﻟﺼﺤﻲ‬ ‫واﻟﻤﯿﺎه‪.‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻤﻤﺰﻗﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪورھﺎ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻮث اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮاض ﺗﻨﻘﻠﮫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﻜﻮﻟﯿﺮا‪.‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪث ﺗﻔﺸﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮﻟﯿﺮا ﺑﻌﺪ زﻟﺰال ھﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ٢٠١٠‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ ‫اﻧﻘﻄﺎع إﻣﺪادات اﻟﻤﯿﺎه اﻟﻨﻈﯿﻔﺔ‪.‬‬ Likewise, a single natural hazard can have many impacts. For instance, hurricanes involve high winds, torrential rain, flooding, and storm surges. The winds may remove roofs and topple power lines. The floods may inundate roads, homes and schools. Ecosystems can be damaged, threatening wildlife. Some impacts can even be beneficial. A hurricane churns up ocean water, cooling surface water and thus reducing risk of another hurricane in the same area. Keeping track of these systems of hazards and impacts is an important part of the study of hazards.  ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫وﺑﺎﻟﻤﺜﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك ﺧﻄﺮ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ واﺣﺪ‪.‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻷﻋﺎﺻﯿﺮ اﻟﺮﻳﺎح اﻟﻌﺎﺗﯿﺔ واﻷﻣﻄﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻐﺰﻳﺮة واﻟﻔﯿﻀﺎﻧﺎت واﻟﻌﻮاﺻﻒ‪.‬اﻟﺮﻳﺎح أزاﻟﺖ اﻷﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫وإطﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻜﮫﺮﺑﺎء‪.‬ﻗﺪ ﺗﻐﺮق اﻟﻔﯿﻀﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫واﻟﻤﻨﺎزل واﻟﻤﺪارس‪.‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻀﺮر اﻟﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﺒﯿﺌﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﮫﺪد اﻟﺤﯿﺎة اﻟﺒﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬ﺑﻌﺾ اﻵﺛﺎر ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻔﯿﺪة‪.‬‬ ‫وﻳﺆدي اﻹﻋﺼﺎر إﻟﻰ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ ﻣﯿﺎه اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺎت ‪ ،‬وﺗﺒﺮﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄﺤﯿﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﯿﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺣﺪوث إﻋﺼﺎر آﺧﺮ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﮫﺎ‪.‬ﻳﻌﺪ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ھﺬه اﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮات ﺟﺰ ًءا ﻣﮫ ً‬  WHO STUDIES NATURAL HAZARDS? Contemporary research on natural hazard is interdisciplinary. Natural scientists study the nature of the extreme events involved in hazards. Social scientists study the human dimensions of the impacts and responses. Policy researchers, engineers, and ethicists study what can and should be done to prepare for hazards and to respond to them when they occur. Some specific fields active in natural hazards research include geography, medicine and public health, psychology, economics, engineering, and sociology. Cartography and geographic information science are increasingly important because these fields help analyze important spatial information about hazards.  ‫ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪرس اﻷﺧﻄﺎر اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ؟‬ ‫اﻻﺣﻄﺎر اﻟﻄ ‪7‬ٮٮ"ﻌٮ"ﺔ ٮ‪7‬ﺎٮ‪+‬ﻬﺎ ﻣ ‪G‬ٮﻌﺪدة اﻟ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬ﺤﺼﺼﺎت‬ ‫ٮ‪G‬تﻤٮ"ﺰ اﻻٮ‪7‬ﺤﺎث اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮة ﻋﻦ ‪+‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺪد اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت‪.‬ﻳﺪرس‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ طﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻷﺣﺪاث اﻟﻤﻔﺮطﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻄﻮي ﻋﻠﯿﮫﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‪.‬ﻳﺪرس ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع اﻷﺑﻌﺎد اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮات‬ ‫واﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺎت‪.‬ﻳﺪرس اﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻮن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﺎت ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﻤﮫﻨﺪﺳﻮن ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻷﺧﻼق ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ وﻳﺠﺐ اﻟﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻀﯿﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎطﺮ واﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﮫﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺪوﺛﮫﺎ‪.‬وﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﻨﺸﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ أﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎ ‪،‬‬ ‫واﻟﻄﺐ واﻟﺼﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ‪ ،‬واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ‪ ،‬واﻟﮫﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻢ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎع‪.‬ﺗﺘﺰاﻳﺪ أھﻤﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺨﺮاﺋﻂ وﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺔ ﻷن ھﺬه اﻟﺤﻘﻮل ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﯿﺔ اﻟﮫﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﺮ‪.‬ﻓﻲ وﻗﺖ ﻻﺣﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻮف ﻧﺮى ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﯿﻔﯿﺔ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام أﺣﺪث ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎت ﻹﺣﺪاث ﺛﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﻮارث‪.‬‬  EXAMPLES OF NATURAL DISASTERS Before we begin, let’s look at some examples of natural disasters. This will help set the tone for the rest of the module and give an understanding of some of the sorts of scenarios we’ll be studying. The four examples presented here are four of the biggest natural disasters of the last decade. ‫ٮٮ"ﻌٮ"ﺔ‬7 ‫ﻣﻦ اﻫﻢ اﻟﻜوارث اﻟﻄ‬ ‫ڡﻮد‬G ‫ى اﻟﻌ‬. ‫ڡ‬+ ‫ﺖ‬d‫اﻟﱵ ﺣﺪٮ‬ 1- 2012 Hurricane Sandy, US East Coast ‫اﻻﺣٮ"ﺮة ؟‬+ 2- 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami, Japan 3- Haiti earthquake 2010 4- 2008 Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar  ‫أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻮارث طﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪G‬ﻮﺣﺪ ٮ‪7‬ﻌﺾ اﻻﻣ ‪d‬ٮﻠﻪ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻜوارث اﻟﻄ ‪7‬ٮٮ"ﻌٮ"ﺔ ‪+‬ٮ ‪+‬ٮ ‪G‬ڡﺎﺷﻬﺎ ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻟٮ‪7‬ﺪاٮ "ﻪ‬ ‫ٮ ‪7‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ أن ﻧﺒﺪأ ‪ ،‬دﻋﻮﻧﺎ ﻧﻨﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﻮارث‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‪.‬ﺳﯿﺴﺎﻋﺪ ھﺬا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﻟﺒﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة‬ ‫وإﻋﻄﺎء ﻓﮫﻢ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﺴﯿﻨﺎرﻳﻮھﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻨﻘﻮم‬ ‫ﺑﺪراﺳﺘﮫﺎ‪.‬اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻷرﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﺿﺔ ھﻨﺎ ھﻲ أرﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ أﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻜﻮارث اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻘﺪ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -١‬إﻋﺼﺎر ﺳﺎﻧﺪي ‪ ،‬اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ اﻟﺸﺮﻗﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪٢٠١٢‬‬ ‫‪ -٢‬زﻟﺰال وﺗﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬اﻟﯿﺎﺑﺎن ‪٢٠١١‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ -٣‬زﻟﺰال ھﺎﻳﺘﻲ ‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪ -٤‬إﻋﺼﺎر ﻧﺮﺟﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻣﯿﺎﻧﻤﺎر ‪٢٠٠٨ ،‬‬ ‫ ‬  HUMAN FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SEVERITY OF THE DISASTER The severity of a disaster depends on both the physical nature of the extreme event and the social nature of the human populations affected by the event. Here are some important human factors that tend to influence disaster severity. A core point here is that different people, even within the same region, have different vulnerability to natural hazards. ‫ﺮة‬d‫ﻣﻦ اﻫﻢ اﻟﻌواﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺆٮ‬ Wealth. ‫ﺔ؟‬d‫ى ﺷﺪة اﻟﲀرٮ‬. ‫ڡ‬+ Education. Governments. Technology. Age. Gender.  ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺪة‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺎرﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺷﺪة اﻟﻜﺎرﺛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﻳﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺪث اﻟﻤﻔﺮط‬ ‫واﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﺔ اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﺘﻀﺮرﻳﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺪث‪.‬وھﻨﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﮫﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﯿﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺪة اﻟﻜﻮارث‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ھﻨﺎ ھﻲ أن اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺪﻳﮫﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﻷﺧﻄﺎر اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﯿﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺮوة‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﯿﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻤﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬ ‫اﻟﺠﻨﺲ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‬  ‫ﺗﺪرﻳﺐ‬ Wealth. Education. Governments. Technology. Age. Gender. Natural Disasters Cartography GEOGRAPHY OF WATER POVERTY-12 END WATER POVERTY SANTATION AND WATER FOR ALL Water, more than anything else, demonstrates the interdependence of the physical and human environments. No natural resources more important than water, one writer calling it ‘The first commodity’ (Anon. 1992a). Because water is essential for all life and virtually every human activity, it is central to the study of the planet Earth as the habitat of all living things. It is central to geography. Except for those who live in the world’s arid regions, the very familiarity with water has contributed to many inaccurate and damaging views of and attitudes towards this ubiquitous commodity. Although renewable, ‘Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment’ (ICWE 1992:4).  ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﺣﺮ ذو اﻫﻤٮ"ﺔ‬ ‫ٮ "ﻌﺪ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻛ ‪d‬ٮﺮ ﻣﻦ اي ﳾء ‪+‬‬ ‫ﻛٮ‪7‬رى ﺣٮ"ﺚ اٮ‪+‬ﻪ ٮ "رٮ‪7‬ﻂ ٮ‪7‬يﻦ اﻟ ‪7‬ٮٮ"ﺌ ‪G‬ٮٮ"ﻦ اﻟﻄ ‪7‬ٮٮ"ﻌٮ"ﺔ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫"عى اﻛ ‪d‬ٮﺮ‬ ‫واﻟٮ‪7‬ﺸريﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻ ٮ ‪7‬‬ ‫"ﻮﺣﺪ ﻣورد ﻃ ‪7‬ٮٮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻫﻤٮ"ﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء وﻟﻬﺬا اﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠٮ"ﻪ اﻟﲀٮ‪G‬ﺐ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤيﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻠﻌﺔ اﻻوﻟﻰ ٮ ‪++‬ﻄرًا ﻻن اﻟﻤﺎء ﺿرور ًيﺎ ‪7‬‬ ‫اﺷﲀل اﻟﺤٮ"ﺎه وكﻞ اﻻٮ‪+‬ﺸﻄﺔ اﻟٮ‪7‬ﺸريﺔ ‪+‬ڡﻬﻮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﺳﺎﳼ ﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ اﻷرض ٮ‪7‬ﺎﻋ ‪G‬ٮٮ‪7‬ﺎره ﻣﻮﻃ ‪+‬ٮﺎ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﲀﺋ ‪+‬ٮﺎت اﻟﺤٮ"ﺔ وﻟﻬﺬا ‪+‬ڡﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه أﺳﺎﺳٮ"ﺔ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫راڡٮ"ﺎ وٮ‪7‬ﺎﺳ ‪G‬ٮث ‪+‬ٮﺎء اﻟﺬٮ "ﻦ ٮ "ﻌٮ"ﺸون ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻌ> ‪+‬‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ‪7‬‬ ‫‪.....................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺎڡﺔ ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ‪+‬ڡ ‪G‬ڡﺪ ‪+‬ﻃﻬﺮت اﻟﻌﺪٮ "ﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﺤ ‪+‬‬ ‫اﻻ ‪G‬ڡﺎﻟٮ"ﻢ ‪7‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻻراء واﻟﻤوا ‪G‬ڡﻒ اﻟﱵ اﺿﺮت ٮ‪7‬ﺎﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ‪+‬ٮ ‪G‬ٮﺸﺮة ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى كﻞ ﻣﲀن وﻋﲆ اﻟﺮﻋ‪ +‬ﻢ ﻣﻦ ان‬ ‫اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه اﻟﻌﺬٮ‪7‬ﻪ ‪G‬ڡﺎٮ‪7‬ﻠﺔ ﻟﻠ ‪G‬ٮ ‪7‬ﺤﺪد اﻻ اٮ‪+‬ﻬﺎ ﻣورد‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻄﺮ رﻋ‪ +‬ﻢ اٮ‪+‬ﻪ ﺿروري‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪود وﻣﻌﺮض ‪+‬‬ ‫ﻻﺳ ‪G‬ٮﺪاﻣﺔ اﻟﺤٮ"ﺎه واﻟ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬ٮﻤٮ"ﺔ ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻟ ‪7‬ٮٮ"ﺌﺔ‬  A global water crisis, with a potential impact far greater than the ‘energy crisis’ of the 1970s, is looming, not so much because of any inherent supply ‫اﻻڡﻖ أزﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤٮ"ﺔ‬ + ‫ى‬. ‫ڡ‬+ ‫ﻠوح‬G‫ٮ‬ limitations, but rather because of what human beings ‫ٮ"ﺮﻫﺎ‬d‫ﺄٮ‬G‫ى ٮ‬. ‫ڡ‬+ ‫ڡوق‬G+ ‫ى اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه ٮ‬. ‫ڡ‬+ are doing to the earth’s aquatic systems. We can no ‫ﺖ‬d‫ڡﺔ اﻟﱵ ﺣﺪٮ‬G ‫ازﻣﺔ اﻟﻄﺎ‬ ‫ڡرن‬G ‫ٮٮ"ﺎت اﻟ‬+ ‫ﻌ "ٮ‬7‫ﺣﻼل ﺳٮ‬+ longer go on disrupting the hydrological cycle with ‫ى‬. ‫ڡ‬+ ‫ﺐ ﻟٮ"ﺲ‬7‫اﻟﻌﺸريﻦ واﻟﺴٮ‬ impunity. Individual and community attitudes to water ‫ڡٮ"ﻮد ﻋﲆ اﻹﻣﺪادات‬G ‫وﺣﻮد‬ 7 have to change. Contributing to such change is a ‫ﺸﺮ‬7‫"ڡﻌﻠﻪ اﻟٮ‬+ ‫ﺐ ﻣﺎ ٮ‬7‫ﺴٮ‬7‫ﻤﺎ ٮ‬+‫واٮ‬ ‫ﻄﻢ اﻟﻤﺎﺋٮ"ﺔ ﻟﻼرض‬+ ‫ٮ‬+ ‫ى اﻟ‬. ‫ڡ‬+ vitally important task for geography. ‫ٮﺎ‬+ ‫ٮ‬+ ‫ﺈﻣﲀ‬7‫ﺣٮ"ﺚ ﻟﻢ ٮ "ﻌﺪ ٮ‬ :‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻌﻄٮ"ﻞ اﻟﺪورة‬G‫ى ٮ‬. ‫ڡ‬+ ‫ٮﻤرار‬G ‫اﻻﺳ‬ ‫"ﺪروﻟﻮﺣٮ"ﺔ ) اﻟﻤﺎﺋٮ"ﺔ( دون‬ 7 ‫اﻟﻬﺎٮ‬....................................................................................... ‫تﻌ> ٮ"ﺮ‬G‫"ﺤﺐ ان ٮ‬7 ‫ڡﺎب ﺣٮ"ﺚ ٮ‬G ‫ﻋ‬....................................................................................... ‫واﻟﺤﻤﺎﻋٮ"ﺔ‬ 7 + ‫ٮﺎ‬+ ‫ڡ‬+ ‫ڡ‬G ‫ﻣوا‬ ‫اﻟڡﺮدٮ "ﺔ‬....................................................................................... ‫ى‬. ‫ڡ‬+ ‫ﺤﺎه اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه واﻟﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺔ‬G7 ‫اٮ‬ ‫ﻌ> ٮ"يﺮ اﺣﺪ اﻫﻢ ادوار‬G‫ﻫﺬا اﻟٮ‬.................................................................................. ‫راڡٮ"ﺎ‬+ >‫اﻟﺤﻌ‬ 7 ‫ﻋﻠﻢ‬ TERM TRANSLATION TERM TRANSLATION Physical and arid regions human ‫ٮٮ"ﻌٮ"ﺔ‬7 ‫يﺌﺎت ﻃ‬7‫ٮ‬ environments natural resource vulnerable resource writer calling development human activity water crisis Planet Earth earth’s aquatic ‫ى اﻻرض‬. ‫ڡ‬+ ‫ﻄﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋٮ"ﺔ‬++ ‫اﻷٮ‬ systems hydrological cycle THE EARTH’S WATER RESOURCES: Overall, the ‘Earth’s water cycle is an abundant provider’. The amount of water on and close to the surface of the earth is vast. However, most of it is in the oceans, while all but a small fraction of the fresh water is stored in the polar ice caps, in glaciers and in groundwater. Only a very small quantity is readily available for human use. Essentially, this is the water in the world’s rivers and lakes. It is only because the hydrological cycle constantly replenishes these waters that they can be used and so classified as renewable resources. Because of its relatively rapid replacement, human beings have access to much more water than what is present in the rivers and lakes at any one time. However, even this quantity needs qualification, for nowhere near all of the approximately 41,000 km3 of water that are in circulation as part of the hydrological cycle are actually available for human use and consumption. The reasons for this are many.  ‫اﻟﻤوارد اﻟﻤﺎﺋٮ"ﺔ ﻟﻼرض‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫هى اﻟﻤﺼﺪر اﻻﺳﺎﳼ‬ ‫ٮ‪G‬ﻌ ‪G‬ٮٮ‪7‬ﺮ دورة ﻣٮ"ﺎه اﻻرض ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻮڡٮ"ﺮ ﻣٮ"ﺎﻫﻬﺎ ﺣٮ"ﺚ ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫ﻟ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪G‬تواڡﺮ ﻛﻤٮ"ﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه‬ ‫ﻮڡﻬﺎ ورﻋ‪ +‬ﻢ ذﻟﻚ ‪+‬ڡﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻻرض و ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى ‪7‬ﺣ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪G‬ﻮﺣﺪ ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻟﻤﺤٮ"ﻄﺎت ٮ‪7‬ي ‪+‬ٮﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻄﻢ ﻣٮ"ﺎه اﻻرض ٮ ‪7‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪G‬ﻮﺣﺪ ٮ‪7‬ﻜﻤٮ"ﺎت ﺻﻌ> ٮ"ﺮة ﻣوزﻋﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه اﻟﻌﺬٮ‪7‬ﻪ ٮ ‪7‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠٮ"ﺪي اﻟ ‪G‬ڡﻄﱯ واﻷٮ‪+‬ﻬﺎر‬ ‫ﻋﲆ كﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌ> ﻄﺎء ‪7‬‬ ‫ﻼﺣﺎت ( و اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﺤﻠٮ"ﺪٮ "ﺔ اﻟ ‪G‬ڡﻄ ‪7‬ٮٮ"ﺔ ) اﻟ ‪d‬ٮ ‪7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤ ‪+‬‬ ‫ﻮڡٮ"ﺔ اﻣﺎ اﻟﻜﻤٮ"ﺎت اﻟﺼﻌ> ٮ"ﺮة اﻟﻤ ‪G‬ٮﺎح‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪G‬ﻮﺣﺪ ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى‬ ‫اﺳ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬ﺤﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ٮ‪7‬ﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ‪G‬ڡٮ‪7‬ﻞ اﻟٮ‪7‬ﺸﺮ ٮ ‪7‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪G‬ﻮڡﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﻻٮ‪+‬ﻬﺎر و اﻟٮ‪7‬ﺤٮ"رات ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺣٮ"ﺚ ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺎلى‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫"ﺪروﻟﻮﺣٮ"ﺔ ) اﻟﻤﺎﺋٮ"ﺔ ( وٮ‪7‬ﺎﻟ ‪G‬ٮ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺪورة اﻟﻬٮ‬ ‫ٮ "ﻤﻜﻦ اﺳ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬ﺤﺪاﻣﻬﺎ وٮ‪G‬ﺼ ‪+‬ٮٮ ‪"+‬ڡﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ اٮ‪+‬ﻬﺎ ﻣورد‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣ ‪G‬ٮ ‪7‬ﺤﺪد ٮ‪7‬ﺴٮ‪7‬ﺐ اٮ‪+‬ﻪ ٮ "ﻤﻜﻦ اﺳ ‪G‬ٮٮ‪7‬ﺪاﻟﻪ ﺳري ًﻌﺎ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ويﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠٮ‪7‬ﺸﺮ اﻟﻮﺻول اﻟﻰ ﻛﻤٮ"ﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺣﻮد ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻻٮ‪+‬ﻬﺎر واﻟٮ‪7‬ﺤٮ"رات ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ٮ ‪G+‬ڡوق ﻣﺎﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺤﺔ وٮ‪G‬ﺄﻫٮ"ﻞ‬‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﻤٮ"ﺎت ٮ‪G‬ﺤ ‪G‬ٮﺎج اﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪....................................................‬‬ ‫وإﺣ ً‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻻ ﻫ ‪+‬ٮﺎك ﺣول ﻣﺎٮ " ‪G‬ڡﺎرب ‪ ٤١‬اﻟﻒ كﻠﻢ‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻛﺤﺰء‬ ‫‪G‬ﺪﺣﻞ ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻟ ‪G‬ٮﺪويﺮ ‪7‬‬ ‫ﻣرٮ‪7‬ﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه اﻟﱵ ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪G‬ﻮڡﺮ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه‬ ‫"ﺪروﻟﻮﺣٮ"ﺔ اﻟﱵ ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺪورة اﻟﻬﺎٮ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬ﺤﺪام واﻻﺳ ‪G‬ٮﻬﻼك اﻟٮ‪7‬ﺸري‬  Term Translation Term Translation Earth’s water groundwater cycle surface of the rivers and lakes earth the oceans hydrological cycle freshwater classified as renewable ‫ٮﻒ ﻛﻤﻮدر‬+ ‫ﺼ‬G‫ٮ‬ ‫ﺤﺪد‬7 ‫ٮ‬G ‫ﻞ ﻟﻠ‬7‫ڡﺎٮ‬G resources the polar ice human beings caps glaciers the earth’s water resources The limited quantity of the earth’s available freshwater resources is compounded by its temporal and spatial variability. While the annual variability in the earth’s total river run off is relatively small, significant temporal variability can affect any place on the earth’s surface. It can be seasonal, part of the ‘normal’ pattern, or it can occur from one year to another, resulting in drought or flood, such as the variations associated with the El Niño effect on the west coast of South America, the islands of the Pacific, and the countries of the western Pacific from the Philippines to Australia. There can also be significant seasonal variations in the availability of water from surface sources and shallow alluvial aquifers, though not from the deeper groundwater resources. Thus it is the stable runoff or dry weather flows sufficient to meet in-stream requirements and permitted abstractions that really determine the year-round quantity of water that is available for human use.  ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪G‬تڡﺎ ‪G‬ڡﻢ ﻣﺸكﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﻤٮ"ﺎت اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه اﻟﻌﺬٮ‪7‬ﺔ اﻟﻤ ‪G‬ٮﺎﺣﺔ ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻻرض ٮ‪7‬ﺴٮ‪7‬ﺐ‬ ‫ٮ‪G‬ﻌ> ٮ"ﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﲀ ‪+‬ٮ "ٮًﺎ وزﻣﺎ ‪+‬ٮ "ٮًﺎ ﺣٮ"ﺚ ان اﻟ ‪G‬ٮٮ‪7‬ﺎٮ "ﻦ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄحى‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤريﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺴ ‪+‬ٮوي ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻛﻤﺎل ﻛﻤٮ"ﺎت ‪7‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤٮ"ﺎه ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻻٮ‪+‬ﻬﺎر ﺻﻌ> ٮ"ﺮ ﻟﻠﻌ> ﺎٮ "ﺔ وي ‪G‬ٮﺄٮ‪d‬ﺮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻤ "ٮًﺎ ٮ‪7‬ﺴٮ‪7‬ﺐ ﻣﺎ ‪G‬ڡﺪ ٮ "ﺤﺪث ﻣﻢ ٮ‪G‬ﻌ> ٮ"رات‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟڡٮ"ﻀﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﺤ ‪+‬ڡﺎف او ‪+‬‬ ‫ﺎﺣٮ"ﺔ ٮ‪G‬ﺆدي اﻣﺎ اﻟﻰ ‪7‬‬ ‫ﻣ ‪+‬ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﻫرات اﻟﻤﺆٮ‪d‬ﺮة‬ ‫ﻻﺣﺮ وﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه ‪+‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎم ‪+‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪+‬ﻃﺎﻫﺮة اﻟ ‪+‬ٮ "ٮ ‪+‬ٮﻮ واﻟﱵ ٮ‪G‬ﺤﺪث ﻋﲆ اﻟﺴﺎﺣﻞ‬ ‫وﺣزر اﻟﻤﺤٮ"ﻂ‬ ‫اﻟﺤ ‪+‬ٮوٮ‪7‬يﺔ ‪7‬‬‫اﻟﻌ> ر ‪7‬ٮ ‪.‬ى ﻟ ‪G‬ڡﺎرة اﻣريﲀ ‪7‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻬﺎدي ودول ‪+‬ڡﺮب اﻟﻤﺤٮ"ﻂ اﻟﻬﺎدي ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻼڡﺎت‬ ‫اﻻﺣ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫اﻟڡﻠ ‪7‬ٮٮ"ﻦ وﺣﱴ اﺳ ‪G‬ٮراﻟٮ"ﺎ وٮ‪G‬ﺆدي ‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻤٮ"ﺔ اﻟﻜ ‪7‬ٮٮ"ﺮة اﻟﻰ اﻟ ‪G‬ٮﺄٮ‪d‬ٮ"ﺮ ﻋﲆ اﻟﻜﻤٮ"ﺎت‬ ‫واڡﺮة ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر اﻟﺴﻄﺤٮ"ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻮڡٮ"ﺔ ﻟﻜ ‪+‬ٮﻬﺎ ﻻ ٮ‪G‬ﻮٮ‪d‬ﺮ ﻋﲆ‬ ‫اﻟﺤ ‪+‬‬ ‫وﺣزاٮ‪+‬ﺎت اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه ‪7‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤريﺎن‬ ‫ﺎلى ‪+‬ڡﺈن ‪7‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤٮ"ﺎت اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه اﻟﻌﻤ "ٮ ‪G‬ڡﺔ وٮ‪7‬ﺎﻟ ‪G‬ٮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪...................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄحى اﻟﺬي ٮ "ﻮٮ‪ّd‬ﺮ ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى ٮ‪G‬ﻌ> ٮ"رات اﻟﻤ ‪+‬ٮﺎخ ‪G‬ڡﺪ‬‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺪڡﻖ وﻋﻤﻠٮ"ﺎت‬ ‫ﰷڡ "ٮًﺎ ﻟ ‪G‬ٮﻠ ‪7‬ٮٮ"ﺔ ﻣ ‪G‬ٮﻄﻠٮ‪7‬ﺎت اﻟ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫ٮ "ﻜون ‪+‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻟﻜﻤٮ"ﺔ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه اﻟﻤ ‪G‬ٮﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﻼﺳ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬ﺤﺪام‬ ‫اﻟٮ‪7‬ﺸري ﻋﲆ ﻣﺪار اﻟﻌﺎم‬ The limited availability of water is most evident in the developing countries of the arid and semiarid Middle East and North Africa, where, in many cases, rapid population grow this only adding to their difficulties. Their profligate use of water for irrigation is a further complicating factor. But water shortages afflict other parts of the world as well. In Poland, the draining of bogs that once soaked up rainfall [and out of which it drained extremely slowly],combined with hideous pollution, has left the country as short of usable water as Bahrain. Of the nearly 41,000 km3 of net annual input into the continents, the stable run off amounts to only 13,000 km3. However, since about 5,000 km3 flows through sparsely populated regions, like the Amazon Basin, the total volume readily available for human use is whittled down to about 9,000 km3.  ‫‪G‬واڡﺮ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه ٮ‪7‬ﺸكﻞ واﺿﺢ‬ ‫وٮ‪G‬تﻀﺢ ﻣﺤﺪودٮ "ﺔ ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻟﺪول اﻟ ‪+‬ٮﺎﻣٮ"ﺔ اﻟوا ‪G‬ڡﻌﻪ ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻻ ‪G‬ڡﺎﻟٮ"ﻢ ‪7‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤ ‪+‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎڡﺔ‬ ‫ﺎڡﻪ ٮ‪7‬ﻤ ‪+‬ٮﻄ ‪G‬ڡﺔ اﻟﺸرق اﻷوﺳﻂ وﺷﻤﺎل‬ ‫اﻟﺤ ‪+‬‬ ‫وﺷٮ‪7‬ﻪ ‪7‬‬ ‫‪+‬ى اﻟﺴريﻊ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫أڡري ‪G‬ڡٮ"ﺎ ﺣٮ"ﺚ ادى اﻟ ‪+‬ٮﻤﻮ اﻟﺴﲀٮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪G‬واﺣﻬﻬﺎ ٮ‪G‬ﻠﻚ اﻟﺪول ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى‬ ‫زيﺎدة اﻟﺼﻌوٮ‪7‬ﺎت اﻟﱵ ٮ ‪7‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪G‬ﻮڡٮ"ﺮ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه ﻛﻤﺎ ٮ "ﻌ ‪G‬ٮٮ‪7‬ﺮ اﻻﺳ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬ﺤﺪام اﻟﻤﺴﺮف‬ ‫ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤٮ"ﺎه ﻻﻋ‪ +‬راض اﻟري اﺣﺪ اﻟﻌواﻣﻞ اﻟﱵ ٮ‪G‬زيﺪ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﺸكﻠﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻫ ‪+‬ٮﺎك اٮ "ﻀﺎ دول‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪+‬ى ﻣﻦ ‪+‬ٮ ‪G‬ڡﺺ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه ﻣ ‪+‬ٮﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﺣرى ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ٮ‪G‬ﻌﺎٮ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻋﲆ ﺳ ‪7‬ٮٮ"ﻞ اﻟﻤ ‪d‬ٮﺎل ٮ‪7‬ﻮﻟ ‪+‬ٮﺪا واﻟﱵ ‪G‬ڡﺎﻣﺖ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺸڡٮ"ﻒ اﻟﻤﺴ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬ٮ ‪G‬ڡﻌﺎت اﻟﱵ ﰷٮ‪+‬ﺖ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه‬ ‫‪7‬ٮ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬‬ ‫ٮ ‪G+‬ﺤ ‪G‬ٮزن ‪+‬ڡٮ"هﺎ ٮ ‪7+‬ڡﻌﻞ اﻻﻣﻄﺎر ‪7‬ﺣ ‪+‬ٮٮ‪7‬ﺎ اﻟﻰ ‪7‬ﺣ ‪+‬ٮﺐ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎٮ‪G‬ﻌﺮﺿﺖ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ٮ‪G‬ﻠﻮث ٮ‪7‬ﺸﻊ وﻣﻦ اﻻدول‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪+‬ى ﻣﻦ ‪+‬ٮ ‪G‬ڡﺺ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه اﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﱵ ٮ‪G‬ﻌﺎٮ ‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫واﺣﻤﺎﻻ ٮ"ٮ‪7‬ﻠﻎ ﺻﺎ ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬ﺤﺪام دوﻟﺔ اﻟٮ‪7‬ﺤريﻦ ‪7‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه اﻟﺴ ‪+‬ٮويﺔ ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى ‪G‬ڡﺎرات اﻻﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻣﺎٮ " ‪G‬ڡﺮب ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤريﺎن‬ ‫‪ ٤١‬اﻟﻒ كﻠﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ٮ‪7‬ي ‪+‬ٮﻤﺎ ٮ"ٮ‪7‬ﻠﻎ ‪7‬‬ ‫‪.........................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻄحى ٮ‪+‬ﺤﻮ ‪ ١٣‬اﻟﻒ كﻠﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ وﻫ ‪+‬ٮﺎك‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪٥‬اﻻف كﻠﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ٮ ‪G7‬ﺤري ‪+‬ڡ ‪.‬ى اﻻ ‪G‬ڡﺎﻟٮ"ﻢ ‪G‬ڡﻠٮ"ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺴﲀن ﻣ ‪d‬ٮﻞ ﺣﻮض ٮ‪+‬ﻬﺮ اﻻﻣﺎزون وﻋﲆ ذﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻤﺎلى اﻟﻤ ‪G‬ٮﺎح ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤٮ"ﺎه ﻟﻼﺳ ‪G‬ٮ ‪+‬ﺤﺪام‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫اﺣ‬‫‪+‬ڡﺈن ‪7‬‬ ‫اﻟٮ‪7‬ﺸري ٮ‪G‬ت ‪G‬ڡﻠﺺ اﻟﻰ ٮ‪+‬ﺤﻮ ‪ ٩‬اﻻف كﻠﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ‬  :‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻲ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‬ Term Translation Term Translation spatial variability in-stream requirements annual developing variability countries river runoff arid and semiarid Middle East and North Africa ‘normal’ pattern population growth drought or flood irrigation the El Niño hideous pollution the islands of the runoff Pacific the western populated regions Pacific Basin  WATER USE It has been estimated that withdrawals from freshwater sources have increased tenfold this century and tripled since 1950. In the United Kingdom, for example, water use has increased by 70 per cent in thirty years, largely due to such things as dishwashers, washing machines, car washes, garden sprinklers, and industrial processes. Globally, it is estimated that approximately 3,500 km3of water are now withdrawn annually for human use. Of this total, some 2,100km3 is for consumptive use. The remainder is returned to the surface and groundwater systems, more often than not in a polluted state. Water use is dominated by irrigation, globally and on a continental basis. Long established in virtually every country, it is an extremely water intensive activity. Though accounting for a declining proportion of total withdrawals, the quantities are increasing, especially in the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.  ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﺳ ‪,‬ٮ *ﺤﺪام اﻟﻤٮ‪#‬ﺎه ‪:‬‬ ‫ٮ‪,‬ﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﻤﻠٮ‪#‬ﺎت اﻟﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺎدر اﻟﻤٮ‪#‬ﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺬٮ=ﺔ ﺣٮ‪#‬ﺚ ‪,‬ڡﺪرت اﻟﻜﻤٮ‪#‬ﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺤوٮ=ﻪ ٮ=ﺎٮ*ﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪,‬ﻀﺎﻋڡﺖ *ﺣﻼل اﻟ ‪,‬ڡرن اﻟﻌﺸريﻦ =ٮ *ٮﺤﻮ ﻋﺸﺮة‬ ‫*‬ ‫ٮ‬ ‫‪,‬ﻀﺎﻋڡﺖ ﻣ *ٮﺬ ﻋﺎم ‪= ١٩٥٠‬ٮ *ٮﺤﻮ ٮ‪S‬ﻼث‬ ‫*‬ ‫اﺿﻌﺎف وٮ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣرات‬ ‫*ڡ ^ى اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤ ‪,‬ٮﺤﺪة ﻋﲆ ﺳ =ٮٮ‪#‬ﻞ اﻟﻤ ‪S‬ٮﺎل زاد‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﺳ ‪,‬ٮ *ﺤﺪام اﻟﻤٮ‪#‬ﺎه اﻟﻌﺬٮ=ﺔ =ٮ *ٮﺴٮ=ﺔ ‪* ٪٧٠‬ﺣﻼل ‪ ٣٠‬ﻋﺎم‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫‪#‬ﺮﺣﻊ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻰ اﺳ ‪,‬ٮ *ﺤﺪام اﺷٮ‪#‬ﺎء ﻣﺴ ‪,‬ٮﻬﻠﻜﻪ‬ ‫وٮ =‬ ‫ﻋ*‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤٮ‪#‬ﺎه ﻣ ‪S‬ٮﻞ ﺴﺎﻻت اﻟﻤﻼٮ=ﺲ‪ ،‬ﺴﺎﻻت اﻻﻃٮ=ﺎق‪،‬‬ ‫ﻋ*‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻋ* ﺴٮ‪#‬ﻞ اﻟﺴٮ‪#‬ﺎرات‪ ،‬رش اﻟﺤﺪاﺋﻖ‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﻤﻠٮ‪#‬ﺎت‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼ *ٮﺎﻋٮ‪#‬ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎﻟﻤ ‪#‬ٮًﺎ ٮ‪,‬ﺸٮ‪#‬ﺮ اﻟ ‪,‬ٮ ‪,‬ڡﺪٮ ‪#‬رات اٮ*ﻪ ٮ ‪, #‬ٮﻢ‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺐ ‪٣٥٠٠‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤٮ‪#‬ﺎه ﺳ *ٮو ًيﺎ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺳ ‪,‬ٮ *ﺤﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟٮ=ﺸريﺔ وﻣﻦ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﻤٮ‪#‬ﺔ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ٮ ‪#‬ﺴ ‪,‬ٮﻬﻠﻚ ٮ=ﺸكﻞ ﰷﻣﻞ ‪٢١٠٠‬ﻛﻢ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ *ڡ ^ى ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ٮ ‪#‬ﻌﻮد اﻟٮ=ﺎڡ ‪^ ,‬ى اﻟﻰ اٮ **ﻄﻤﺔ اﻟﻤٮ‪#‬ﺎه اﻟﺴﻄﺤٮ‪#‬ﻪ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻮڡٮ‪#‬ﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻫٮ‪#‬ﺌﺔ ﻣٮ‪#‬ﺎه ﻣﻠﻮٮ‪S‬ﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ان‬ ‫واﻟﺤ *‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﺳ ‪,‬ٮ *ﺤﺪام اﻟﻤٮ‪#‬ﺎه ﻋﺎﻟﻤ ‪#‬ٮًﺎ *ڡ ^ى اﻟري ﻋﲆ ﻣﺴ ‪,‬ٮوى‬ ‫‪,‬ڡﺎرات اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ واﻟﺬي ٮ ‪#‬ﻌﺪ ٮ*ﺸﺎﻃﺎ ﻛ ‪S‬ٮٮ * ً‪#‬ڡﺎ *ڡ ^ى‬ ‫‪..................................................‬‬ ‫اﺳ ‪,‬ٮﻬﻼك اﻟﻤٮ‪#‬ﺎه اﺣﺪ اﻫﻢ ﻣﺼﺎدر ﺳﺤﺐ اﻟﻤٮ‪#‬ﺎه‬ ‫اﺣﺬه *ڡ ^ى اﻟ ‪,‬ٮزاٮ ‪#‬ﺪ ﻻﺳٮ‪#‬ﻤﺎ *ڡ ^ى‬ ‫وﻫﺬه اﻟﻜﻤٮ‪#‬ﺔ *‬ ‫*‬ ‫*‬ ‫اﻟٮ=ﻠﺪان اﻟ *ٮﺎﻣٮ‪#‬ﺔ ڡ ^ى اﺳٮ‪#‬ﺎ وأڡري ‪,‬ڡٮ‪#‬ﺎ واﻣريﲀ‬ ‫اﻟﺤ *ٮوٮ=يﺔ‬ ‫=‬ In quantitative terms, industrial water withdrawals, for cooling, processing, cleaning, and removing industrial wastes, are second only to irrigation. Major increases are taking place, especially in the developing world. World-wide, domestic and municipal uses account for about 7per cent of all withdrawals, but in the developed world the figures are in the 13–16per cent range. The quantities involved increase with rising living standards, from around 20 liters per capita per day to over 500. Two- thirds of the world’s population, mainly in Asia and Africa, use less than 50 liters per capita per day. Industrial and domestic uses are accounting for an increasing proportion of total water withdrawals.  ‫اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ٮ‪,‬ﻌﺪ اﻟﻤ‪#‬ٮﺎه اﻟﻤﺴ‪,‬ٮ*ﺤﺪﻣﺔ *ڡ^ى اﻟﺼ*ٮﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻻ*ﻋراض اﻟ‪,‬ٮ=ٮريﺪ واﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟ=ﺤﺔ واﻟ‪,‬ٮ*ٮ*ﻄ‪#‬ٮﻒ‬ ‫وإزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻤ*ﺤﻠ*ڡﺎت اﻟﺼ*ٮﺎﻋ‪#‬ٮﺔ ﻛﻤ‪#‬ٮًﺎ ٮ‪S‬ﺎ*ٮ^ى‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻛ=ٮﺮ اﺳ‪,‬ٮﻬﻼك ﻟﻠﻤ‪#‬ٮﺎه اﻟﻌﺬ=ٮﺔ =ٮﻌﺪ اﻟري‬ ‫*ﺣﺎﺻًﺔ ا*ٮﻪ ﺣﺪٮ‪S‬ﺖ زيﺎدات ﻛ=ٮ‪#‬ٮﺮة *ڡ^ى‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫=ٮﻠﺪان اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟ*ٮﺎم^ى وإ=ﺣﻤﺎﻻ ً ٮ‪,‬ﻤ‪S‬ٮﻞ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‪#‬ٮﺎه اﻟﻤﺴ‪,‬ٮ*ﺤﺪﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤ‪#‬ٮا ً وﻣﺤﻠ‪#‬ٮاً‬ ‫وإ‪,‬ڡﻠ‪#‬ٮﻤ‪#‬ٮا ً *ڡ^ى اﻟﺼ*ٮﺎﻋﺔ *ٮﺤﻮ ‪ ٪٧‬ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫إ=ﺣﻤﺎل^ى ﻛﻤ‪#‬ٮﺎت اﻟﻤ‪#‬ٮﺎه اﻟﻤﺴﺤو=ٮﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟ*ٮﺴ=ٮﺔ ٮ‪,‬زيﺪ *ڡ^ى =ٮﻠﺪان اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤ‪,‬ٮ‪,‬ڡﺪم‬ ‫ﻟ‪,‬ٮتراوح =ٮيﻦ ‪ ١٣‬اﻟﻰ ‪* ١٦‬ڡ^ى اﻟﻤﺌﺔ‬ ‫‪......................................................................................‬‬ ‫وﻣﻌﻠﻮًﻣﺎ ان اﻟﻜﻤ‪#‬ٮﺎت اﻟﻤﺴ‪,‬ٮﻬﻠﻜﺔ ٮ‪,‬زيﺪ‬ ‫‪..................................................................‬‬ ‫=ٮﺎرٮ‪*,‬ڡﺎع ﻣﺴ‪,‬ٮوى اﻟﻤﻌ‪#‬ٮﺸﺔ ﺣ=ٮﺚ‬ ‫ارٮ‪*,‬ڡﻌﺖ ﻣﻦ ‪ ٢٠‬ﻟ‪,‬ٮﺮ ٮ ‪#‬ﻮﻣ‪#‬ٮًﺎ ﻟﻠ*ڡﺮد اﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪٥٠٠‬ﻟ‪,‬ٮﺮ ﻟﻠ*ڡﺮد ويﺴ‪,‬ٮ*ﺤﺪم ٮ‪S‬ﻠﱻ ﺳﲀن‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ *ﺣﺎﺻﺔ *ڡ^ى ‪,‬ڡﺎر‪,‬ٮ^ى اﺳ‪#‬ٮﺎ وا*ڡري‪,‬ڡ‪#‬ٮﺎ‬ ‫ا‪,‬ڡﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪٥٠‬ﻟ‪,‬ٮﺮ ٮ ‪#‬ﻮﻣ‪#‬ٮا ً ﻟﻠ*ڡﺮد وٮ‪,‬ﻤ‪S‬ٮﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺳ‪,‬ٮ*ﺤﺪاﻣﺎت اﻟﻤ*ٮﺰﻟ‪#‬ٮﺔ واﻟﺼ*ٮﺎﻋ‪#‬ٮﺔ‬ ‫ٮ‪,‬زاٮ ‪#‬ﺪ ﻣﺴ‪,‬ٮﻤﺮ *ڡ^ى ﻋﻤﻠ‪#‬ٮﺎت ﺳﺤﺐ‬ ‫اﻟﻤ‪#‬ٮﺎه اﻟﻌﺬ=ٮﺔ‬  :‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻵﺗﯿﺔ‬ Term Translation Term Translation Industrial developing processes countries the surface and withdrawals ground water systems globally and on industrial water a continental withdrawals basis intensive activity Industrial and domestic uses GEOGRAPHY OF WATER POVERTY-13 END WATER POVERTY SANTATION AND WATER FOR ALL  GEOGRAPHY OF WATER POVERTY-13 THE CRITICAL DILEMMA Globally and continentally, the quantities of water withdrawn for human use are significantly less than what is available. This is also true for projected withdrawals by the end of the century. However, just as the total river runoff misleads opinion on the water effectively available for human use, so the global figure obscures the actual water used and available at continental, national and regional levels. However, matters of water availability and use cannot simply be considered at such macro levels. In many situations around the world, at local and regional levels, as well as the national level in some instances, there is a growing disparity between the available supplies and the ever-increasing demand for water. It is at these levels that the critical issues really exist, not only in the poor countries of the arid and semiarid zones, but even in such a large and seemingly well-endowed country as Canada ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺿﻠﺔ اﻟﺣرﺟﺔ‬ ،‫ﺗﻌد ﻛﻣﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﻣﺳﺣوﺑﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑﺷري أﻗل ﺑﻛﺛﯾر ﻣﻣﺎ ھو ﻣﺗﺎح ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوى اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ واﻟﻘﺎري‬ ‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟك ﺗﻌﺗﺑر ﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﺟرﯾﺎن اﻟﻣﯾﺎه ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺿﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛﻣﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺣوﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﺗوﻗﻌﺔ ﺑﺣﻠول ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻘرن‬ ً ‫وﯾﻧطﺑﻖ ھذا أﯾ‬ ‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈن اﻟرﻗم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻣﻲ‬،‫اﻷﻧﮭﺎر ﻣﺿﻠﻠﮫ ﻟﻠرأي اﻟﻌﺎم ﺑﺷﺄن ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻼﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﺑﺷري‬ ‫ وﻣﻊ ذﻟك ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن‬.‫ﯾﺣﺟب ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﻔﻌﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ واﻟﻣﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﻘﺎرﯾﺔ واﻟوطﻧﯾﺔ واﻹﻗﻠﯾﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن ا