LC 1_MIL230 Military Geographic Information Systems PDF

Military Geographic Information Systems  MIL230 Military Geographic Information Systems Dr. Abdelgadir Abuelgasim Introduction to GIS  MIL230: Military Geographic Information Systems Topic 01: Introduction to GIS Objective of the Lecture GIS Definitions GIS Com...

Military Geographic Information Systems  MIL230 Military Geographic Information Systems Dr. Abdelgadir Abuelgasim Introduction to GIS  MIL230: Military Geographic Information Systems Topic 01: Introduction to GIS Objective of the Lecture GIS Definitions GIS Components History of GIS History of Overlay Analysis GIS Operations GIS Applications Web mapping and GIS Rise of GIS What is GIS? Geographic Information System (GIS): computer information system that can input, store, manage, manipulate, analyze, and display geospatial data to support decision making processes. Geospatial Data: geographically referenced data, which describe both the locations and characteristics of spatial features. For example: Roads (1) Where it is located? (2) What is the characteristics? Length, name, speed limit, direction. GIS answers the following Location: What is at...? What exists at a particular location? A location can be described in many ways, using, for example place name, post code, or geographic reference such as longitude/latitude or x/y. Condition: Where is it? Instead of identifying what exists at a given location, one may wish to find location(s) where certain conditions are satisfied (e.g., an unforested section of at-least 2000 square meters in size, within 100 meters of road, and with soils suitable for supporting buildings). Trends: What has changed since...? Find the differences over time (e.g. in land use or elevation). Modeling: What if…? e.g. What happens if a new road is added to a network? or if a toxic substance seeps into the local ground water supply? What if sea level rise 1m? Answering these question requires both geographic and other information as well as specific models. Patterns: What spatial patterns exist? How many people works in a particular store? Which stores lie within 20 km of each other? What is the shortest route passing through all these stores?. These are spatial questions that can only be answered using latitude and longitude data and other information such as the radius of earth. GIS can answer such questions. GIS Components GIS constitutes of five key components: Hardware: PCS, laptops, workstations with operating systems such as windows, Linux and UNIX. Monitors, printers, plotters, digitizers, scanners. GPS, mobile devices. Software: 1) User interface such as ArcGIS (ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcScene, ArcInfo), EDRISI People: GIS professionals Data: Existing data or new data (more details later) Data Sources: - Digitized and Scanned Maps - Data Bases :Tables of data - GPS and Field Data: Accurate locations& attributes - Remote Sensed Data: Satellite images & Aerial Photography Methods of Analysis: The various techniques used for analysis, map creation & further usage for any project. A Brief History of GIS Written records of property boundary locations date to 1400 BC. The term “geographic information system” dates to the 1960s, where Roger Tomlinson developed the first operational GIS for Canada Land Inventory. Tomlinson is acknowledged as the "father of GIS”. Fisher, in 1964, founded the Harvard Laboratory of Computer Graphics. Several computer mapping programs were developed and distributed through out the 1970s such as GRID, ODESSEY, & SYMAP. A Brief History of GIS By the early 1980s, M&S Computing along with Bentley Systems Incorporated for the CAD platform, Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI), CARIS (Computer Aided. Resource Information System), MapInfo Corporation and ERDAS (Earth Resource Data Analysis System) emerged as commercial vendors of GIS software. In 1990, began the process of moving GIS from the research department into the business environment when MapInfo was developed for Microsoft Windows platform. By beginning of the 21th century, users were beginning to explore viewing GIS data over the Internet. A growing number of free, open-source GIS packages run on a range of operating systems and can be customized to perform specific tasks. Increasingly geospatial data and mapping applications are being made available via the world wide web. History of Overlay analysis The integration of multiple sources of information. Many associate overlay analysis with modern day GIS. Demonstrated manually in 1854 by Dr. John Snow in his isolation of cholera sources in London. Demonstrated again: 1954, Jacqueline Tyrwhitt, Town & Country Planning Text Book 1969, Ian McHarg, Design with Nature Overlay analysis history Stand Types Hydrology Roads Topography Composite Layers Wouldn’t it be great to do this digitally? The origin of modern day GIS… Overlay analysis GIS “layers” “Layers” of GIS Data Municipalities “Layers” of GIS Data Census Tracts “Layers” of GIS Data Lakes and Rivers “Layers” of GIS Data Polluting Companies “Layers” of GIS Data Schools Geo spatial Data Coordinate system Geospatial data is geographically geo referenced. Spatial feature on earth are referenced to a geographical coordinate system in terms of longitude and latitude values. When features are displayed on map they are typically based on a projected coordinate system in terms of x and y coordinates. These two spatial reference system are connected by the process of projection, which displays earth spherical surface as a plane surface. Thousands of projected and coordinate systems are in use. Vector data model It uses points and their x and y coordinates to represent discrete features with a clear spatial location and boundary Wells, streams, land parcels. Raster Data Model Raster data model uses grid cells to represent continuous features such as elevation and perception In book read the figures 1.3 to 1.7 GIS Operations Data Acquisition: - The most expensive part of GIS project. - Either existing data (from internet/GIS companies) or new data (GPS data, field survey, new digitized paper maps or satellite images). Attribute Data Management: - Describe the characteristics of spatial features through data entry and verification. - Database: collections of tables (relations & connections). GIS Operations Data Exploration: - Before data analysis, you should take a close look to the data subsets (maps, graphs, tables). - Understand data using spatial and attribute data query. Data Analysis: - Understand the different types of analysis (i.e buffering, intersect, Overlay) - GIS Turns Data Into Information into knowledge. GIS Operations Data Display: - Mapmaking is a routine GIS operation because maps are most effective in communicating spatial information. - Map elements: e.g. title, subtitle, body, legend, north arrow, scale, border, neatline, acknowledgment. - Without a good understanding of effective map design: symbols, colors, &typology it is easy to produce a bad map. Learning and understating Cartography is important in GIS. Visualizing Data A picture is worth a thousand words GIS Applications – Business Site Location, Delivery Systems, Marketing – Government Local, State, Federal, Military – Economic Development Population Studies, Incomes, Census and Demographic Studies – Emergency Services Fire & Police – Environmental & Weather Monitoring & Modeling – Industry Transportation, Communication, Mining, Pipelines – Public Health Epidemiology Studies – Urban Planning Land Use, Historic studies, Environmental and Conservation S Studies, Housing Studies, Crime Analysis – Politics Elections and Reappointment – Education Research, Teaching Wherever Spatial Data Analysis is Needed GIS Applications Map Quantities: People map quantities to find places that meet their criteria and take action. A children's clothing company might want to find postal Codes with many young families with relatively high income. Public health officials might want to map the numbers of physicians per 1,000 people in each census tract to identify which areas are adequately served, and which are not. Map Densities: A density map lets you measure the number of features using a uniform areal unit so you can clearly see the distribution. This is especially useful when mapping areas, such as census tracts or counties, which vary greatly in size. On maps showing the number of people per census tract, the larger tracts might have more people than smaller ones. But some smaller tracts might have more people per square mile—a higher density. Map Where Things Are: Mapping where things are lets you find places that have the features you're looking for and to see patterns. Find What's Inside: Use GIS to monitor what's happening and to take specific action by mapping what's inside a specific area. Find What's Nearby: GIS can help you find out what's occurring within a set distance of a feature by mapping what's nearby. Map Change: Map the change in an area to anticipate future conditions, decide on a course of action, or to evaluate the results of an action or policy. By mapping where and how things move over a period of time, you can gain insight into how they behave. For example, a meteorologist might study the paths of hurricanes to predict where and when they might occur in the future. Municipalities maintain large and complex databases that contain the street locations, building footprints, height contours, sewer lines, land use designations, and much more. GIS Applications Hydro and phone companies use them to record locations of their lines, both above and below ground, and for deciding where to put new ones. Geologists use them to record locations of rock formations and for use in resource prospecting operations. Anthropologists use them to record locations of current sites and perhaps to predict where new ones could be found. Military maintains very large, comprehensive, and usually highly classified databases on everything that could be useful to them. Emergency services like 999 have to have a very detailed municipal address database in order to route the vehicles to the emergency as quickly as possible. Web mapping and GIS In 1996, MapQuest offered first online mapping services, including address matching and travel planning with the map out (http://www.mapquest.com). In 1997, USGS created national atlas, including electronic maps and services to be delivered online. In 2001, US Census Bureau began an online mapping service. In 2004, NOAA introduced World Wind, open source program that allow users to overlay satellite images, aerial photographs, topographic maps, and GIS data on 3-D models of the earth. In 2005, Google introduced Google Maps and Google Earth. Then Web mapping become more popular with web users. Microsoft and Yahoo also came up with their online map services: Microsoft Virtual Earth and Yahoo maps. (https://www.google.com/maps) (https://earth.google.com/) (https://ww.maps.yahoo.com) (http://www.microsoft.com/maps/) After 2007 online map service such as google maps allowed people to add and create personalized annotated maps (texts, photos, videos) and download geospatial data. In UAE: e.g. Geo Portal – Abu Dhabi Systems and Information Center (ADSIC). https://geoportal.abudhabi.ae/mapviewer/index.html Factors aiding the rise of GIS Revolution in information technology (computer technology, remote sensing, & global positioning system). Communication technology. Rapidly declining cost of computer hardware, and at the same time, exponential growth of operational speed of computers. Enhanced functionality of software and their user-friendliness. Geographical feature and data describing it are part of our everyday lives & most of our everyday decisions are influenced by some facet of Geography. RabdanAcademy