Introduction to GIS PDF

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 GIS 1.1.1 Components of a GIS 1.1.2 A Brief History of GIS 1.1.3 GIS Software Products Box 1.1 A List of GIS Software Producers and Their Main Products 1.2 Elements of GIS 1.2.1 Geospatial Data 1.2.2 Data Acquisition 1.2.3 Attribute Data Management 1.2.4 Data Display 1.2.5...

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 GIS 1.1.1 Components of a GIS 1.1.2 A Brief History of GIS 1.1.3 GIS Software Products Box 1.1 A List of GIS Software Producers and Their Main Products 1.2 Elements of GIS 1.2.1 Geospatial Data 1.2.2 Data Acquisition 1.2.3 Attribute Data Management 1.2.4 Data Display 1.2.5 Data Exploration 1.2.6 Data Analysis 1.3 Applications of GIS Box 1.2 A list of GIS Applications Box 1.3 Precision Farming Box 1.4 Location-Based Services and Social Networking 1.4 Integration of Desktop GIS, Web GIS, and Mobile Technology 1.4.1 Web Mapping 1.4.2 Collaborative Web Mapping 1.4.3 Volunteered Geographic Information 1.4.4 Implications of Web and Mobile Applications 1.5 Organization of This Book 1.6 Concepts and Practice Key Concepts and Terms Review Questions Applications: Introduction Task 1: Introduction to ArcCatalog Task 2: Introduction to ArcMap Challenge Task References  What is a GIS? ◼A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for capturing, storing, querying, analyzing, and displaying geospatial data. ◼geospatial technology is listed by the U.S. Department of Labor in its High Growth Job Training Initiative. (http://www.doleta.gov/brg/jobtraininitiative/) Components of GIS ◼Hardware ◼Software ◼People ◼Organization  A Brief History of GIS ◼Canada Land Inventory and the subsequent development of the Canada Geographic Information System in the early 1960s ◼Computer mapping at the University of Edinburgh, the Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics, and the Experimental Cartography Unit in the 1960s and 1970s ◼Publication of Ian McHarg’s Design with Nature and its inclusion of the map overlay method for suitability analysis in 1969 ◼Introduction of an urban street network with topology in the U.S. Census Bureau’s DIME (Dual Independent Map Encoding) system in the 1970s ◼Mainstream use of GIS in the 1990s ◼Two recent trends in GIS: (1) integration with other geospatial data such as satellite images and GPS data, and (2) linkage with Web mapping, Web service, social media, and cloud computing  Element Chapter Geospatial data Chapter 2: Coordinate systems Chapter 3: Vector data model Chapter 4: Raster data model Data acquisition Chapter 5: GIS data acquisition Chapter 6: Geometric transformation Chapter 7: Spatial data accuracy and quality Attribute data management Chapter 8: Attribute data management Data display Chapter 9: Data display and cartography Data exploration Chapter 10: Data exploration Data analysis Chapter 11: Vector data analysis Chapter 12: Raster data analysis Chapter 13: Terrain mapping and analysis Chapter 14: Viewshed and watershed analysis Chapter 15: Spatial interpolation Chapter 16: Geocoding and dynamic segmentation Chapter 17: Least-cost path analysis and network analysis Chapter 18: GIS models and modeling Table 1.1 Elements of GIS and their coverage in the book  Geospatial Data Geospatial data are data describing both the locations and characteristics of spatial features such as roads, land parcels, and vegetation stands on the Earth’s surface. Figure 1.1 An example of geographically referenced data. The street network is based on a plane coordinate system. The box on the right lists the x- and y-coordinates of the end points and other attributes of a street segment Figure 1.2 Occurrences of the phrases “geographic information system,” “geospatial data,” and “geospatial technologies” in digitized Google books in English from 1970 to 2008. This figure is modified from a Google Books Ngram, accessed in April 2012.  Coordinate System ◼Geospatial data are geographically referenced. ◼Two spatial reference systems used in GIS are the geographic coordinate system and the projected coordinate system. ◼Projection connects the two spatial reference systems.  Vector Data Model ◼The vector data model uses points and their x-, y-coordinates to represent discrete features. ◼The vector data model may be georelational or object-based, may or may not involve topology, and may include simple or composite features. Figure 1.3 The vector data model uses x-, y-coordinates to represent point features (a), and the raster data model uses cells in a grid to represent point features (b). Figure 1.4 Point, line, and area features. Figure 1.5 A TIN example Figure 1.6 Dynamic segmentation allows rest areas, which are linearly referenced, to be plotted as point features on highway routes in Washington State.  Raster Data Model The raster data model uses a grid and grid cells to represent continuous features such as elevation and precipitation. Figure 1.7 A raster-based elevation layer  Data Acquisition Since the early 1990s, government agencies at different levels in the United States as well as many other countries have set up websites for sharing public data and for directing users to various data sources. If public data are not available, new data can be digitized from paper maps or orthophotos, created from satellite images, or converted from GPS data, survey data, street addresses, and text files with x and y coordinates. To be used in a GIS, a newly digitized map or a map created from a satellite images requires geometric transformation (i.e., georeferencing). Additionally, both existing and new spatial data must be edited if they contain digitizing and/or topological errors.  Attribute Data Management A GIS usually employs a database management system (DBMS) to handle attribute data. Attribute data are stored in a relational database as a collection of tables, which can be prepared, maintained, and edited separately. A DBMS offers join and relate operations.  Data Display A routine GIS operation is mapmaking because maps are an interface to GIS. Mapmaking can be informal or formal in GIS. It is informal when we view geospatial data on maps, and formal when we produce maps for professional presentations and reports.  Data Exploration Data exploration refers to the activities of visualizing, manipulating, and querying data using maps, tables, and graphs. Data exploration in GIS can be map- or feature-based.  Data Analysis Two basic analysis tools for vector data are buffering and overlay. Four basic analysis tools for raster data are local, neighborhood, zonal, and global operation. Figure 1.8 A vector-based overlay operation combines spatial data and attribute data from different layers to create the output. Figure 1.9 A raster data operation with multiple rasters can take advantage of the fixed cell locations.  Data Analysis In addition to basic analysis tools, GIS data analysis includes terrain mapping and analysis, viewshed, watershed, spatial interpolation, geocoding, dynamic segmentation, least-cost path analysis, network analysis, and GIS model and modeling.  Applications of GIS Since its beginning, GIS has been important for land use planning, natural hazard assessment, wildlife habitat analysis, riparian zone monitoring, timber management, and urban planning. The list of fields that have benefited from the use of GIS has expanded significantly for the past two decades. Integration of Desktop GIS, Web GIS, and Mobile Technology Recent developments in integrating desktop GIS, Web GIS, and mobile technology include Web mapping, collaborative Web mapping, and volunteered geographic information. ◼Interactive mapping websites offer locators for finding real estate listings, credit union service centers, restaurants, coffee shops, and hotels. ◼Location-based services let mobile phone users search for location information such as nearby banks and restaurants, and track friends, dates, children, and the elderly. ◼Mobile GIS allows field workers to collect and access geospatial data in the field. ◼Mobile resource management tools track and manage the location of field crews and mobile assets in real time. ◼Automotive navigation systems provide turn-by-turn guidance, optimal route, and live traffic updates to drivers.  Collaborative Web Mapping Collaborative Web mapping is an example of Web 2.0, a Web application that facilitates user-centered design and collaboration. Examples of collaborative Web mapping include Google Maps mashups and Google My Maps Volunteered Geographic Information Volunteered geographic information (VGI) describes geographic information generated by the public using Web applications and services. When VGI comes from a community or a specifi c group of people, the approach is public participation GIS (PPGIS) and the result is community-based geographic information. An example of VGI is OpenStreetMap, often described as the Free Wiki World Map providing free geographic data to anyone. U.S. Department of Labor: emerging fields http://www.doleta.gov/brg/jobtraininitiative/ GIS Certificate Program http://www.gisci.org/ U.S. Geological Survey http://www.usgs.gov U.S. Census Bureau http://www.census.gov/ National Weather Service: GIS portal http://www.weather.gov/gis/ Hurricane Center http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development: GIS portal http://egis.hud.gov/ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: data warehouse http://datawarehouse.hrsa.gov/ Federal Highway Administration: GIS in transportation http://www.gis.fhwa.dot.gov/apps.asp Forest Service: geospatial service and technology center http://www.fs.fed.us/ U.S. Department of Agriculture: program on precision, geospatial & sensor technologies http://www.nifa.usda.gov/nea/technology/technology.cfm Esri http://www.esri.com/ Wikipedia http://www.wikipedia.org/ Autodesk: Map 3D http://www.autodesk.com/ Bentley Systems, Inc: Microstation http://www.bentley.com/ Cadcorp: Cadcorp SIS http://www.cadcrop.com Caliper Corporation: TransCAD, Maptitude http://www.caliper.com/ Clark Labs: IDRISI http://www.clarklabs.org/ DIVA-GIS: DIVA-GIS http://www.diva-gis.org/ Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri) : ArcGIS http://www.esri.com/ Intergraph Corporation: GeoMedia http://www.intergraph.com/ International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, the Netherlands: ILWIS http://www.itc.nl/ilwis/ Manifold.net: Manifold System http://www.manifold.net/ MapInfo Corporation: MapInfo http://www.mapinfo.com/ Open Source Geospatial Foundation: GRASS http://grass.osgeo.org/ Open Jump: OpenJump http://www.openjump.org/ PCI Geomatics: Geomatica http://www.pcigeomatics.com/ PostGIS: PostGIS http://postgis.refractions.net/ Quantum GIS Project: QGIS http://www.qgis.org/ SAGA User Group: SAGA GIS http://www.saga-gis.org Terralink International: Terraview http://www.terralink.co.nz/ Google Maps Mania http://www.googlemapsmania.blogspot.com/ Wikimapia http://wikimapia.org Geospatial Platform http://www.geoplatform.gov/ Map Reporter http://mapreporter.navteq.com