Learning Psychology PSYC-2502 PDF

Learning Psychology PSYC-2502 Dr. Emel Erdogdu [email protected] 1  -02- Research Methods and Basic Terms 2 Variable İn every scientific research experiment you will manipulate and...

Learning Psychology PSYC-2502 Dr. Emel Erdogdu [email protected] 1  -02- Research Methods and Basic Terms 2 Variable İn every scientific research experiment you will manipulate and measure variables Variable: varying observables (along time) İndependent V: condition İs manipulated group Dependent V: outcome (reaction time) İs measured «Effects of reward on learning» 3 Functional relationships Often times in learning experiments the DV is behavior and the IV are environmental effects Cause – effect relationship How does XY effect behavior... «How does amount of reward influence behavior» 4 Stimulus – Response Stimulus: event that influences behavior Response: a certain behavior (A response can be a stimulus for another response → person A says «hello»- answer → initiates other question...etc) 5 Overt and Covert behavior Overt: bahevior that is obvious and can be seen (walking, laughing) Covert: behavior only perceptible by the person performing the behavior (mental activity) 6 Covert and Overt learning Overt (explicit): actively training a certain behavior (bicycle; memorizing a list of word pairs ) Covert (implicit): unconsciously learning (sequence of finger movement – typing on keyboard) 7 Appetitive – Aversive Stimuli Appetitive: positive, organism will be drawn to it Food when hungry Aversive: disgusting, organism will avoid it Electric shock What about love and relationship? Who/what is the appetetive stimulus? 8 Establishing operations: Deprivation and Satiation Deprivation: not having access to something that is highly desirable Satiation: even more than satisfied (too much food during bayram) - having too much 9 Contiguity and contingency Contiguity (yakınlık closeness/nearness): one is frequently experienced with Temporal contiguity; lightening and thunder the other (fork- knife) Spatial contiguity ; close proximity of objects/events (Lever- food proximity) Contingency (izlerik): relationship between two events, one being "contingent" or a consequence of the other event Getting a baloon each time you go to the dentist Getting food after pressing lever 10 Behavioral measures I. Define behavior You must be objective (according to whom?) Should not be ambiguous (always the same, be able to be repeated) II. Recording Behavior 11 Recording behavior: Methods Response frequency: how many times during specific time period Intensity (Density): strength and intensity of behavior (how much saliva; force on lever) Duration: length of (repeated) response Speed: the rate at which behavior emerges or is executed 12 13 Recording Methods Latency: time required to generate behavior After what time increaes saliva after bell sound Recording intervals: recording behavior within continuous intervals determination of aggressive behaviors in class 7h tape – note behavior for each 10 min Recording the number of errors 14 Reliability of measurements 15 Research designs 1. Descriptive study 2. Experimental study 16 1. Descriptive studies 1. Describe behavior and setting to elicide behavior 2. Varibales are NOT manipulated here a) Natural observations b) Case studies 17 Natural Observation Systematic observation of (natural) behavior in original/natural environment (Jane Goodall) Undertsanding behavior and stimuli is difficult in such settings as variables are hard to be controlled https://www.nationalgeographic.com/search?q=jane%20goodall&locati on=srp&type=manual 18 Case studies Systematic investigation of diseased patients or subjects with extraordinary abilities Replicability? Reliability? Few cases..... Judit Polgar —> Dahi doğulmaz dahi olunur 19 2 - Experimental studies Functional relation: Cause and effect relation Test of one or several independent variables effects on dependent variable A. Experiment x control design Participants are randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups manipulation in the experimental group comparative design different species B. Single subject design /small-n Baseline vs treatment 20  Studies with Experimental and Control groups are the most appropriate research studies to understand effects of different variables large sample! average performance - not individual the results are analyzed at the end of the study 21 How does providing food influence the mice behavior? 20 mice experimetal grup: for 10 days they receive extra food during 30 min session each day 20 mice control grup: for 10 days they receive no extra food during 30 min session each day On the 11th day both groups receive food by pressing a lever Dependent variable? İndependent variable ? result? 22 What are the effects of age on learning to press the lever for food? food vs no food - yuvenile – adult- old - Learn to press lever 2 IV: condition X age—> 2 X 3 factor design What are the differences in learning to press the lever for food in mice and dogs? Comparative design no control group 23 Animal models on human behavior Mouse, rat, primates Controlability Genetics Conditions Ethics? Most simple but also most close system compared to human Must be applicable Must be reasonable 24 Do we still need animal studies ? Replacement Replace a method using animals with a scientifically suitable non-animal method Reduction Reduce the number of animals to a minimum without comprimizing the scientific outcomes Refinement Refine the method used in procedures, breeding, transportation, accomodation and care 25 Drug studies 26 27 28 B. Single sample designs Simple comparison design (AB) Reversal design (ABA or ABAB) Multiple baseline design Changing criteria design 29 Simple comparison design Comparison between normal state and changed state Baseline (A) -> treatment (B) Does charging yourself with money for each smoked cigarette help to quit ? give1 lira to your friend DV? IV? A? B ? 30  Are there other influencing factors? 31 Reversal design ABA or ABAB Repetition between the first state (A) and the change state (B) Has change in condition (B) always impact on behavior compared to the initial situation (A)? 32 In operant conditioning studies often reversal designs are used, while in classical conditioning studies control group designs are used 33 İt shows very good to what extend behavioral intervention has an effect on a persons behavior But what if the intervention has no effect? 34 Two-treatment reversal design (ABCAC) Develop a new strategy (5 lira for each cigarette) 35 Reversal (ABAB) design. This method is not suitable if the change has long-term effects on behavior Değişimin davranış üzerinde uzun süreli etkileri varsa bu metod uygun değil 36  Multiple baseline designs Obtain data from several subjects Start treatment at different times Usually used when the effects of the dependent variable are not expected to return to normal (baseline) after the treatment has been applied 37 Changing-Criterion Design. In some circumstances, the treatment is not intended to produce a large, immediate change in behavior but rather a gradual change over time. A useful design for measuring such changes is a changing-criterion design. In this type of design, the effect of the treatment is demonstrated by how closely the behavior matches a criterion that is systematically altered. use of a changing-criterion design to assess the effectiveness of self- punishment to gradually reduce smoking. The dashed horizontal lines indicate the changing criterion for maximum allowable number of cigarettes smoked per day. 38