Medical Technology History Lecture Notes PDF

COURSE OUTLINE: Prelim Midterm  Medical  History of Medical Technology/Clinical Technology Laboratory Science  Practice of Medical Education Technology Profession  Nature of the Clinical  Med...

COURSE OUTLINE: Prelim Midterm  Medical  History of Medical Technology/Clinical Technology Laboratory Science  Practice of Medical Education Technology Profession  Nature of the Clinical  Medical Terminologies and Laboratory Abbreviations  Professional Organizations Finals  Basic Concepts on Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity  Biorisk Management  Healthcare Waste Management Cardona, Carmelita. Introduction to Medical Technology Practice in the Philippine Setting. Quezon City, Philippines, 2015 Moraleta, Nardito. The Medical Technology Profession and the Philippine Laws in Medical Technology. Manila, Philippines, 2004 Rabor, R., Navarro, A., and Sabroso, J. Medical Technology Laws and Ethics: A collection of Philippine Laws, Statues, and Codes of Medical Technology Profession. Philippines, 2006 Suba, S. and Florida, J. Introduction to Medical Technology: with Science, Technology, and Society. Singapore, 2014  General Considerations of the Course Objectives At the end of the period, the students are expected to: 1. Discuss the history of medical technology on a global context. 2. Discuss the history of medical technology in the United States. 3. Discuss the history of medical technology in the Philippines. Objectives At the end of the period, the students are expected to: 4. Identify important personalities that played a significant role in the progress of medical technology profession. 5. Discuss the historical milestones in Medical Technology Overview of MT – Course concept What is Medical Technology? Also known as clinical laboratory science or laboratory medicine Application of diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic medicine to monitor and improve the management of health conditions  Anne Fagelson Medical technology is the branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and the maintenance of health.  Medical technology is the Walters health profession concerned with performing laboratory analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases as well as in the maintenance of good  Medical technology is the application of the principles of natural, physical and biological sciences in laboratory procedures to aid in the diagnosis and Ruth Heinemann treatment of diseases. RA 5527 = PMT Act of 1969 = approved on June 21, 1969 examination of tissues, secretion and excretion of the human body and body fluids by various electronic, chemical, microscopic and other medical laboratory procedures or techniques either manual or automated = aid the physician in the diagnosis, study and treatment of disease and in the promotion of health in general. Medical Technology Interdisciplinary Trains in: Hematology Clinical Chemistry Medical Microbiology Clinical Microscopy Immunology Serology General pathology Ancient Laboratory Practices Historical Notes Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC) Oldest preserved Egyptian compilation of medical texts 110-page long scroll 20 meters long Contains chapters on contraception, pregnancy, eye and skin problems, surgery, burns and intestinal diseases and parasites  book of Ebers Papyrus: describes the treatment of hookworm disease and infection transmissible to human Vivian Herrick She is a medical technologist who traced the beginning of medical technology when intestinal parasite such as Taenia and Ascaris were first identified (1500 B.C.).  Hippocrates – Father of Medicine Advocated the use of mind and senses as diagnostic tools He described four humors or body fluids in the human body  Four humors or body fluids as source of person’s disposition (frame of mind) and disease: * balance = healthy * deficit or excess = disease or disabilities A. blood B. phlegm C. yellow bile D. black bile Four Humors and Blood Sedimentation The four humours were based upon the observation of blood clotting Blood is drawn in a glass container and left undisturbed for about an hour. Four different layers can be seen. Black bile: dark clot at the bottom Blood: Above the clot is a layer of RBC Phlegm: Above is a whitish layer of WBC =now called the buffy coat)  Central Hippocratic doctrine of humoral pathology All diseases were due to the disorder of these four humors or body fluids During this times, urine was regarded as composite of these humors Urinalysis – oldest lab procedure Uroscopy – medical examination of urine  Urine flask – symbol of medieval medicine  Greeks Poured urine on ground when it attracts ants = patient diagnosed with diabetes Hindu Doctors Made the ‟scientific observation” that the urine of certain individuals attracted to ants – such urine have a sweetish taste. Polyuria of diabetes was also noted (600 B.C.)  Chinese Practiced immunization by inhaling powder made from smallpox scabs to develop immunity to the disease Romans Developed lab tools: forceps, scalpels, specula, and surgical needles Indians  Rufus of Ephesus (50 AD) Made the first description of hematuria Due to inability of the kidneys to filter blood  Middle Ages (500-1500 A.D.) Isaac Judeus (Jewish physician and philosopher) Kitab al Baul (Body of Urine) Detailed concepts of urine formation, urine sediments and urine characteristics in relation to diseases Formulated rules for the use of urine in patients’ diagnosis One of the founders of the origins of nephrology  Jerusalem Code of 1090 Failure of physicians to examine patient’s urine was punishable by public beatings Zaccharias Janssen and his father Hans – invented microscope (1590s)  Ruth Williams (Medieval period: 1096-1438) Believed that MT began from this period as supported by the fact that urinalysis was a fad.  Anne Fagelson(14th Century) Believed that MT started when a prominent Italian doctor at the University of Bologna employed Alessandra Gilliani to perform different task in the lab. o she died due to lab acquired infection 15th Century Discovery of the different dyes such as the aniline dyes used in staining microorganisms. (16th-18th Century)  Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632) Saw bacteria and classified them according to shapes Described blood cells, muscle fibers, spermatozoa and protozoa Father of Microbiology  Athanasius Kircher (1646) Greatest of the early microscopists Blood of patients with plagues contained “worms” Robert Hooke (1635-1703), English philosopher, architect, and polymath Published the Micrographia which featured illustrations of his observations using a microscope  Marcello Malpighi, Italian microscopist (1628-1694) His contributions to embryology and anatomy made him known as the “Founding father of modern Anatomic Pathology”  Jean Baptiste van Helmont (1577-1644) Introduced the gravimetric analysis of urine by weighing a number of 24-hr urine specimens Richard Lower (1631-1691) Investigated and showed that blood transfusion from one animal to another is possible  Frederick Dekkers (1694) Observed that proteins in the urine precipitated when boiled with acetic acid Useful diagnostic indicator of proteinuria  William Hewson (1739–1774) Discovered that plasma could be separated from blood cells when blood clots Coagulable lymph – could be precipitated from the plasma upon application of temperature higher than 50°C Coagulable lymph =  Matthew Dobson (1775) A medical Doctor Identified sugar in the blood and urine of diabetes Francis Home (1780) A medical doctor Developed the yeast test for sugar in diabetic urine  19 th Century 19th Century – Era of Public Health Water treatment Pasteurization of milk Improvement of hygiene  Rudolf Virchow (1847) recognized as the father of microscopic pathology Founder of Archives (collection of records) of Pathology in Berlin  Herman von Fehling (1848) Performed the first quantitative test for urine  John Snow (1854) – studied cholera outbreak in London and brought the situation under control How? Due to contaminated water in the Broad Street pump  Louis Pasteur (1861) studied aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (1867) Pasteurization at 55- 60°C can prevent wine spoiling Developed anthrax vaccine (1881)  Robert Koch (1843 – 1910) provided experimental steps (Koch’s postulates) used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. Mid- 1800s Laboratory tests for the ff were introduced Tb, cholera, typhoid and diphtheria Guys Hospital – first hospital laboratory in Britain University of Michigan Hospital – first clinical laboratory set up in US  The History of Medical Technology in the United States  late 19th century emergence of Clinical Laboratories in the US started Dr. William H. Welch established a laboratory at Bellevue Hospital Medical College (1878) He gave the first lab course in pathology ever offered in an American Medical School Became the 1st professor of Pathology at John Hopkins University (1885)  Dr. William Osler opened the 1st clin.lab. in 1896 at the John Hopkins Hospital in this lab., “routine exams” was performed & special test for blood malarial parasites identification. Clin Lab also opened at the University of Pennsylvania (William Pepper Laboratory)‫‏‬  1908 Dr. James C. Todd wrote: “Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory Methods” “Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods” Edited by John Bernard Henrys fundamental source in the practice of lab 1918 John Kolmer published The Demand for and Training of Laboratory Technicians State Legislature of Pennsylvania (1918) required all hospital to have adequate lab and employ a full time laboratory technician World War I Impt factor in the growth of clin lab Created a great demand for clinical laboratory technicians Assistants were taught to do some tests by the practicing physicians 1920 administrative units of clinical laboratories in large hospitals were directed by a chief physician 1922 ASCP was founded. encourage cooperation between physicians and clinical pathologists established code of ethics for technicians and technologists these people should work under the supervision of the physician refrain from making oral or written diagnosis advising physicians on how patients should be treated American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science (formerly ASMT) formerly a subgroup of ASCP recognition of nonphysician clinical laboratory scientists as autonomous professionals 1923 University of Minnesota, issued a course bulletin entitled “Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians” 1st to offer a degree level program in 1923 1936 The American Board of Pathology was established 1950 medtech in US sought professional recognition from the government of their educational qualifications through licensure laws World War II marked a great effect on Laboratory Medicine RESULT: development of : use of blood for transfusion = closed system blood collection instrumentation was advanced automation in the laboratory Quality control programs Laboratory Medicine moved up into an era of sophistication.  History of Medical Technology in the Philippines Laboratorio Municipal de Manila (1887) established by Spanish authorities for lab exam of food, water and clinical samples not adequately used in the study of outbreaks General Antonio Luna: employed as chemical expert and pioneered water testing, forensics and environmental studies Bureau of Government Laboratories (1901) Philippine Commission Act No. 156 had a science library, chemical section and serum lab for production of vaccines biology lab: address and develop methods for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of human and animal diseases chem lab: food, plant composition and minerals were investigated Paul Freer: bureau’s first director destroyed in WWII; occupied by the National Institutes of Health of University of the Philippines-Manila World War II in 1939-1945 Dec. 7, 1941, Pearl harbor was invaded by Japan then invaded the Philippines after 3 days causing US to flare up. Effects: Sickness and death were rampant 1944 US bases were built in Leyte US brought members of health care team to the Philippines to resolve health problems of soldiers and Filipinos  6th Infantry Division of US Army Established the 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th US Army and introduced medical technology in the Philippines First clinical laboratory in the Philippines Located at 208 Quiricada Street, Sta. Cruz Manila Now known as the Manila Public Health Laboratory, a division of the Manila Health Department February 1944 highschool graduates were provided with one year training to work as laboratory technicians June 1945 staff of 6th US Army left the facility Clinical laboratory was endorsed to the National Department of Health Dr. Pio de Roda Filipino doctor and a dislocated staff of the 26th Medical Laboratory of the 6th US Army preserved the remains of the laboratory with the help of Dr. Mariano Icasiano first City Health Officer of Manila The laboratory was later named Manila Public Health Laboratory 1947 A training program for individuals aspiring to become lab workers was offered by Dr. Pio de Roda, in collaboration with Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana. Trainees were mostly high school graduates and paramedical graduates.  Dr. Pio de Roda instructed Dr. Prudencia Sta. Ana to prepare a formal syllabus of the training program. 1954 The training began using a syllabus and it was to last for 6 months. After a short while Dr. Briones joined the two. The training program did not last long. Formal Medical Technology Education in the Philippines  Dr. Willa Hilgert Hedrick Founder Of Medical Technology Education in the Philippines An American medical practitioner and a missionary of the 7th Day Adventist Church  Dr. Willa Hilgert Hedrick established the first Medical Technology School in the Philippines together with Dr. Reuben Manalaysay, Rev. Warren w i t h t h e h e l p o f M r s. A n t o i n e t t e McKelvey: prepared the course curriculum and established the first complete laboratory in microbiology, parasitology, and histopathology at Manila Sanitarium Hospital 1956 Mr. Jesse Umali: first student to graduate from the Philippine Union College (1954) First to offer a 4-year BSMT through its sister establishment, Manila Sanitarium Hospital 1957-1958 UST offered an elective course in pharmacy leading to a bachelor of science in medical technology Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes of the Faculty of Pharmacy Rev. Lorenzo Rodriguez decided to offer it as a course. June 14, 1961 – full recognition of the 4- year BSMT course.  Mrs. Purificacion Sunico-Suaco undertook feasibility study for the offering of BSMT course. The first batch graduated in 1962 The University of the Philippines offered a similar course: BS in Public Health Postgraduate courses: MSMT (UST, PWU) Non thesis MPH -1 year (UP)  “If you want to understand today, you have to search yesterday.” Pearl Buck