Principles of Medical Laboratory Science 1 PDF

**PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1** **HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROFESSION** **[HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ON A GLOBAL CONTEXT]** Four stages in the historical development of Medical Technology: 1\. 460 BC 2\. Apothecaries Act of 1815 - Baron Karl Von Humbeldt 3\. Modern onse...

**PRINCIPLES OF MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE 1** **HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROFESSION** **[HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY ON A GLOBAL CONTEXT]** Four stages in the historical development of Medical Technology: 1\. 460 BC 2\. Apothecaries Act of 1815 - Baron Karl Von Humbeldt 3\. Modern onset of the Medical technology in the United States in 1871 4\. Establishment of clinical laboratory and medical technology course in the Philippines **HIPPOCRATES** -- regarded as the founder of scientific medicine -- determined the correlation between anatomical and chemical laboratory findings and the causes of diseases. -- adopted the triad of regimen in treating diseases and infection with the use of **drugs, surgery, and bloodletting.** **VIVIAN HERRICK** -- determined that intestinal parasitic infection was caused by Ascaris lumbricoides and the Taenia species. -- This was published in a book by **Ebers Papyrus** which describes the treatment of hookworm disease and infection transmissible in humans. **ANENZOA** **--** an Arabian physician, also proved that the etiological agent of skin diseases, such as scabies, are parasites. **Medieval period (1098-1438) --** Urinalysis **ANNA FAGELSON (14th Century)** -- confirmed the beginnings of medical technology when she correlated the cause of death of **Alexander Gillani**, a laboratory worker in the University of Bologna, to laboratory-acquired infection. **ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (17th century)** -- invented the microscope -- describe the appearance of red blood cells, and differentiated bacteria based on their shape **[MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE 18TH]** **[CENTURY]** - - **RUDOLF VIRCHOW (between 1821 -- 1902)** -- recognized as the father of microscopic pathology. -- first scientist/physician of the time who emphasized the study of the manifestation of diseases and infections, which are visible at the cellular level by means of a microscope. **DR. CALVIN ELLIS** -- first to utilize the microscope in examining specimens at the Massachusetts General Hospital. **DR. WILLIAM OCCAM** **--** used laboratory findings as preliminary evidence in diagnosing and evaluating a patient\'s disease. **APOTHECARIES ACT OF 1815** -- initiated by Baron Karl Von Humbeldt who formerly used laboratory findings in the treatment of diseases and infection. -- intervened and paved the way for an uphaul of medical treatment based on laboratory findings. -- The Act introduced compulsory apprenticeship and formal qualifications for apothecaries (in modern terms, general practitioners) under the license of the Society of Apothecaries. **[HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES]** In the United States, medical education underwent much needed reforms. **DR. WILLIAM H. WELCH** -- In 1885, Dr. Welch became the first professor of Pathology at John Hopkins University -- The first clinical laboratory was opened in 1896 at the John Hopkins Hospital by Dr. William Osler. -- A clinical laboratory was also opened at the University of Pennsylvania in 1896. (William Pepper Laboratory) **DR. JAMES C. TODD** **--** Wrote "A Manual of Clinical Diagnosis" -- Retitled "Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods" in the 19th edition **1900**: **Census** -- 100 technicians, all male were employed in the United states **1915** **--** The state legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law requiring all hospitals and institutions to have an adequate laboratory and to employ a full-time laboratory technician **1920** **--** Increased to 3,500 **1922** **--** 3035 hospitals had clinical laboratories **WORLD WAR I** **--** Was an important factor in the growth of the clinical laboratory and produced a great demand for technicians **UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA** **--** Where one of the first schools for training workers was established -- A course bulletin was entitled "Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical and Laboratory Technicians" (1922) **1921** **--** The Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists was organized **1923** **--** University of Minnesota was the first to offer level program **WORLD WAR II** **--** The use of blood increased and the "close system" of blood collection was widely adopted -- Laboratory medicine certainly moved into an era of sophistication **[HISTORY OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE ]** **[PHILIPPINES]** **MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES POST-WORLD WAR II** - **FEBRUARY 1944** -- it provided one year of training to high school graduates to work as laboratory technicians. **JUNE 1945** -- the staff of the 6th US Army left the facility after endorsing the newly established Clinical Laboratory to the National Department of Health. **DR. PIO DE RODA** -- preserved the remains of the laboratory with the help of **Dr. Mariano Icasiano**, the first City Health Officer of Manila. **OCTOBER 1, 1945** -- the preserved laboratory was formally re-established by **Dr. Pio de** **Roda** with the help of **Dr. Prudencio Sta.Ana.** **1954** -- **Dr. Pio de Roda** instructed **Dr. Sta. Ana** to prepare a syllabus for training medical technicians. -- Together with **Dr. Tirso Briones**, they conducted a six month training course with certification. **MANILA SANITARIUM HOSPITAL** and **PHILIPPINE UNION COLLEGE** -- offered a course in medical technology. **DR. WILLA HILGERT HEDRICK** -- founder of medical technology education in the Philippines **DR. REUBEN MANALAYSAY** -- president of the Philippine Union College **REV. WARREN** -- president of the North Philippine Mission of the Seventh Day Adventist and director of the Bureau of Education, established the first Medical Technology School in the Philippines. **DR. HEDRICK** -- with the help of **Mrs. Antoinette McKelvey**, prepared the course curriculum and established the first complete laboratory in microbiology, parasitology, and histopathology at the Manila Sanitarium Hospital. -- five-year course leading to a Bachelor of Science degree in medical technology was approved by the **Bureau of Education** **MANILA SANITARIUM HOSPITAL AND THE PHILIPPINE UNION COLLEGE** -- Offered Bachelor of Science degree in MedicalTechnology **MR. JESSE UMALI** **--** first student to graduate from the Philippine Union College **UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (1957)** -- offered an elective course in pharmacy leading to a bachelor of science in medical technology under the leadership of **Dr. Antonio Gabriel** and **Dr. Gustavo Reyes** **1960 - 1961** -- the Bureau of Education officially approved the first three years as a three-year academic course and the fourth year as an internship program. **Other Schools that first offered Medical Technology:** **-- Centro Escolar University** **-- Far Eastern University** **POSTGRADUATE COURSE** ( Master of Science in Medical Technology /MSMT) is now offered at the -- University of Santo Tomas -- Philippine Women\'s University -- Saint Louis University **[HISTORICAL MILESTONES IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY]** - - - - - - - This goal can be attained through the efforts extended by science and technology. **[INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS IN THE FIELD OF ]** **[MEDICAL LABORATORY]** **ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1660)** -- Father of Microbiology -- Known for his work on the improvement of the microscope **EDWARD JENNER (1796)** -- Discovered Vaccination to establish immunity to small pox -- impact of contribution: Immunology **MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER BICHAT (1880)** -- Identified organs by the types of tissues -- Impact of contribution: Histology **AGOSTINO BASSI (1835)** -- Produced disease in worms by injection of organic material -- impact of contribution: beginning of bacteriology **LOUIS PASTEUR (1857)** -- Successfully produced immunity to rabies **GREGOR MENDEL (1866)** -- Enunciated his law of inherited characteristics from studies on plants **JOSEPH LISTER (1870)** -- Demonstrated that surgical infections are caused by airborn organisms. **ROBERT KOCH (1877)** -- Presented the first pictures of bacilli (anthrax) and tubercle bacilli **ELLIE METCHNOKOFF (1886)** -- Described phagocytes in blood and their role in fighting Infection **ERNST VON BERGMANN (1886)** -- Introduced steam sterilization in surgery **KARL LANDSTEINER (1902)** -- Distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system **AUGUST VON WASSERMANN (1906)** -- Developed immunologic tests for syphilis **HOWARD RICKETTS (1906)** -- Discovered microorganisms whose range lies between bacteria and virus called rickettsiae **HANS FISCHER (1929)** **--** Worked out the structure of hemoglobin1954 -- Jonas Salk -- developed poliomyelitis vaccine **JAMES WESTGARD (1973)** -- Introduced the Westgard Rules for Quality Control in the Clinical Laboratory **BARUCH SAMUEL BLUMBERG (1980)** -- Introduced the Hepatitis B vaccine **KARY MULLIS (1985)** -- Developed the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) **ANDRE VAN STEIRTEGHEM (1992)** -- introduced the intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF) **JAMES THOMSON (1998)** -- Derived the first human Stem Cell line **FUTURE TRENDS** Latest technologies include robotic devices, keyhole surgery procedures and genetic engineering created from knowledge about DNA molecules **DEFINING THE PRACTICE OF THE MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY/CLINICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE PROFESSION** **[ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY PROFESSIONALS]** **1. *Perform Clinical Laboratory Testing*** -- A medical technologist must be **capable** of performing the most basic to the most advanced laboratory tests. -- expected to show competency in performing routine laboratory tests (urinalysis and stool examination, hematologic, microbiologic, serologic, chemical, and other procedures in the different areas of laboratory science). **2. *Perform Special Procedures*** -- operation of advanced diagnostic equipment. Special procedures can also include molecular and nuclear diagnostics. **3. *Ensure Accuracy and Precision of Results*** ***--*** Accuracy and precision impacts the interpretation of results by the physician to provide proper medication in the treatment of diseases. **4. *Be Honest in Practice*** -- A medical technologist must be honest at all times in the conduct of test procedures to come up with accurate and precise results. **5. *Ensure Timely Delivery of Results*** -- a medical technologist **MUST** be aware of the urgency of delivering results on time especially in cases that require treatment. -- One should take notations on \"STAT" or even observe the source of the requests (e.g., from the emergency room \[ER\] or operating room \[OR\]). -- Since laboratory procedures are time bound, it is important that a medical technologist is able to perform the duties required of him or her, as soon as possible. **6. *Demonstrate Professionalism*** -- A medical technologist must be able to perform his or her functions according to the professional Code of Ethics for medical technology professionals. In the Philippines, the practice of medical technology profession is governed by: a.) R.A. 5527 or the Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969 b.) Clinical Laboratory Act of 1966 (R.A. 4688) c.) Blood Banking Acts of 1956 (R.A. 1517) and 1995 (R.A. 7719) d.) National organizations such as the Philippine Association of Medical Technologists, Inc. (PAMET) and the Philippine Association of Schools of Medical Technology and Public Health, Inc. (PASMETH) **7. *Uphold Confidentiality*** Confidentiality requires health care providers to keep a patient\'s personal health information private unless the patient consents to release the information. **8. *Collaborate with Other Health Care Professionals*** ***--*** Collaboration is the act of working together in order to achieve a desired outcome. -- Success in the health care setting is achieved not because of the availability of highly sophisticated hospital or laboratory equipment, but because of teamwork. **9. *Conduct Research*** -- Research work, whether experimental or descriptive, can contribute significantly to the discovery of new knowledge in the field of medical technology and in assessing and revisiting already known ones. -- It can greatly help in the further development of the field and may be used as future reference for patient care. **10. *Involvement in Health Promotion Programs*** -- A medical technology professional must be actively involved in reaching out to the community. -- The following are some ways that medical technology professionals can help the community: 1\. Cooperate with other health care professionals in health promotion campaigns such as promoting the ideal attitudes on hygiene, community sanitation, waste segregation, and disease prevention. 2\. Implement pre-planned programs of health promotion campaigns. 3\. Offer free laboratory testing such as blood typing, urinalysis, fecalysis, blood sugar testing, cholesterol testing, and other tests beneficial to the entire community. 4\. Collaborate with other health care professionals once diagnoses are done. **[DEFINING THE PRACTICE OF OTHER LABORATORY PERSONNEL]** **PATHOLOGIST** **--** a duly registered physician who is specially trained in medical laboratory medicine, or the gross and microscopic study and interpretation of tissues, secretions and excretions of the human body and its functions in order to diagnose disease, follow its course, determine the effectivity of treatment, ascertain cause of death and advance medicine by means of research. (R.A. 5527 Section 2, b.) -- Considered to head a clinical laboratory and monitor all laboratory results. **Medical Laboratory Technicians** As defined in R.A. 5527: -- A medical laboratory technician is a person certified by and registered with the Board of Medical Technology and qualified to assist a medical technologist and/or qualified pathologist in the practice of medical technology as defined in the aforementioned act (Section 2, d.). There are certain qualifications other than what is stated above to become a medical technician provided that he or she satisfies the qualifications such that he or she: 1\. Failed to pass the medical technology licensure examination given by the Board of Medical Technology but obtained a **general rating of at least 70% and provided** **finally that a registered medical laboratory technician when employed in the government shall have the equivalent civil service eligibility not lower than the** **second grade** 2\. Passed the civil service examination for medical technicians given on March 21, 1969; or 3. Finished a two-year college course and has at least one (1) year experience of working as a medical laboratory technician; provided that for every year of experience in college, two (2) years of work experience may be substituted; and provided further, that the applicant has at least ten (10) years of experience as medical laboratory technician as of the date of approval of this decree. **PHLEBOTOMIST** -- is an individual trained to draw blood either for laboratory tests or for blood donations. **CYTOTECHNOLOGIST** -- is a laboratory personnel who works with the pathologist to detect changes in body cells which may be important in the early diagnosis of diseases. A cytotechnologist selects and sections minute particles of human tissue for microscopic study, using microtomes and other equipment and employs stain techniques to make cell structures visible or to differentiate its parts. **HISTOTECHNOLOGIST** -- also referred to as histotechnican, is a laboratory personnel responsible for the routine preparation, processing, and staining of biopsies and tissue specimens for microscopic examination by a pathologist (Cardona, 2015). **NUCLEAR MEDICAL TECHNOLOGIST** -- is a healthcare professional who works alongside nuclear physicians. -- apply their knowledge of radiation physics and safety regulations to limit radiation exposure, prepare and administer radiopharmaceuticals, and use radiation detection devices and other kinds of laboratory equipment that measure the quantity and distribution of radionuclides deposited in the patient or in the patient\'s specimen. **TOXICOLOGIST** -- studies the effects of toxic substances on the physiological functions of human beings, animals, and plants to develop data for use in consumer protection and industrial safety programs. He or she also designs and conducts studies to determine physiological effects of various substances on laboratory animals, plants, and human tissue, using biological and biochemical techniques.