CSC 101/SEN 101 Introduction to Computing Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 PDF

CSC 101/SEN 101 Introduction 1 Lecture 1 Oct. 16th , 2023 CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 2 What is a Computer?  Computer Is: an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory...

CSC 101/SEN 101 Introduction 1 Lecture 1 Oct. 16th , 2023 CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 2 What is a Computer?  Computer Is: an electronic device operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory that can accept data(input) process the data according to specific rules produce information(output) , and store the information for future use CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 3 Definition A computer is a vital tool for accessing and processing information and data, as it is the first window to access the Internet. It is an important tool for science students, who generally rely on it in preparing their educational reports and projects. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 4 The importance of computers in daily life It facilitates ways of communicating with others by editing and writing messages and preparing reports and documents. It is an effective element in achieving success in the educational process. It is a major tool in distance education, this type of education cannot be completed without the presence of a laptop or computer. It helps in getting current news and stay up to date, as it is a means of communicating with the outside world. It helps in doing some electronic transactions, such as making payments, purchasing, and others. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 5 The importance of computers in daily life (2)  It helps perform the tasks assigned to the user.  It provides tools and means to facilitate work, such as tables, worksheets, presentations, and many more.  It preserves and stores information away from the damaging factors of traditional methods of storage.  It facilitates making and storing calculations.  The importance of the computer also appears in filling leisure time with games and watching valuable videos, and its role in entertainment also emerges. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 6 The Uses of Computers in Our Daily Lives  Education  Medicine  Communication (Internet)  Business  Transportation  Industry  Entertainment  Engineering/Military  Security system  Automation system  Problem Soving CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 7 Education  Computers are one of the most important educational tools used by teachers and students.  The computer is used in the field of education in schools and universities, where computers are used to deliver information to students, as well as the students stores the information in order to retrieve it at a later time.  The computer has restructured the education system. Schools, colleges, and almost all educational institutions use computers for - teaching, administration, leisure, and many colleges and universities offer online degrees to students. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 8 Education (2)  Many schools and colleges around the world now use computer and Internet technologies to teach students digitally and creatively, as the use of the computer in the classroom unleashes creativity and imagination among students.  Through computer programs, students can learn more deeply and more accurately, such as: drawing tools, spreadsheets, music, video lectures, and PowerPoint presentations.  This has led to the creation of new models of work in the field of education, such as: small classes, smart classrooms, and digital classrooms. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 9 Medicine  The computer is widely used in the field of health care, as it has become an integral part of hospitals, laboratories, and medical clinics.  The following are some examples of computer uses in health care:  The computer is used to archive patients' records and the treatments they receive.  It facilitates the medical diagnosis of patients and monitors their health conditions.  It is an effective medical tool, which allows monitoring of the heart rate and blood pressure of a sick person.  It helps in performing some types of surgeries.  It provides the possibility of exchanging medical expertise and consultations between doctors around the world. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 10 Internet  The computer is used to access the Internet, and the Internet is used as a means of communication between people in all countries of the world.  With the help of the Internet one can keep in touch with friends and family, computers facilitates this easily  The Internet is also used to search for information.  When one types a word in the search engine, it opens many pages to provide all the information about the specific word.  You can also watch movies, videos, and news on computers connected to the Internet. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 11 Communication  Computers are one of the main tools that allow communication between people regardless of their location.  Computer has become an effective communication tool that brings together family members, relatives, and friends  It allows job interviews to be conducted virtually. This is done by connecting the computer to the Internet, and then using some programs and tools to conduct Internet communications, whether visual, audio and multimedia.  A computer connected to the Internet allows the use of various social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and others. It allow users to interact with each other by sharing photos, videos, and other activities.  The computer is also used to organize phone lines, pay phone bills, and control the purity of voice calls. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 12 Business  The business sector is one of the most important sectors in which the computer is used, due to the numerous and important services it provides for employers or workers.  Through the computer, many different actions can be performed, such as conducting online sales, transferring funds between accounts, completing large account operations, and other institutional work that requires speed and accuracy.  The computer also provides business companies with the ability to create economic forecast plans based on some of the data it is provided with.  Computers provide protection for data and information from theft or vandalism.  The use of computers in business has made it easier to find employees. This is done through some specialized social media such as LinkedIn.  The computer has also made it easier to manage the company's employee records through specialized programs, as well as to prepare the company's budget, tax forms, and others. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 13 Transportation  The computer is used in transportation, where the routes of transportation lines are controlled  Computers are used for booking local travel tickets via the Internet, and booking international airline tickets anywhere in the world via the Internet.  The computer is used to control transportation, determine the take- off and direction of aircraft  Computers are used to store information about workers in the field of transportation. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 14 Industry  Computer uses are widespread in the industry, as most companies today have a wide range of uses for computers.  Factories have become highly dependent on the operation of machines controlled by computers to ensure a high level of quality.  The use of computers in the industry has been a great necessity, as it is used as a means to allocate industrial resources more efficiently  They are used as means of reaching a larger group of potential customers.  IT jobs have flourished as the industry relies on computers for its daily operations. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 15 Entertainment  Computers are among the best sources of entertainment because they offer a wide range of options related to entertainment and entertainment.  Through the computer, you can listen to music, watch some movies and videos, and talk and chat with your friends.  Today, everything related to daily life can be done with a few simple clicks, where breakfast can be ordered online, newspapers can also be read, and work from home can be done comfortably with the help of a laptop. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 16 Engineering/Military  Both the engineering and military fields are broad areas of computer use. The computer helps accomplish many operations, including: Providing special programs for advanced engineering drawing, such as the design of buildings, structures, ships, planes, city planning, and design through 2D and 3D graphics. Controlling Military Industries through computerized control systems that control missile launches, military communications, military planning operations, and smart weapons. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 17 Security Systems The computer is used in various electronic protection systems, such as surveillance cameras, which are widely used in private and government facilities in order to monitor the movement of goods and people in these areas. Some types of computers, particularly those built with facial recognition and fingerprint, have also contributed to reducing the possibility of identity fraud. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 18 Automation Systems Computers are used in automation systems that are concerned with the manufacture of automated robots. It also facilitates the completion of much other work such as manufacturing and assembling auto parts In addition, robots or automated programs can be used in scientific discovery tasks that are difficult for humans to carry out, such as exploring geographical areas that are inaccessible to humans. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 19 Problem Solving Today, the computer is used to find solutions to any problem through computer experts. Technological problems are solved by finding solutions by experts, directly or indirectly, and this affects our daily lives positively. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 20 History of Computers The history of the computer dates back to several years. There are five prominent generations of computers. Each generation has witnessed several technological advances which change the functionality of the computers. This results in more compact, powerful, robust systems which are less expensive. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 21 Generations of Computers Five Generations of Computers Generations of computers Generations timeline Evolving hardware First generation 1940s-1950s Vacuum tube based Second generation 1950s-1960s Transistor based Third generation 1960s-1970s Integrated circuit based Fourth generation 1970s-present Microprocessor based Fifth generation The present and the future Artificial intelligence based CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 22 Vacuum Tube  Vacuum tube – an electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum.  It used as a switch, amplifier, or display screen in many older model radios, televisions, computers, etc. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 23 Transistor  Transistor – an electronic component that can be used as an amplifier or as a switch.  It is used to control the flow of electricity in radios, televisions, computers, etc. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 24 Integrated Circuits  Integrated circuit (IC) – a small electronic circuit printed on a chip (usually made of silicon) that contains many of its own circuit elements (e.g. transistors, diodes, resistors, etc.). CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 25 Microprocessor  Microprocessor – an electronic component held on an integrated circuit that contains a computer’s central processing unit (CPU) and other associated circuits. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 26 Central Processing Unit (CPU)  CPU (central processing unit) – It is often referred to as the brain or engine of a computer where most of the processing and operations take place (CPU is part of a microprocessor). CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 27 Magnetic Drum  Magnetic drum – a cylinder coated with magnetic material, on which data and programs can be stored. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 28 Magnetic Core  Magnetic core – uses arrays of small rings of magnetized material called cores to store information. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 29 Memory  Memory – a physical device that is used to store data, information and program in a computer CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 30 Machine Language Machine language – a low-level programming language comprised of a collection of binary digits (ones and zeros) that the computer can read and understand. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 31 Assembly Language  Assembly language is like the machine language that a computer can understand, except that assembly language uses abbreviated words (e.g. ADD, SUB, DIV…) in place of numbers (0s and 1s). CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 32 Artificial Intelligence Artificial intelligence (AI) – an area of computer science that deals with the simulation and creation of intelligent machines or intelligent behave in computers (they think, learn, work, and react like humans). CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 33 First Generation - Main Characteristics  The main characteristics of first generation of computers (1940s-1950s)  Main electronic component – vacuum tube  Main memory – magnetic drums and magnetic tapes  Programming language – machine language  Power – consume a lot of electricity and generate a lot of heat.  Speed and size – very slow and very large in size (often taking up entire room).  Input/output devices – punched cards and paper tape.  Examples – ENIAC, UNIVAC1, IBM 650, IBM 701, etc.  Quantity – there were about 100 different vacuum tube computers produced between 1942 and1963. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 34 CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 35 CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 36 Second Generation Main Characteristics  The main characteristics of second generation of computers (1950s-1960s)  Main electronic component – transistor  Memory – magnetic core and magnetic tape / disk  Programming language – assembly language  Power and size – low power consumption, generated less heat, and smaller in size (in comparison with the first generation computers).  Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the first generation computers).  Input/output devices – punched cards and magnetic tape.  Examples – IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107, etc. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 37 Transistor CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 38 Magnetic Tape CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 39 Third Generation – Main Characteristics  The main characteristics of third generation of computers (1960s-1970s)  Main electronic component – integrated circuits (ICs)  Memory – large magnetic core, magnetic tape / disk  Programming language – high level language (FORTRAN, BASIC, Pascal, COBOL, C, etc.)  Size – smaller, cheaper, and more efficient than second generation computers (they were called minicomputers).  Speed – improvement of speed and reliability (in comparison with the second generation computers).  Input / output devices – magnetic tape, keyboard, monitor, printer, etc.  Examples – IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, UNIVAC 1108 etc. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 40 Integrated Circuit CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 41 Computer CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 42 Printer CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 43 Fourth Generation Main Characteristics (1)  The main characteristics of fourth generation of computers (1970s-present)  Main electronic component – very large-scale integration (VLSI) and microprocessor.  VLSI– thousands of transistors on a single microchip.  Memory – semiconductor memory (such as RAM, ROM, etc.)  RAM (random-access memory) – a type of data storage (memory element) used in computers that temporary stores of programs and data (volatile: its contents are lost when the computer is turned off).  ROM (read-only memory) – a type of data storage used in computers that permanently stores data and programs (non- volatile: its contents are retained even when the computer is turned off). CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 44 Fourth Generation Main Characteristics (2)  Programming language – high level language (Python, C#, Java, JavaScript, Rust, Kotlin, etc.).  A mix of both third- and fourth-generation languages  Size – smaller, cheaper and more efficient than third generation computers.  Speed – improvement of speed, accuracy, and reliability (in comparison with the third generation computers). Input / output devices – keyboard, pointing devices, optical scanning, monitor, printer, etc.  Network – a group of two or more computer systems linked together.  Examples – IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh, etc. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 45 VSLI CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 46 Memory CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 47 PC Computer CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 48 Fifth Generation Main Characteristics (1)  The main characteristics of fifth generation of computers (the present and the future)  Main electronic component: based on artificial intelligence, uses the Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology and parallel processing method. ULSI – millions of transistors on a single microchip Parallel processing method – use two or more micro processors to run tasks simultaneously. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 49 Fifth Generation Main Characteristics (2)  Language – understand natural language (human language).  Power – consume less power and generate less heat.  Speed – remarkable improvement of speed, accuracy and reliability (in comparison with the fourth generation computers).  Size – portable and small in size, and have a huge storage capacity.  Input / output device – keyboard, monitor, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen, speech input (recognise voice / speech), light scanner, printer, etc.  Example – desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc. CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 50 USLI CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023 51 Tablet CSC 101/SEN 101 Lecture 1 Oct. 16, 2023 10/16/2023