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Questions and Answers
Which discipline of Crop Science focuses on field crop production and management?
What does the term 'Agriculture' derive from?
Which of the following is considered a Center of Origin for crops?
Which crop was independently domesticated in Mexico around 3000 BC?
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Nicolai Ivanovich Vavilov is known for his work on?
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What major objection has been raised against Vavilov's centers of origin theory?
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Which crop was domesticated in Africa?
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What technological advancement has aided studies of genetic variation in crops?
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What defines the Modern/Scientific Agriculture era?
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Who is known as the Father of the Green Revolution?
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Which period saw the introduction of the hacienda system in Philippine agriculture?
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What was a major development in the agricultural landscape of the Philippines during the post-war period?
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What synthetic fertilizer was first synthesized during the Modern Scientific Agriculture era?
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Which transition occurred in the Department of Agriculture between 1947 and 1953?
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What significant agricultural shift happened during the New Stone Age?
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In what year was the Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing (DAM) established in the Philippines?
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Who introduced the 10-point agenda under the Agrikulturang Makamasang Program?
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What significant program was launched by Sec. Lorenzo in 2022?
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Which act did Sec. Angara author in 1999?
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Which person introduced the concept of 'New Thinking for Agriculture' upon returning as DA Secretary in 2019?
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Who was appointed as Secretary of the Philippine Department of Agriculture in November 2023?
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Which Secretary is one of the principal authors of the Organic Agriculture Act of 2010?
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Which international research institute is located in the Philippines?
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What is the goal of Sec. Emmanuel F. Piñol's agriculture program initiated in 2016?
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What significant agricultural program was launched during Sec. Rodriguez's term?
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Which law was enacted by President D. Macapagal in 1963?
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What was the result of the Masagana 99 rice production program launched in 1978?
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Which program did Sec. Bacani implement in 1990 that led to rice exports?
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Under whose administration did the Philippines first become a rice exporter?
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What does the Key Production Approach (KPA) emphasize?
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Which agricultural initiative aimed to organize subsistence farmers into cooperatives?
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Which program was introduced by Sec. Sebastian in 1992?
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What is one of the persistent obstacles that hinder productivity in Philippine agriculture?
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What technology has been introduced to enhance self-sufficiency in essential food staples?
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What is a biological problem faced by Philippine agriculture?
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Which of the following options is a socioeconomic issue that affects agricultural production in the Philippines?
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What is a major limitation in agricultural research and development support in the Philippines?
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What advanced technology is mentioned as being utilized in Philippine farming practices?
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Which of the following is not a physical problem affecting agriculture in the Philippines?
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What role do Japanese-made drones play in modern Philippine agriculture?
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Study Notes
Agriculture and Crop Science
- Agriculture is the act of producing food and raw materials, derived from Latin words "ager" (field) and "cultura" (cultivation).
- Crop Science is divided into two fields:
- Agronomy: Field crop production and management, from Greek words "agros" (field) and "nomos" (to manage).
- Horticulture: The cultivation of plants (gardens) derived from the Latin words "hortos" (garden) and "cultura" (cultivation).
World Agricultural Development and Origin of Some Crops
- The Fertile Crescent is considered the birthplace of civilization and early crop and animal domestication, encompassing Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Palestine, Turkey, Lebanon, and Syria.
- Centers of Domestication: Russian botanist Nicolai Ivanovich Vavilov identified eight regions globally with high concentrations of wild relatives of domesticated species, suggesting they were likely the original domestication points.
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Independent Crop Domestication: Different regions domesticated specific crops independently:
- Middle East (8,000 BC): Wheat, pea, olive
- Asia: Almond, apple, soybean
- China: Rice, common millet
- Mexico (3,000 BC): Maize, squash, beans
- South America: Potato, cassava, peanut
- Africa: Sorghum, pearl millet
- USA: Sunflower
Four Periods/Stages of Agriculture
- Pastoral Age: Humans relied solely on nature's gifts.
- Middle Stone Age: Use of bows and arrows for hunting, gathering, and storing food.
- New Stone Age: The beginning of animal and plant domestication.
- Modern/Scientific Agriculture: A period of rapid agricultural research, development, and technology transfer from the 1940s to the 1970s, leading to increased global production (post-World War II).
Significant Breakthroughs in Modern Agriculture
- Haber-Bosch Process: Synthesized ammonium nitrate from hydrogen and nitrogen, creating the first synthetic nitrogen-containing fertilizer.
- Green Revolution: A program initiated by USAID Director William Gaud in 1968, led by Dr. Norman Borlaug (Father of the Green Revolution), significantly increased agricultural production in developed and developing countries during the 1960s.
Stages of Development of Philippine Agriculture
- Pre-Colonial Period: Introduction of rice by Indo-Malayans; slash and burn farming practices; carabaos used as animal power.
- Colonial Period: Development of haciendas introduced new technologies in production and processing; introduction of new plants and varieties.
- Post-War Period: International trade of coconut, tobacco, sugar, pineapple, and banana; adoption of new farming technologies.
The Department of Agriculture (DA)
- Department of Agriculture and Manufacturing (DAM) established in June 23, 1898 under President Emilio Aguinaldo.
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR) replaced DAM in 1917 (Act No. 2666).
- Department of Agriculture and Commerce replaced DANR in 1932.
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources (DANR) was re-established in 1947.
- Bureau of Agricultural Extension was established in 1953 under Secretary F. Lopez.
- Agricultural Tenancy Commission was organized in 1954 under Secretary Salvador Araneta, later becoming the Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR).
- Philippine Tobacco Administration and Philippine Coconut Administration (PCA) were also established in 1954.
- UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) membership for the Philippines in 1955.
- National Rice and Corn Production Program was launched in 1955.
- Abaca Development Board was created in 1961 under Secretary C. Fortich.
- National Rice and Corn Administration (NFA) was established in 1963 under Secretary B. Gozon.
- Agricultural Land Reform Code (R.A. 3844) was enacted in 1963 by President D. Macapagal.
- Rice Exporter Status: The Philippines became a rice exporter for the first time in 1968 under Secretary F. Lopez (Pres. Marcos administration).
- Department of Agriculture and Department of Natural Resources: DANR was officially divided into these two departments in May 1974 under Martial Law (P.D. 461).
- Ministry of Agriculture: In June 1978 (P.D. 1397), all cabinet departments were changed to ministries.
- Masagana 99 Program: Minister Arturo R. Tanco launched this program, revolutionizing the rice industry and making the Philippines a rice exporter and self-sufficient in white corn.
- Regional Offices: 12 regional offices, each headed by a Regional Director, were established by the Ministry of Agriculture in June 1978.
- People Power Revolution: After the revolution in February 1986, Ramon V. Mitra was appointed Minister of MAF.
- Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP): Implemented under President C. Aquino in 1988.
- Rice Action Program (RAP): Implemented by Secretary Bacani in 1990, leading to rice exports in 1992.
- Corn Production Enhancement Program (CPEP): Implemented in 1990, resulting in corn self-sufficiency.
- Peasant's Forum: A group of small farmers and fisherfolk was organized in 1990.
- Key Production Approach (KPA): Introduced by Secretary Sebastian in 1992, focused on planting the right crop at the right time and place.
- Gintong Ani Program: Launched in 1996 by Secretary Escudero III, organized subsistence farmers into cooperatives.
- Agrikulturang Makamasang Program: A 10-point agenda implemented by Acting Secretary William D. Dar in 1998 under President Joseph E. Estrada.
- Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA): Authored by Secretary Angara in 1999 (R.A. 8435).
- AFMA Implementation and GMA-CARES: Implemented by Secretary Montemayor in 2021.
- Roll-On, Roll-Off (RORO) Transport Program: Launched by Secretary Lorenzo in 2022, emphasizing hybrid crop use.
- Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan 2004-2010 (MTPDP): Unveiled by Secretary Arthur Yap in 2004.
- Philippine Organic Agriculture Act (R.A. 10068): Authored by Secretary Alcala and implemented in 2010.
- Pres. Duterte: Appointed Secretary Emmanuel F. Piñol in 2016, focusing on food production and poverty reduction.
- "New Thinking for Agriculture": Introduced by Secretary William D. Dar in 2019, emphasizing "Masaganang Ani at Mataas na Kita" (Abundant Harvest and High Income).
- Pres. Ferdinand Marcos Jr.: Assumed the role of concurrent head of the Department of Agriculture in 2022.
- Francisco "Kiko" P. Tiu Laurel Jr. : Appointed as Secretary of Agriculture by President Marcos Jr in November 2023.
Data Facts about Philippine Agriculture
- Land Area: 30 million hectares
- Arable Land: 9.4 million hectares
- Agricultural Employment: 25% of total workforce
- Rice: Main staple food, accounting for 17% of total agricultural production.
- Corn: Second most important crop, used for feed.
- Coconut: Major export commodity.
- Banana: Important export commodity.
- Fish: Significant source of protein.
- Livestock: Contribute to food production.
Problems, Status, and Prospects of Philippine Agriculture
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International Agricultural Research:
- IRRI (International Rice Research Institute): Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- CIMMYT (International Center for Improvement of Maize and Wheat): El Batan, Mexico
- CIAT (Centro Internationale Agricule Tropicale): Palmira, Colombia
- IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture): Ibadan, Nigeria
- IBPGR (International Board of Plant Genetic Resources): FAO, Rome, Italy
- WARDA (West African Rice Development Association): Monrovia, Bolivia
- ICARDA (International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas): Lebanon
- GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade): An agreement among countries to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers.
- World Trade Organization (WTO): Established in January 1, 1995 (Geneva, Switzerland) as a successor to GATT, promoting international trade.
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering: The use of technology to improve crops and livestock.
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Problems of Philippine Agriculture:
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Persistent Obstacles:
- Restricted access to credit and agricultural insurance
- Minimal farm mechanization
- Insufficient postharvest facilities
- Inadequate irrigation
- Limited support for research and development (R&D)
- Weak extension services
- Incomplete implementation of agrarian reform programs.
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Physical Challenges:
- Climate (rainfall, temperature, sunshine duration)
- Soil fertility ( topsoil erosion, etc.)
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Biological Challenges:
- Pests, diseases, weeds
- Physiological disorders (nutrient deficiencies in intensively cropped areas)
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Socioeconomic Challenges:
- Low farm income
- Inadequate farm support services
- Inadequate incentives for agricultural production (input prices, product prices)
- Monoculture-based design of dominant crops
- Export of raw materials and import of finished products (underdeveloped processing segment)
- Presence of middlemen in the farm-to-consumer chain
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Persistent Obstacles:
Farming Technologies Adopted by Filipino Farmers
- F1 Hybrid Seeds: For rice, corn, vegetables, and other crops, ensuring sustainable production.
- Biotechnology Research and Development: Advancing agricultural practices.
- Advanced Farming Equipment: Boosting productivity.
- Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems: Improving water management.
- Japanese-Made Drones: Applying fertilizers on vegetable farms in mountainous terrain.
- Farmers Guide Map: Helping farmers select suitable crops based on climate and soil data.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of Agriculture and Crop Science, covering key concepts like Agronomy and Horticulture. This quiz also delves into the history of agricultural development, including the origins of various crops and significant regions of domestication. Test your knowledge on the evolution of agriculture from ancient civilizations to modern practices.
