CRI2231 Chapter 2 (15 questions).docx

1\. What is a fundamental quality that a good developmental theory must have? a\) It must be internally consistent b\) It must agree with all previous theories c\) It should not be open to revision d\) It should not provide practical guidance 2\. Which aspect does Erikson's theory of psychosoci...

1\. What is a fundamental quality that a good developmental theory must have? a\) It must be internally consistent b\) It must agree with all previous theories c\) It should not be open to revision d\) It should not provide practical guidance 2\. Which aspect does Erikson's theory of psychosocial development particularly emphasize? a\) The influence of biological drives on development b\) The importance of resolving crises throughout different stages of life c\) The role of unconscious desires in shaping behaviour d\) The idea that development occurs in adulthood only 3\. In Freud's theory, what is the primary focus during the phallic stage of psychosexual development? a\) Development of independence b\) Resolution of the Oedipus or Electra complex c\) Formation of the superego d\) Exploration of the environment 4\. According to Freud, what mechanism helps the ego manage conflicts between the id and the superego? a\) Operant conditioning b\) Repression c\) Modelling d\) Classical conditioning 5\. How do developmental theories differ in their approach to understanding the nature vs. nurture debate? a\) All theories prioritize nature over nurture b\) They differ in the emphasis they place on biological maturation versus environmental experiences c\) They universally reject the role of the environment d\) They focus only on the cultural context of development 6\. What does Erikson's stage of \"intimacy vs. isolation\" primarily focus on? a\) The development of basic trust in infancy b\) Achieving success in career and work c\) Forming close, committed relationships in early adulthood d\) The exploration of identity during adolescence 7\. How does Bandura's social cognitive theory explain the process of learning? a\) Learning occurs solely through reinforcement b\) Observational learning and modelling play a key role in acquiring new behaviours c\) Learning is a result of unconscious desires d\) Learning occurs only through direct experiences 8\. Which of the following best describes Erikson's concept of \"identity vs. role confusion\"? a\) The challenge of achieving independence in early childhood b\) The development of a coherent self-concept during adolescence c\) The formation of moral values during adulthood d\) The resolution of career goals in middle age 9\. What is the primary concern during Erikson's stage of \"generativity vs. stagnation\"? a\) Building a sense of basic trust b\) Achieving intimacy with a partner c\) Contributing to future generations through productive activities d\) Reflecting on life's achievements and failures 10\. According to Freud, what could be a consequence of unresolved conflicts during the anal stage? a\) Difficulty in forming intimate relationships b\) Issues related to control and orderliness c\) Confusion about adult roles d\) Challenges in moral development 11\. How does Freud's theory view the development of personality? a\) As a continuous process of gradual improvement b\) As a result of resolving conflicts between biological drives and social expectations c\) As an unrelated series of learned behaviours d\) As being entirely determined by genetic factors 12\. Which of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychosexual theory? a\) It overemphasizes the influence of social factors b\) It lacks applicability to non-Western cultures c\) It provides a clear and testable hypothesis d\) It accurately predicts all developmental outcomes 13\. What does Erikson's epigenetic principle suggest about development? a\) Development is random and unpredictable b\) Personality unfolds in a predetermined sequence of stages c\) Cultural influences are the sole determinants of development d\) There is no relationship between early and later stages of development 14\. How do psychodynamic theories contribute to our understanding of development? a\) By focusing on cognitive processes only b\) By emphasizing the importance of social and emotional experiences in shaping personality c\) By rejecting the influence of early childhood experiences d\) By proposing that all behaviours are learned through reinforcement 15\. What is one application of Erikson's theory in understanding adolescent development? a\) It explains the formation of gender roles b\) It provides insights into the challenges of identity formation during adolescence c\) It focuses on the development of language skills d\) It is used to understand cognitive growth in early childhood