Major Developmental Theory PDF

**Major Developmental theory** - 1. **[oral stage](http://psychology.about.com/od/oindex/g/def_oralstage.htm),** the infant\'s primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important. The mouth is vital for eating, and t...

**Major Developmental theory** - 1. **[oral stage](http://psychology.about.com/od/oindex/g/def_oralstage.htm),** the infant\'s primary source of interaction occurs through the mouth, so the rooting and sucking reflex is especially important. The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking. 2. ** [anal stage](http://psychology.about.com/od/aindex/g/def_analstage.htm),** Freud believed that the primary focus of the [libido](http://psychology.about.com/od/lindex/g/def_libido.htm) was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. The major conflict at this stage is toilet training\--the child has to learn to control his or her bodily needs. Developing this control leads to a sense of accomplishment and independence. 3.  **[phallic stage](http://psychology.about.com/od/pindex/g/def_phallicstg.htm),** the primary focus of the libido is on the genitals. At this age, children also begin to discover the differences between males and females. Freud also believed that boys begin to view their fathers as a rival for the mother's affections.[The Oedipus complex](http://psychology.about.com/od/oindex/g/def_oedipuscomp.htm) describes these feelings of wanting to possess the mother and the desire to replace the father. 4. **latent period,** the [libido](http://psychology.about.com/od/lindex/g/def_libido.htm) interests are suppressed. The development of the [ego](http://psychology.about.com/od/eindex/g/def_ego.htm) and[superego](http://psychology.about.com/od/sindex/g/def_superego.htm) contribute to this period of calm. The stage begins around the time that children enter into school and become more concerned with peer relationships, hobbies and other interests. 5. **[The Genital Stage](http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/ss/psychosexualdev_6.htm):** final stage of psychosexual development, the individual develops a strong sexual interest in the opposite sex. This stage begins during puberty but last throughout the rest of a person\'s life. - is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human [intelligence](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence). [cognitive development](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_development) was a progressive reorganization of mental processes as a result of biological maturation and environmental experience - - - - - Erik Erikson\'s theory of psychosocial development is believed that personality develops in a series of stages. Unlike Freud\'s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson\'s theory describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan.One of the main elements of Erikson\'s psychosocial stage theory is the development of **ego identity**. Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction.  +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Stage** **Basic Conflict** | | | | **Important Events** **Outcome** | | --------------------------------------- --------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------- ---------------------- ------------------ | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | ------------------------------------------ | | **Infancy (birth to 18 months)** [Trust vs. Mistrust](http:/ | | /psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/trust-versus-mistrust | |.htm) Feeding Children develop a | | sense of trust when caregivers provide reliabilty, care, and affecti | | on. A lack of this will lead to mistrust. | | **Early Childhood (2 to 3 years)** [Autonomy vs. Shame and Dou | | bt](http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/autonomy-ve | | rsus-shame-and-doubt.htm) Toilet Training Children need to d | | evelop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense o | | f independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure result | | s in feelings of shame and doubt. | | **Preschool (3 to 5 years)** [Initiative vs. Guilt](http | | ://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/initiative-versus-g | | uilt.htm) Exploration Children need to b | | egin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in thi | | s stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too mu | | ch power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt. | | **School Age (6 to 11 years)** [Industry vs. Inferiority]( | | http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/industry-versus | | -inferiority.htm) School Children need to c | | ope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of | | competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority. | | **Adolescence (12 to 18 years)** [Identity vs. Role Confusio | | n](http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/identity-ver | | sus-confusion.htm) Social Relationships Teens need to deve | | lop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an abilit | | y to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and | | a weak sense of self. | | **Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)** [Intimacy vs. Isolation](ht | | tp://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/intimacy-versus-i | | solation.htm) Relationships Young adults need | | to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success lea | | ds to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and i | | solation. | | **Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years)** [Generativity vs. Stagnatio | | n](http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/generativity | | -versus-stagnation.htm) Work and Parenthood Adults need to cre | | ate or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having childre | | n or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success l | | eads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure resu | | lts in shallow involvement in the world. | | **Maturity(65 to death)** [Ego Integrity vs. Despair] | | (http://psychology.about.com/od/psychosocialtheories/a/integrity-vers | | us-despair.htm) Reflection on Life Older adults need | | to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this | | stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, | | bitterness, and despair. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 1.. **Good luck** **References:** 1. Kliegman, R., Stanton, B., St. Geme, J., Schor, N., Behrman, R., & Nelson, W. *Nelson textbook of pediatrics* (21st ed.) 2. *Separation-Individuation Theory of Child Development (Mahler) - Learning Theories*. Learning Theories. (2020). Retrieved 9 April 2020, from. 3. Mahler, M. S., Pine, F., & Bergman, A. (2008). [*The psychological birth of the human infant: Symbiosis and individuation*](http://amzn.to/1NwHy7x). Basic Books 4. Slap, J. (1987). Implications for the Structural Model of Freud\'s Assumptions about Perception. *Journal Of The American Psychoanalytic Association*, *35*(3), 629-645.