CPH101L-MODULE-04-the-Harddrive.pptx

COMPUTER HARDWARE FUNDAMENTAL (CPS131) MODULE 04: Hard Disk Hard Disk a sealed case containing one or more circular platters or disks that store data, instructions and information used by the computer system for storing crucial and important data non-volatile in natur...

COMPUTER HARDWARE FUNDAMENTAL (CPS131) MODULE 04: Hard Disk Hard Disk a sealed case containing one or more circular platters or disks that store data, instructions and information used by the computer system for storing crucial and important data non-volatile in nature so it can store data even if no power is supplied data or programs stored are preserved unless it is intentionally wiped out or overwritten Form Factors 5 ¼” Form Factor based on original drive bay size obsolete 3 ½” Form Factor introduced by Sony in 1991 used a reduced width and depth but with similar height as the half-height 5 ¼” form factor Advantages of using 3 ½” Form Factor Enhanced rigidity Manufacturing ease Increase in speed Power conservation Noise and heat reduction Improved seek performance 2 ½” Form Factor introduced by Prairie Tek in 1988 best suited for laptop and notebook PC’s Common 2 ½” Form Factor Thickness: 8.5 mm 9.5 mm 12.5 mm 12.7 mm 17.0 mm 19.0 mm Form Factor Reasons why most manufacturers prefer thinner size: Size reduction Power reduction Enhanced rigidity 1.8” Form Factor introduced by Integral Peripherals in 1991 mounts seamlessly in most PCMCIA (now called PC Card) slot and very ideal as detachable storage for laptop and notebook systems  1” Form Factor developed by IBM in 1988 also called MicroDrive with platter approximately the size of a quarter and capable of storing 4 GB or more SATA and PATA PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment), also known as IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics), is an older interface that was commonly used for connecting hard drives, CD/DVD drives, and other storage devices to a computer. PATA uses a parallel data transfer method, meaning that data is transmitted in multiple bits at once, which requires wider ribbon cables and larger connectors. PATA has been largely replaced by SATA in modern computers. SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a newer interface that was developed as a replacement for PATA. SATA uses a serial data transfer method, meaning that data is transmitted one bit at a time, which allows for faster data transfer speeds and thinner cables with smaller connectors. SATA is now the most common interface used for connecting hard drives, SSDs, and other storage devices to a computer. SATA and PATA SATA and PATA Feature SATA PATA Parallel (data transmitted in multiple bits at Data transfer Serial (data transmitted one bit at a time) once) SATA offers faster data transfer speeds, up to PATA is slower, with a maximum speed of 133 Data transfer speed 6 Gbps Mbps Uses wider ribbon cables with a larger Cables Uses thinner cables with a smaller connector connector SATA and PATA Feature SATA PATA Can support longer cable lengths, up to 1 Cable length Limited cable length of 45 cm or less meter Power consumption SATA devices consume less power than PATA PATA devices consume more power than SATA PATA can be backwards compatible with older Compatibility SATA is not compatible with PATA devices devices Most newer storage devices use SATA Device support Older storage devices use PATA interface interface Components Logic Boards contains the electronic controller and bus adapter circuit data and power connectors configuration jumpers/switches Hard Drive Interfaces Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) Serial ATA (SATA) Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) the controller is integrated into the disk drive AT Attachment (ATA) Enhanced IDE (EIDE), Parallel AT Attachment (PATA) main hard drive uses the primary IDE cable while the CD-ROM drive and others share the secondary IDE cable Serial ATA (SATA) has several advantages over PATA, including superior cabling and connectors, higher bandwidth, and greater reliability although SATA and PATA are incompatible at the physical and electrical levels, adapters are readily available which allow SATA drives to be connected to PATA interfaces and vice versa Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) standard for communication between a subsystem of peripheral devices and the system bus can contain and be used by up to 7 or 15 devices, depending on the SCSI standard provides better performance and greater expansion capabilities for many internal and external devices including hard drives, CD-ROM drives, DVD-ROM drives tends to be faster, but more expensive and difficult to install than similar IDE devices Operation HDDs are composed of rotating disks or platters with heads that reads and writes data in circular rings. read and write heads do not make contact with the media when power is applied to the drive, the platters spin up to speed and the buildup of air under the heads causes them to lift off the data surfaces, Operation during power off operation of a hard drive, the platters spin down, the cushion of air dissipates and the heads drop back to the surface of the drive newer drives make use of unload/load mechanism that does not allow the head to touch the surface of the platter even if it is powered off HDD Operation Tracks and Sectors Hard Disk Cylinders  Solid State Drives Solid State Drives (SSDs) are a type of storage device that use NAND- based flash memory to store data. Unlike traditional hard disk drives (HDDs), which use spinning disks and read/write heads to access data, SSDs have no moving parts and store data electronically. This allows them to be much faster, more durable, and more reliable than HDDs. Solid State Drives Interfaces of SSDs: SATA mSATA M.2 SATA M.2 NVMe SATA Solid State Drives mSATA Solid State Drives M.2 SATA Solid State Drives M.2 Solid State Drives Sizes NVMe Solid State Drives NVMe stands for Non-Volatile Memory Express, which is a type of interface protocol that is designed to allow Solid State Drives (SSDs) to communicate with the rest of the computer system more efficiently than traditional storage interfaces such as SATA or SAS. NVMe is specifically optimized for SSDs that use NAND flash memory, which is the most common type of flash memory used in modern SSDs. NVMe SSDs are designed to take advantage of the fast access times and high transfer rates of NAND flash memory, and they use the PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) interface to connect to the computer's motherboard. PCIe is a high-speed interface that is commonly used for graphics cards and other high-performance peripherals. M.2 NVMe vs M.2 SATA SSD  NVMe SSD PCIE Gen 3 vs. Gen 4 NVMe Gen 3 was introduced in 2013 and is the third generation of the NVMe interface. It uses the PCIe 3.0 interface and provides up to 8 GT/s (gigatransfers per second) per lane, which allows for maximum theoretical bandwidth of up to 32 GB/s (gigabytes per second) with 4 lanes. NVMe Gen 3 SSDs typically have a maximum read and write speed of around 3,500 MB/s, making them significantly faster than traditional SATA-based SSDs. NVMe Gen 4 was introduced in 2019 and is the fourth generation of the NVMe interface. It uses the PCIe 4.0 interface and provides up to 16 GT/s per lane, which allows for maximum theoretical bandwidth of up to 64 GB/s with 4 lanes. NVMe Gen 4 SSDs typically have a maximum read and write speed of around 7,000 MB/s, which is more than twice as fast as NVMe Gen 3 SSDs. NVMe Gen 4 is also backward-compatible with PCIe 3.0, so NVMe Gen 4 SSDs can be