Pronunciation 1 Course Book PDF

Pronunciation 1 Unit 17 Consonants Straightforward symbols /p/ as in ‘pen’ /b/ as in ‘book’ /t/ as in ‘tea’ /d/ as in ‘dog’ /m/ as in ‘map’ /f/ as i...

Pronunciation 1 Unit 17 Consonants Straightforward symbols /p/ as in ‘pen’ /b/ as in ‘book’ /t/ as in ‘tea’ /d/ as in ‘dog’ /m/ as in ‘map’ /f/ as in ‘far’ /v/ as in ‘van’ /w/ as in ‘win’ /l/ as in ‘leg’ /r/ as in ‘red’ Not so straightforward symbols /k/ (spelling: K, C, CK, Q) /g/ as in ‘get’, but not in ‘magic’ /s/ spelling: S, often C /z/ spelling S often pronounced [ z ] (as in plural) /n/ (not for spelling NG) /h/ (not for CH, SH, TH) /j/ spelling Y New symbols /θ/ as in ‘think’ spelling TH /ð/ as in ‘they’ spelling TH /ʃ/ spelling SH ‘shop’ S ‘sugar’ CH ‘machine’ / ʒ / (not common) pleasure, rouge, lesion, garage / tʃ / spelling CH ‘chicken’ T ‘picture’ / dʒ / spelling J ‘judge’ G ‘giant’ /ŋ/ spelling NG ‘thing’, ‘singer’, ‘bank’, ‘rin 34  Pronunciation 1 Consonants are classified according to the following features: Place of articulation / Manner of articulation / Voicing Speech organs: organs that take part in the speech act whether directly or indirectly. How do we produce different vowels? tongue height/width lip shape How about consonants? Air is blocked partially or completely using different speech organs Places of Articulation Bilabial: the lower lip articulates against the upper lip Labiodental: the lower lip articulates against the upper teeth Dental: the tongue tip articulates against the upper teeth (also referred to as interdental) Alveolar: the tongue tip and/or blade articulates against the teeth ridge Post-alveolar: the tongue front articulates immediately behind the teeth ridge Palatal : the tongue front articulates against the hard palate Velar: the tongue back articulates against the soft palate Glottal: the vocal folds themselves are the place of articulation 35  Pronunciation 1 Manners of Articulation Stop (Plosive): an articulator forms a complete, air-tight, closure in the mouth to stop air, then suddenly the air is pushed out, which causes a slight explosion Nasal: an articulator forms a complete, air-tight, closure in the mouth to stop air, then the air is pushed out through nasal tract Fricative: an articulator forms a partial closure in the mouth, then air is pushed out through the narrowing, which causes friction. Affricate: a single articulator forms first a plosive, then a fricative, articulation at the same, or a close place Liquid: there is some obstruction of the airstream in the mouth, but not enough to cause any real constriction or friction. (Lateral: an articulator affects a partial closure in the mouth by allowing its sides to be free of any contact; the air is pushed out from the sides of the tongue.) Glide: It is always followed or preceded by a vowel. Voicing Voiced sounds: the vocal folds are held lightly together so that they vibrate with air coming from lungs Voiceless sounds: the vocal folds are held apart, allowing air coming from lungs to pass without vibration p b *All the other sounds are voiced including t d vowels. k g f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ tʃ dʒ 36  Pronunciation 1 Unit 18 Stops /p/ /t/ /k/ 1) close the mouth to trap air /b/ /d/ /g/ 2) suddenly release the air with a slight explosion / p / and / b / bilabial stops pig / big pea / bee pin / bin pack / back park / bark pull / bull pan / ban pour / bore pay / bay pet / bet lap / lab cap / cab pest / best pear / bear peach / beach *Spelling notes P is sometimes silent (psychology) PH is pronounced /f/ (phone) B is sometimes silent (lamb, comb, bomb) Exercise 1: Choose one word in which ‘b’ or ‘p’ is not pronounced. 1) label lab lamb robe 2) cup copy lamp cupboard 3) photo potato point paper 4) combine bomb jumbo rib 5) receipt repeat reply repair 37  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 2: Spell the words. [ klɑɪm ] _______________ [ pʊt ] _______________ [ spɔɪl ] _______________ [ bluː] _______________ [ læmp ] _______________ [ piːs ] _______________ [ bleɪm ] _______________ [ kæp ] _______________ Exercise 3: Add the / p / or / b / to the beginning of the word to make another word Example: / p / + art = part 1) low →__________________ 2) ear → _________________ 3) all →__________________ 4) air →_________________ 5) eat →__________________ 6) earn →__________________ 7) ache →__________________ 8) ink →__________________ Exercise 4: Choose the word which has a different final sound. a. bomb lamb lamp comb d. wipe ripe cube rope b. pipe cab lab tube e. tribe globe slope pub c. soup rib lap type f. clip grip trap club Exercise 5: (pair work) Choose the sentence you hear. A B A or B 1 I like the beach. I like the peach. 2 There’s a bear in that tree. There’s a pear in that tree. 3 I saw him barking. I saw him parking. 4 I’m looking for a bin. I’m looking for a pin. 5 They’re in the back. They’re in the pack. Bernie brought a big breakfast back to bed. Pat put purple paint in the pool. 38  Pronunciation 1 / t / and / d / alveolar stops / t / and / d / are alveolar stops. 1. The tip of the tongue is firmly against the alveolar ridge. 2. When the tongue tip is lowered suddenly, the air rushes out with a slight explosion. to / do ten / den ton / done torn / dawn town / down tie / die tent / dent tune / dune time / dime try / dry train / drain trunk / drunk *Spelling notes T can be silent (listen) Rarely Th is pronounced as /t/ (Thomas, Thai, Themes) Past tense ending -ed → [ ɪd ] when the verb ends with [ t ] or [ d ] e.g., waited [ t ] when the verb ends with a voiceless sound e.g., walked [ d ] when the verb ends with a voiced sound e.g., lived Exercise 1: Classify the following verbs according to the past tense ending: wash lie talk land push gather fill date educate slip collect need climb arrive rain switch [ t ] → ___________________________________________________________ [ d ] → ___________________________________________________________ [ ɪd ] →___________________________________________________________ 39  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 2: Choose one word which has a different final sound. 1) weighed borrowed asked loved 2) invited insisted intended checked 3) white built sent said 4) head heard acted ate 5) died stayed hoped listened 6) walked begged looked laughed 7) opened missed lost kicked 8) faced based bathed washed Exercise 3: Read the transcription and give the corresponding word. [ deə ] _______________ [ tɪp ] _______________ [ deɪt ] _______________ [ kɪst ] _______________ [ lɪsn ] _______________ [ lɪvd ] _______________ [ dɪg ] _______________ [ tel ] _______________ Betty bought a tub of butter. David’s daughter didn’t dance but David’s dad did. / k / and / g / Velar stops / k / and / g / are velar stops. 1. The back of the tongue is in firm contact with the soft palate. 2. When the tongue is lowered suddenly from the soft palate, the air rushes out of the mouth with a slight explosion. 40  Pronunciation 1 came / game Kate / gate cot / got crane / grain card / guard clue / glue cave / gave could / good class / glass crow / grow coal / goal curl / girl *Spelling notes Sometimes /g/ is spelled as GH (ghost) or GU (guest, guess) G can be silent (sign, foreign) K can be silent (know, knife) X represents the sounds / ks / (six [ sɪks ]) or /gz/ (exit [ɪgzɪt]) QU represents / kw / (queen [ kwi:n ], quit, square) The king cooked the carrots and the queen cut the cake. Grandma gave the guests eggs and frog’s legs. Exercise 1: Read the transcription and give the corresponding word. [ kaʊnt ] _______________ [ gɑːd ] _______________ [ kwɪz ] _______________ [ kemɪst ] _______________ [ mɪks ] _______________ [ gaʊn ] _______________ [ sɪk ] _______________ [ keɪk ] _______________ [ bæg ] _______________ [ eg ] _______________ Exercise 2: Add the sound / k / or / g / to the beginning of the word to make another word EXAMPLE: / k / + art = cart 1) row →__________________ 2) up → _________________ 3) all →__________________ 4) air →_________________ 5) ate →__________________ 6) aim →__________________ 41  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 3: Choose the word which has a different initial sound. a. cry kind cereal chemistry b. guess ghost gone gym c. certain cream cute cook d. general gentle gate gene Exercise 4: Fill in the grids with the words with / g /. gate glove greet age page dig hug egg grade gulf game goat gram gum jog long gear gym grow big large bag great leg Exercise 5: Circle the words which contain the sound /k/. coast chair chemistry clock ache look knife cook back such cent quiz exam king coke scream school skill know reach 42  Pronunciation 1 Unit 19 Fricatives /f/ /θ / /s/ /ʃ/ 1) Form a narrow opening /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ 2) Push air through the narrowing /f/ /v/ labiodental fricatives / f / and / v / are labiodental fricatives. 1. The bottom lip is very close to the upper front teeth: this forms the narrowing. 2. When air is pushed through this narrowing, it causes slight friction. feel / veal fat / vat fail / veil fear / veer fan / van fast / vast few / view ferry / very safe / save life / live (adj) *Spelling notes PH is pronounced as / f / (phone, graph, phrase) GH is pronounced as / f / (laugh, rough, cough) Exercise 1: How many / f / and / v / sounds are there when you say these numbers? Write the number. 745 _______ 11.5 _______ 411 _______ 57 _______ Exercise 2: Spell the words. [ flɑɪ ] _______________ [ fəʊn ] _______________ [ seɪf ] _______________ [ fɜːst ] _______________ [ lʌv ] _______________ [ vɑ:z ] _______________ [ keɪv ] _______________ [ væn ] _______________ 43  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 3: Change / f / to / v / and write the new word. leaf → safe → off → face → fail → fan → Exercise 4: Fill in the grids with the words with / f /. fate laugh phone far roof life hug save graph gulf gave rough free from photo phrase fear visa fly fit love beef cough leave Exercise 5: Read the following passage. Circle all the / f / sounds and underline / v / sounds. I don’t really know my father. He isn’t easy to get on with. I’ve always found him difficult to talk to. He’s a bit reserved, but he loves to be recognized and asked for his autograph. I think people see his films and think he’s very easygoing, but he really isn’t. He’s won some awards for his films, and he’s really proud of them. He used to show them to my friends when they came to the house and that really embarrassed me. Frank found four frogs laughing on the floor. Vera drove to Venice in a van. 44  Pronunciation 1 / θ / and / ð / Dental fricatives / θ / and / ð / are dental fricatives. 1. The tip of the tongue is close to the upper front teeth, which makes a narrowing. 2. When air is pushed through the narrowing, it causes slight friction. sick thick tick wit with win sank thank tank kiss this miss pass path pat base bathe beige boat both bone den then ten free three tree van than fan *Spelling notes Both /θ/ and / ð/ are spelled TH. TH is rarely pronounced /t/. (Themes, Thomas, Thai) Exercise 1: Spell the words. [ θɑɪ ] _______________ [ θɪk ] _______________ [ θɪn ] _______________ [ bæθ ] _______________ [ ðəʊ ] _______________ [ bri:ð ] _______________ [ ðeɪ ] _______________ [ ðæn ] _______________ 45  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 2: Find a way from start to finish. Go through the square which has the sound / θ /. You can move horizontally or vertically only. Start thin there then than other either thief myth mother their another Thai rather both these theft third thumb thought think those thank though health bath bathe birth earth breathe north thing three thread these they youth Finish Exercise 3: Read the following conversation and circle all the / θ / sounds. A: How are your twins ? B: Well, Susan is very healthy, but we’re having a trouble with Beth. A: What’s the matter with Beth? B: Teething troubles, I think, and then she won’t eat anything. A: How old is she now? B: She’s thirteen month. Exercise 4: Circle all the words which contain [ θ ]. thing that think then path birth bathe teeth thick though both they other truth there Martha Smith’s an author and an athlete. My father and mother live together with my other brother. 46  Pronunciation 1 / s / and / z / Alveolar fricatives / s / and / z / are alveolar fricatives. 1. The tip and blade of the tongue are very close to the alveolar ridge, which forms a considerable narrowing. Teeth are very close together. 2. When air is pushed through the narrowing, it causes friction which is much greater than /f, v, θ / and /ð/. Sue / zoo seal / zeal looser / loser lacy / lazy said / Zed rice / rise close (adj) / close (v) loose / lose place / plays niece / knees *Spelling notes X is prounounced either /ks/ (mix, box, excite) or /gz/ (exit, exam, exile) S is not always pronounced /s/ (sugar, rise, plays) -SE at the end of a word is usually pronounced /z/ (pose, rose, lose, hose) Plural ending (The same principle is applied for the 3rd person singular –s) -(e)s → [ ɪz ] when the noun ends with [ s, z, ʃ , ʒ, tʃ, dʒ ] e.g., buses, mazes, dishes, garages, watches, languages [ s ] when the noun ends with a voiceless sound e.g., cats, cups, looks, roofs [ z ] when the noun ends with a voiced sound e.g., pens, calls, rooms, keys, plays Exercise 1: Classify the following nouns according to the final sound: set box cloud sound dog snake dish match bed wish wall banana apple desk chair bus 47  Pronunciation 1 [ ɪz ]→ ______________________________________________________ [ s ] → ______________________________________________________ [ z ] → ______________________________________________________ Exercise 2: Find a way from Start to Finish. You may not pass a box if the word contains the sound [ z ]. Start hats cups nose mouse concert science pears six easy maps wise tapes rise face nest tracks moves loose place sons phrase lens perhaps lost zoo nails exam rose tips losses snacks miles prize pens since oasis Finish Exercise 3: Circle the words which contain the sound /s/. size nose sugar center horse quiz circle sun zone clothes scare shore takes hopes psychology sing rice rise mouse rose Exercise 4: Choose the word which has a different final sound. a. rose days size rice b. missed mist west lived c. takes likes lies eats d. rise class box place 48  Pronunciation 1 / ʃ / and / ʒ / Palatoalveolar fricatives / ʃ / and / ʒ / are palato-alveolar fricatives. 1. The tip of the tongue is close to the back of the alveolar ridge to form a narrow gap. (The front of the tongue is higher than for /s/ and /z/.) 2. When air is pushed through the gap, it causes a strong friction. */ ʒ / does not occur frequently. It is often found in loan words from French. *There are almost no cases in which / ʃ / and /ʒ/ distinguish words. */ ʒ / never occurs at the beginning of English words. *Spelling notes SH always represents / ʃ / sound. In the middle of a word, / ʃ / could be spelled SH (fashion), SS (mission, Russia), TI (nation, ratio), or C (ocean, racial) Exercise 1: Read these tongue-twisters and underline the / ʃ / sounds. a. Sheila Charlton’s Czech b. The rich Turkish sugar Washing machine chewed merchant purchased up Richard Sheridan’s a shining Porsche for checked shorts. his Chinese chauffeur to polish Exercise 2: Write these words. Example /ʃʊgə/ sugar__ 1. / fɪʃ / ……………….…….. 4. / ˈsteɪʃn / ……………………… 2. /ˈfɪnɪʃ / ………………….…. 5. / ʃəʊt / ……………….……… 3. / ʃɔːt / ……………………… 6. / dɪʃ / ………………….…… 49  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 3: Circle a word if the underlined part is pronounced as / ʃ /. machine kitchen chef Russian nature chart shirt fashion consume issue teacher washer Exercise 4: Write a word corresponding to each picture. (All the words contain the sound / ʃ /) 1. _________________________ 4. ________________________ 2. _________________________ 5. ________________________ 3. _________________________ 6. ________________________ 50  Pronunciation 1 Unit 20 Affricates / tʃ / and / dʒ / / tʃ / and / dʒ / are called affricates. As the phonetic symbols suggest, they start as stops and end with fricatives. 1. The tongue-tip touches the back part of the alveolar ridge to trap the air for a short time. 2. The tongue-tip moves away from the alveolar ridge a little way, and the whole tongue is then in the /ʃ ,ʒ / position to cause friction chain / Jane cheer / jeer choice / Joyce choke / joke rich / ridge etch / edge cheap / jeep tune / June choose / Jews H / age *Spelling notes CH represents / tʃ / except some words borrowed from French. (chef, chandelier, chauffeur) J is always pronounced as / dʒ / (just, judge, June) G is sometimes pronounced as /dʒ / (general, gym, page, change) Exercise 1: Write these nationality words in the correct column. Irish Polish Egyptian Dutch Chinese Japanese Russian German Jordanian Spanish Algerian Norwegian Belgian Turkish French Argentinian Nigerian Portuguese /ʃ/ / tʃ / /dʒ/ 51  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 2: Spell the words. [ ʃɑɪ ] _______________ [ pʊt ] _______________ [ pi:tʃ ] _______________ [ tʃuːz ] _______________ [ tʃæt ] _______________ [ dʒəʊk ] _______________ [ brɪdʒ ] _______________ [ kæʃ ] _______________ Exercise 3: Fill in the grid with the words with / dʒ /. digital germ judge journal jury page gray gentle jog beige game juice edge just rage change dog gym job age egg agent guess manage Exercise 4: Add the sound / ʃ / or / tʃ / to the beginning of the word to make another word EXAMPLE: / ʃ / + ache = shake 1) air →__________________ 2) in → _________________ 3) or →__________________ 4) aid →_________________ 5) eat →__________________ 6) aim →__________________ 7) eye →__________________ 8) art →__________________ Which child put chalk on the teacher’s chair? Ginger spilt orange juice on George’s jacket. 52  Pronunciation 1 Unit 21 Nasals / m /, / n / and / ŋ / These are nasal sounds; air comes out through the nasal cavity instead of the mouth. / m / The mouth is blocked by closing the two lips / n / The mouth is blocked by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge / ŋ / The mouth is blocked by the back of the tongue pressed against the soft palate mine / nine mail / nail meal / kneel same / sane lime / line game / gain kin / king sin / sing thin / thing *Spelling notes A word-initial K is not pronounced if followed by N (knee, know, knob) NG always represent / ŋ / (ring, king jungle) N followed by K/C can represent / ŋ / (sink, think, uncle) Exercise 1: Spell the words. [ sɪŋ ] _______________ [ lɪŋk ] _______________ [ ʌŋkl ] _______________ [ swɪŋ ] _______________ [ bɒm ] _______________ [ brɪŋ ] _______________ [ mɔːnɪŋ ] _______________ [ lɒŋ ] _________________ 53  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 2: Find a way from start to finish. Go through the box which has the sound / ŋ /. You can move horizontally or vertically only. Start thing thin strange wing ankle long ring mind killing monk lounge hang angle danger think band finger bank wrong ginger link than singer change bathing skin sink earth bang thank jungle king tongue these unless single Finish Exercise 3: Count the examples of the nasal sounds in the following passage. My uncle used to be a singer. He sings well. In family gatherings, he sometimes sings for us. His voice is like something out of a dream. / n / → _____ / ŋ / → _____ / m / → _____ Exercise 4: Circle the words which contain the sound / ŋ /. change thing think manage ring uncle angel angle single ink ginger strong jungle skin danger Mum made me move my models. There was no one on the moon on the ninth of June. Young King Kong was stronger than strong. 54  Pronunciation 1 Unit 22 Liquids / l / and / r / / l / → the only lateral consonant in English; the breath passes round the sides of an obstruction set up in the center (the tongue) instead of passing down the center of the mouth. / r / → a gliding consonant; the tongue is curved with the tip pointing towards the hard palate, but not close enough to cause friction. The lips are rather rounded at the beginning of words. lice / rice long / wrong lake / rake lead / read fly / fry collect / correct light / right glow / grow *Spelling notes L can be silent (calm, half, talk) The word-final R is not pronounced in British English /r/ is sometimes spelled WR (wrong, write) or RH (rhyme, rhino) Exercise 1: Spell the words. [ fɪl ] _______________ [ li:v ] _______________ [ raɪt ] _______________ [ slæŋ ] _______________ [ reə ] _______________ [ preɪ ] _______________ [ hɑːf ] _______________ [ lend ] _______________ Exercise 2: Add the sound / l / or / r / to the beginning of the word to make another word EXAMPLE: / l / + ache = lake 1) air →__________________ 2) ink → _________________ 3) or →__________________ 4) aid →_________________ 5) earn →__________________ 6) own →__________________ 7) eye →__________________ 8) end →__________________ 55  Pronunciation 1 Unit 23 Glides / w /, / j / and / h / *These sounds never occur at the word-final position. / w / → it consists of a quick glide from the vowel / u: / or / ʊ / to whatever vowel follows. / j / → it consists of a quick glide from the vowel / i: / or / ɪ / to any other vowel. / h / → it always occurs before a vowel and consists of the sound of breath passing between the open vocal cords and out of the mouth, which is already prepared for the following vowel. *Spelling notes QU usually pronounced /kw/ (quit, quite, queen) H is often silent (honest, honor) Exercise 1: Read the transcription and give the spelling of the word. [ juː ] __________________ [ haɪ ] __________________ [ waɪ ] __________________ [ weɪdʒ ] __________________ [ həʊld ] __________________ [ kwɪk ] __________________ [ wɜːθ ] __________________ [ njuːz ] __________________ [ weə ] __________________ [ hɔːs ] __________________ [ kwɪt ] __________________ [ haʊs ] __________________ [ wʊd ] __________________ [ huː ] __________________ [ kwiːn ] __________________ [ wen ] __________________ [ vjuː ] __________________ [ kwɪz ] __________________ [ kjuːt ] __________________ [ wɜːk ] __________________ 56  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 2: Choose the word (from the list below) which contains each of the following sounds. joy wild law hotel high yes write hour twin juice when one snow unit white use just youth [ h ] ___________________________________________________________________ [ w ] ___________________________________________________________________ [ j ] ____________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3: Circle the one with the different initial sound. a. unit use under university b. water write wait white c. when whose where what d. yes year union undo e. hello honey hour habit Exercise 4: Add the sound / w /, / j / or / h / to the beginning of the word to make another word. EXAMPLE: / w / + ache = wake 1) earth →__________________ 2) ink → _________________ 3) or →__________________ 4) aid →_________________ 5) all →__________________ 6) ear →__________________ 7) eye →__________________ 8) ate →__________________ Harry had a habit of helping hitch-hikers. Wendy went away twice a week. We didn’t use euros in Europe a few years ago. 57