Pronunciation 1 Coursebook PDF

Pronunciation 1 Coursebook ENGL 120 - Spring Semester 2023 ð ʃ θa ɔæ ʌɜə θ  Pronunciation 1 College of Arts and Sciences Department of Foreign Language 2 ...

Pronunciation 1 Coursebook ENGL 120 - Spring Semester 2023 ð ʃ θa ɔæ ʌɜə θ  Pronunciation 1 College of Arts and Sciences Department of Foreign Language 2  Pronunciation 1 Table of Contents Unit 1 Introducing speech sounds ……………………………...………3 Unit 2 Spelling vs. pronunciation …………………………………...…4 Unit 3 Vowels …………………………………… 7 Unit 4 Simple vowels …………………………………….. 9 Unit 5 / i: / and / ɪ / …………………………………….10 Unit 6 / e / and / ɪ / ……………………………………12 Unit 7 / e / and / æ / ……………………………………13 Unit 8 / ʊ / and / u: / …………………….……………...14 Unit 9 / ɜ: / / ɔ: / / ɑ: / ……………………………………15 Unit 10 / ʌ / and / æ / ……………………………………17 Unit 11 / ʊ / and / ɒ / ……………………………………18 Review of simple vowels (1) to (3) ……………………………………19 Unit 12 Diphthongs ……………………………………22 Unit 13 / aɪ / and / eɪ / ……………………………………23 Unit 14 / eə / and / ɪə / ……………………………………25 Unit 15 / aʊ / and / əʊ / ……………………………………26 Unit 16 / ɔɪ / and / ʊə / ……………………………………28 Review of diphthongs (1) to (2) ……………………………………29 Review of vowels........................................................31 Unit 17 Consonants ……………………………………34 Unit 18 Stops ……………………………………37 Unit 19 Fricatives ……………………………………43 Unit 20 Affricates ……………………………………51 Unit 21 Nasals ……………………………………53 Unit 22 Liquids ……………………………………55 Unit 23 Glides ……………………………………56 Unit 24 Weak vowels ……………………………………58 Unit 25 Word stress ……………………………………60 Unit 26 Sentence stress ……………………………………63 Review (1) to (4) ……………………………………65 Phonetic symbol chart ……………………………………5 Simple vowel chart ……………………………………8 Consonant chart ……………………………………33 3  Pronunciation 1 Unit 1 Introducing speech sounds - speech sound vs. noise - sound system of a language Why is it difficult to pronounce words in a foreign language? There are limited sets of sounds in a language. English (RP) 20 vowels and 24 consonants Arabic 3(6 or 8) vowels and 26 consonants Spanish 5 vowels and 19 consonants Japanese 5 vowels and 19 consonants Native speakers operate within the system. If they encounter an unfamiliar sound (in place names and loan words), they are likely to substitute it with a sound in their system. e.g., Muscat, Einstein, Bach Your language and a foreign language use different sets of sounds. When you learn a foreign language, you need to use the sounds which are unfamiliar to you. Do you know any Arabic word used in English with different pronunciation? Varieties of English RP (Received Pronunciation) – a prestige accent of British English General American – a standard American English Canadian, Australian, New Zealand, Indian, Hong Kong, etc. (For this course, we basically use RP with occasional reference to American English) Consonants and vowels - The vowel sound on its own has no particular restriction to the air flow. Different vowels are pronounced by a particular ‘posture’ of the tongue, jaw and lips. Two kinds of vowel  monophthongs (simple vowels) and diphthongs. - Most consonants have their own restriction to the flow of air. eee key ooh two or nor er sir ah bar 4  Pronunciation 1 Unit 2 Spelling vs. pronunciation English spelling does not identify pronunciations clearly or reliably. One English letter or segment of letters can represent a number of different pronunciations. heart hear heard nature stature mature done lone gone daughter laughter pear fear rough through though The following poem illustrates difficulty of English spelling: Our strange language When the English tongue we speak Why is “break” not rhymed with “freak”? Will you tell me why it’s true We say “sew” but likewise “few”; And a maker of a verse Cannot cap his “horse” with “worse”; “Beard” sounds not the same as “heard”; “Cord” is different from “word. Cow is “cow” but low is “low’. “Shoe” is never rhymed with “foe”; Think of “hose” and “dose” and “lose”; And think of “goose” and not of “choose”; Think of “comb” and “tomb” and “bomb”; “Doll” and “roll.” “home” and “some” And since “pay” is rhymed with “say”, Why not “paid” with “said”, I pray? We have “blood” and “food” and “good”; “Mould” is not pronounced like “could”; Wherefore, “done” but “gone” and “lone”? Is there any reason known? And in short it seems to me Sounds and letters disagree. (unknown author) The pronunciation of a word can be clearly shown using a phonetic alphabet system. 5  Pronunciation 1 IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet): system of transcribing the speech sound of any language 6  Pronunciation 1 Homophones : words which have the same pronunciation but different spellings and meanings. e.g., meet and meat [ mi:t ] right and write [ raɪt ] hear and here [ hɪə ] see and sea [ si: ] night or knight ? deer or dear ? Find a pair of words which have the same pronunciation. tale game pair eye coat low walk here pear keys dye heart sin work sing law prints tail prince kids bark die I hair hear park hurt caught _______________ / _______________ _______________ / _______________ _______________ / _______________ _______________ / _______________ 7  Pronunciation 1 Minimal (word) pairs: pairs of words whose pronunciations are the same except one sound. (often used in practices contrasting two different sounds) push / bush [ pʊʃ ]/[ bʊʃ ] cut / cat [kʌt ]/[ kæt ] shoes / choose [ ʃu:z ]/[ tʃu:z ] quit / quite [ kwɪt ]/[ kwaɪt ] Unit 3 Vowels Monophthongs vs. diphthongs two [ tu: ] toe [ təʊ ] nor [ nɔ: ] now [ naʊ ] sir [ sɜ: ] sigh [ saɪ ] bar [ bɑ:] boy [ bɔɪ ] Monophthongs Tongue position (height & width) Lip shape (spread, round, or neutral) Length (short or long) Diphthongs The result of a glide from one vowel to another within a single syllable game / geɪm / / eɪ / one phoneme say / seɪ /  one syllable seeing / si:ɪŋ /  two syllables Gliding to /ɪ/ /ʊ/ /ə/ eɪ ‘take’ aʊ ‘loud’ ɪə ‘near’ aɪ ‘tie’ əʊ ‘old’ eə ‘there’ ɔɪ ‘boy’ ʊə ‘tour’ *The first vowel is more prominent *A diphthong is considered as one unit *A syllable is a unit of speech sounds. A vowel can create a syllable on its own, but a consonant usually cannot. [ ɑː ] V are [ aɪ ] V eye [ bɑː ] CV bar [ taɪ ] CV tie [ bɑːn ] CVC barn [ staɪl ] CCVC style 8  Pronunciation 1 Exercise: How many sounds are there in each of the following words? Write the number of the sounds. e.g., smart  4 (CCVC) kick  _________ park  _________ are  _________ milk  _________ bee  _________ speak  _________ would  _________ six  _________ 9 Pronunciation 1 10  Pronunciation 1 Unit 4 Monophthongs [simple vowels] The simple vowels are classified according to the relative position of the tongue (height and width) and the shape of lips (rounded, spread or neutral). High front vowels: / i: / as in ‘sea’ (SPREAD) / ɪ / as in ‘pit’ (SPREAD) High back vowels: / u: / as in ‘who’ (ROUNDED) / ʊ / as in ‘put’ (ROUNDED) Mid vowels: / e / as in ‘bed’ / ɜ: / as in ‘girl’ / ʌ / as in ‘cut’ / ɔ: / as in ‘law’ (ROUNDED) Low vowels: / æ / as in ‘pat’ / ɑː / as in ‘part’ / ɒ / as in ‘pot’ (ROUNDED) *Let’s find 5 words for each vowel. / i: / ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________ / ɪ / ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________ / u: / ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________ / ʊ / ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________ / e / ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________ / ɜ: / ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________ / ʌ / ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________ / ɔ: / ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________ / æ / ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________ / ɑː /___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________ / ɒ / ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________ 11  Pronunciation 1 Unit 5 / i: / and / ɪ / Both sounds are high front vowels. The difference is their length (short/long) and tenseness (tense/lax). sheep ship leave live heat hit deep dip seen sin *Spelling frequently sometimes / i: / EE (bee, keep, see, steel, etc.) E (me, she, he) EA (lean, tea, sea, steal, deal, etc.) IE (piece) E-E (scene, gene) /ɪ/ I (tip, lip, slip, win, big, rib, etc.) Y (gym, hymn) Exercise 1: Change the vowel from short to long or vice versa and write the word. rich  lead  sit  wheel  hill  cheap  fill  beat  wit  Exercise 2: Choose the words which have / i: / or / ɪ / from the list. /ɪ/  __________________________________________________________________ / i: /  __________________________________________________________________ cream break peace pick kid head pet pill jeans wish bread eat skip beach time dig Steve keeps the cheese in the freezer. 12 Pronunciation 1 13  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 4: Circle the alphabet letters which have / i: /: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Exercise 5: Find a way from start to finish. Go through the square which has the sound / i:/. You can move horizontally or vertically only. Start need bread dean mean week feet thief dead slept create ate help bleed mean friend clean sea feel men screen keep wheat great heat pea earth head dealt meant eat bear ski trick teen fish treat Finish Exercise 6: Fill in the grid with words which have / ɪ /. milk bit said fit tip spit will grind pin guilt dish kiss drip ski spill piece sing spy gym lived dish inch bridge fill 14  Pronunciation 1 Unit 6 / e / and / ɪ / Both sounds are front vowels and short. The difference is their height of the tongue. bed bid tell till head hid let lit when win *Spelling frequently sometimes /e/ E (men, red, dress, less, etc.) EA (meant, head, bread, death) IE (friend) A (many), AI (said) Exercise 1: Change the vowel from / e / to / ɪ / or vice versa and write the word. led  hill  ten  will  pen  sit  fell  bit  wet  Exercise 2: Choose the words which have / e / or / ɪ / from the list. /ɪ/  __________________________________________________________________ /e/  __________________________________________________________________ click break pink pick sit head seen pet gym wish seat leg ski beg tend piece It’s best to rest, said the vet to the pet. 15  Pronunciation 1 Unit 7 / e / and / æ / Both sounds are front vowels. The difference is their height of the tongue. When you pronounce / æ /, you should try to push down your tongue as your jaw goes down. bed bad pen pan send sand dead dad mesh mash *Spelling frequently /æ/ A (bat, cap, sat, back, etc.) (Note: AR is usually pronounced as / a: / as in ‘far, park, chart.’) Exercise 1: Change the vowel from / e / to / æ / and write the word. beg  lend  ten  head  met  men  Exercise 2: Choose the words which have / e / or / æ / from the list. /e/  __________________________________________________________________ /æ/  __________________________________________________________________ cat lack get plan set head clean pit flat gun neat bread hat sit want sit black gang dig Exercise 3: Put (S) if the pronunciation is the same, (D) if different. meet / meat ( ) sea / see ( ) sit / seat ( ) bit / beat ( ) feel / fill ( ) bee / be ( ) The fat cat sat on the man’s 16 black hat.  Pronunciation 1 Unit 8 / ʊ / and / u: / Both sounds are high back vowels with rounded lips. The difference is their length (short/long) and tenseness (lax/tense). pull pool full fool should shoed look Luke could cooed *Spelling frequently Sometimes / u: / OO (food, cool, tool, moon, doom, etc.) O (do, to, lose, two) U-E (rude, tube, cute, mute, lute, etc.) /ʊ/ OO (wood, foot, stood, book, cook, etc.) U (put, pull, full) Exercise 1: Give 5 more words which are not listed above. / u: / ____________, ____________, ___________, ____________, ____________ / ʊ / ____________, ____________, ___________, ____________, ____________ Exercise 2: Read the transcription and give the corresponding word. [ ruːm ] _______________ [ fʊl ] _______________ [ ku:l ] _______________ [ kʊd ] _______________ [ muːn ] _______________ [ gʊd ] _______________ Exercise 3: Choose the word which has a different vowel. a. roof boot room hook c. tool wool fool soon b. cool could food moon d. cut put full look That cook couldn’t cook if he didn’t look at a cookbook. Sue knew too few new tunes on the flute. 17  Pronunciation 1 Unit 9 / ɜ: / / ɔ: / / ɑ: / / ɜ: /  Lips are in a neutral position with little opening It usually sounds vague and indistinct for foreign learners / ɔ: /  a long vowel with rounded lips; the tongue position is lower than that of /u:/ / ɑ: /  Keep your mouth wide open as if showing the very back of your soft palate firm form farm fur for far curd cord card perk pork park burn born barn *Spelling frequently sometimes / ɜ: / IR (sir, bird, shirt, stir, etc.) OR (work, word) ER (herd, her, nerve, serve, etc.) EAR (heard, learn) UR (burn, turn, nurse, curl, etc.) / ɔ: / OR (form, port, short, more, etc.) AW (law, saw, dawn, ) AR (war, warm, warn) al (walk, talk) AUGH (taught, caught, daughter) OUGH (thought, fought, sought) / ɑ: / AR (far, harm, dart, mark, etc) EAR (heart) AL (palm, half, calf, calm, etc) A (ask, bath pass) South East English accent Exercise 1: Make words with / ɑ: / combining these beginnings and endings. Beginnings ba fa da sta ca ha cha Endings r lf lm rt rd Example: bar, chart -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- 18  Pronunciation 1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Exercise 2: Change the vowel from / ɔ: / to / ɜ: / and write the new words. short  _______________ saw  _______________ board  _______________ call  _______________ Exercise 3: Choose the words which have the each of the following vowels: / ɜ: /  ______________________________________________________________ / ɔ: /  ______________________________________________________________ / ɑ: /  ______________________________________________________________ work corn learn part shore were warm warn first bark dirt nurse fort art ought Exercise 4: Circle the word which does not have / ɜ: /. a. first third tired girl b. work worm word worn c. burn bury turn suburb d. were where earn worse Exercise 5: Read the transcription and give the corresponding word. 1. The soldiers / wɔː /____________ khaki uniforms when they went to / wɔː/ _______________. 2. I / sɔː /____________ Jack at the doctor’s. He had a / sɔː /____________ throat. 3. The police / kɔːt /____________ the burglar and he ended up in / kɔːt /____________. 4. I must / wɔːn /____________ you that ties must be / wɔːn /____________ at the Ritz. 19  Pronunciation 1 Laura’s daughter bought a horse and called it Laura. It’s hard to park a car in a dark car park. The girl heard the nurse work. 20  Pronunciation 1 Unit 10 / ʌ / and / æ / / ʌ /  lips and jaw in relaxed positions cut cat but bat some Sam luck lack fun fan *Spelling frequently Sometimes /ʌ/ U (cut, cup, shut, must, luck, etc.) O (some, some) OO (blood, flood) Exercise 1: Write the past simple and past participle of the verbs below: a. run _______________ _______________ b. sing _______________ _______________ c. ring _______________ _______________ d. swim _______________ _______________ e. begin _______________ _______________ f. drink _______________ _______________ Exercise 2: Circle the word with a different vowel sound. a. mad bad war land b. catch such touch much c. fat add lack luck d. cat son must some My mother’s brother’s my uncle; my uncle’s son’s my cousin. 21  Pronunciation 1 Unit 11 / ʊ / and / ɒ / / ɒ /  a low back rounded vowel (only in British English) put pot could cod look lock books box cook cock *Spelling frequently Sometimes /ɒ/ O (lot, dog, shot, mop, lock, etc.) A (wash, watch, want) Exercise 1: Find a way from start to finish. Go through the square which has the sound / ɒ /. You can move horizontally or vertically only. Start not wrong dean doll dot god note fond slow gone door box was want friend rob sea font fox wax keep lost great rock pond clock front dog meant on bar class trick teen most boss Finish Exercise 2: Circle the one with the different vowel sound. a. good gone god got d. what watch was went b. loss doll work wash e. lodge gone done wrong c. rob could wood put f. foot book food stood John wants to watch Walter wash the dog. 22  Pronunciation 1 Review of simple vowels (1) Pracitce: Read the phonetic transcription (with simple vowels) 1 [ kɑːm ] 21 [ triː ] 41 [ nek ] 61 [ gʌn ] 2 [ nɜːv ] 22 [ tɜːn ] 42 [ fʌn ] 62 [ fɜːst ] 3 [ tʌf ] 23 [ kept ] 43 [ fɔːk ] 63 [ kʌt ] 4 [ wɔːm ] 24 [ lɪft ] 44 [ fʊt ] 64 [ kɪk ] 5 [ zuːm ] 25 [ iːst ] 45 [ trɪk ] 65 [ bɜːn ] 6 [ sɒks ] 26 [ dʌst ] 46 [ hɪt ] 66 [ ded ] 7 [ plæn ] 27 [ spi:k ] 47 [ bɔːd ] 67 [ lɒt ] 8 [ pru:v ] 28 [ lɪd ] 48 [ bʌg ] 68 [ mɔː ] 9 [ wɜːk ] 29 [ tʊk ] 49 [ liːst ] 69 [ fæn ] 10 [ lʊk ] 30 [ hɑːt ] 50 [ fɒnd ] 70 [ fluː ] 11 [ mʌd ] 31 [ sɒlt ] 51 [ fɔːt ] 71 [ mɑːk ] 12 [ fɜːm ] 32 [ lɪst ] 52 [ stʊd ] 72 [ kʌp ] 13 [ ruːm ] 33 [ biːst ] 53 [ pres ] 73 [ spuːn ] 14 [ lɑːf ] 34 [ lænd ] 54 [ wʌn ] 74 [ mɒk ] 15 [ bɑ: ] 35 [ kʊk ] 55 [ fiːt ] 75 [ kæn ] 16 [ bʊk ] 36 [ dɔː ] 56 [ fɑː ] 76 [ sɜː ] 17 [ stɪk ] 37 [ ɔːl ] 57 [ kɑːd ] 77 [ riːd ] 18 [ mæsk ] 38 [ nɜːs ] 58 [ tɔːk ] 78 [ pʊl ] 19 [ lɪk ] 39 [ dɒt ] 59 [ ɜːn ] 79 [ su:p ] 20 [ lɔː ] 40 [ pɪk ] 60 [ blu: ] 80 [ gɒn ] 23 Pronunciation 1 24  Pronunciation 1 Review of simple vowels (2) Identifying vowel sounds Place the following words in the grids according to their vowel sounds. rich / curl / death / month / shone / lawn / cart / suit / breathe / clashed / room / herd / still / earn / hem / pour / torn / scene / cruise / floor / dock / just / would / don / sword / hoop / ban / rang / bin / love / hat / bird / stab / hood / farm / ought / ridge / ton / cloth / chalk / son / link / root / next / calm / germ / cab / wood / breath / creep / itch / blood / cough / should / could / black / said / foot / monk / dog / stood / piece / arch / move / feast / palm / pearl / edge / shop / eve / bar / soup / leaf / hard / beg / sir / trip / Short vowel sounds pit [pɪt ] pat [pæt ] pet [pet ] putt [pʌt ] pot [pɒt ] put [pʊt ] Long vowel sounds peat [piːt ] pert [pɜːt ] part [pɑːt ] port [pɔːt ] boot [buːt ] 25 Pronunciation 1 26  Pronunciation 1 Review of simple vowels (3) A. Write the order of consonant sounds (C) and vowel sounds (V). 1. hot _______________ 2. knee _______________ 3. plan _______________ 4. plate _______________ 5. see _______________ 6. tree _______________ 7. asleep _______________ 8. file _______________ 9. would _______________ 10. out _______________ B. Can you find a word with the same pronunciation? 1. way --- ( ) 2. week --- ( ) 3. two --- ( ) 4. sea --- ( ) 5. won --- ( ) 6. caught --- ( ) 7. for --- ( ) 8. be --- ( ) 9. wait --- ( ) 10. some --- ( ) C. Do you pronounce them in the same way? (S - same, D - different) 1. come --- calm 2. bull --- ball 3. feel --- fill 4. hurt --- heart 5. bird --- beard 6. sad --- said 7. pun --- pan 8. plane --- plain 9. check --- chick D. Choose the word (from the list) which contains the vowel indicated. [ ʊ] ____________ [ʌ] ____________ [ɒ] ____________ [ ɜ:] ____________ rock, look, stick, said, ship 27  Pronunciation 1 [ɔ] ____________ [ æ] ____________ bird, board, bread, like, cool [ u:] ____________ [ i:] ____________ back, mate, far, tree, some [ɪ] ____________ [ɑ] ____________ 28  Pronunciation 1 Unit 12 Diphthongs A diphthong is a glide from one vowel to another, and the whole glide is considered as one unit like a simple vowel. bee [ bi: ] cow [ kɑʊ ] boy [ bɔɪ may [ meɪ ] CV CV boy CV CV There are three kinds of diphthongs: Ending with / ɪ / / aɪ / line, __________________, __________________ / eɪ / made, __________________, __________________ / ɔɪ / boy, __________________, __________________ Ending with / ə / / ɪə / dear, __________________, __________________ / eə / their, __________________, __________________ / ʊə / sure, __________________, __________________ Ending with / ʊ / / aʊ / now, __________________, __________________ / əʊ / coat, __________________, __________________ *Choose the examples from the list below. wear here play try way no tour town cold hair file join poor near voice loud *Pronounce the following words (Each word on the same line has a different diphthong) peer – pear – pay – pose – pie – poison – pound – poor tear (n) – tear (v) – tail – toe – tie – toy – town – tour sheer – share – shame – show – shy – shout – sure 29  Pronunciation 1 care – came – cold – kind – coin – cow 30  Pronunciation 1 Unit 13 / aɪ / and / eɪ / like lake white wait mine main vine vein tile tail style stale pie pay buy bay fight fate height hate *Spelling frequently sometimes / aɪ / I-E (pine, side, shine, file, nine, hide, wide, etc.) IGH (high, sigh) Y (cry, shy, try, sly, etc.) UY (buy) IE (die, tie, pie) / eɪ / A-E (late, tale, shake, made, cake, pale, etc.) EY (grey, prey) AY (say, day, may, way, stay, play, etc.) EI (eight, weight) AI (wait, pain, rain, nail, mail, aim, train, etc.) EA (great, break, steak) Exercise 1: Read the transcription and give the corresponding word. [ weɪt ] _______________ [ feɪm ] _______________ [ eɪt ] _______________ [ keɪm ] _______________ [ haɪd ] _______________ [ gaɪd ] _______________ [ naɪs ] _______________ [ faɪn ] _______________ Exercise 2: Circle the words which have the diphthong / eɪ /. take says very tray train said wait break head ate steak day cry let Exercise 3: Circle the words with / eɪ / and underline the words with / aɪ / in the following newspaper article. Hero Saves Man’s Life Mike Easton, 38, was driving home from work at around 6pm when he saw a gray VW van, driven by Ken Tyson, crash into a tree. Without thinking of his own safety, he pulled the young man out of the van and took him straight to hospital. The doctors say Ken will make a complete recovery. 31  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 4: Fill in the grids with the words with / eɪ /. late gate talk take cake face try mice pay bake lake paid said size shake change day wait name age same ache they mad Exercise 5: Change the vowel from / aɪ / to / eɪ / and write the new word. rise  _______________ tile  _______________ sigh  _______________ die  _______________ might  _______________ pile  _______________ rice  _______________ lie  _______________ Exercise 6: Find letters of alphabet which contain / aɪ / or / eɪ /. / aɪ /  ________________________ / eɪ /  __________________________ Exercise 7: (pair work) Listen and circle the one you hear. I need an ice / ace. I want to see a light / late show. I don’t want to climb / claim that. Look at the bride / braid! The rain in Spain falls mainly on the plane. Nile crocodiles have the widest 32  Pronunciation 1 Unit 14 / eə / and / ɪə / hair hear where we’re mare mere fair fear bear beer stair steer pair peer spare spear *Spelling frequently sometimes / eə / ARE (care, share, rare, fare, dare, hare, etc.) ERE (where, there) AIR (air, pair, fair, chair, stair, etc.) EAR (bear, pear) / ɪə / EAR (ear, hear, dear, near, tear(n), gear) EER (beer, peer, deer) ERE (here, mere, ) *The same pattern of spelling could be pronounced in different ways. Exercise 1: Read the transcription and give the corresponding word. [ weə ] _______________ [ fɪə ] _______________ [ deə ] _______________ [ keə ] _______________ [ skweə ] _______________ [ gɪə ] _______________ [ nɪə ] _______________ [ steə ] _______________ Exercise 2: Fill in the grids with the words with / eə /. 33  Pronunciation 1 dare fare fear bear care deer here hair spear scare air pair spare mare square near clear wear stare there chair rare share swear 34  Pronunciation 1 Unit 15 / aʊ / and / əʊ / now know loud load found phoned town tone *Spelling frequently / aʊ / OW (now, cow, how, town, down, bow, etc.) OU (out, loud, foul, doubt, house, etc.) / əʊ / O-E (note, vote, role, token, drove, home, etc.) OA (goat, coal, boat, goal, coat, coast, toast, etc.) O (old, cold, no, so, go) OW (low, show, slow, row, tow) OE (toe, doe) Exercise 1: Read the transcription and give the corresponding word. [ kaʊnt ] _______________ [ fəʊn ] _______________ [ aʊt ] _______________ [ kəʊt ] _______________ [ həʊm ] _______________ [ gaʊn ] _______________ [ haʊs ] _______________ [ gəʊ ] _______________ Exercise 2: Practice the following contrast: / əʊ / vs / ɔ: / low law boat bought [ ləʊ ] [ lɔ: ] [ bəʊt ] [ bɔ:t ] snow snore so saw [ snəʊ ] [ snɔ: ] [ səʊ ] [ sɔ: ] close claws bowl ball [ kləʊz ] [ klɔ:z ] [ bəʊl ] [ bɔ:l ] coal call coke cork [ kəʊl ] [ kɔ:l ] [ kəʊk ] [ kɔ:k ] 35  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 3: Find a way from start to finish. Go through the square which has the sound / əʊ /. You can move horizontally or vertically only. Start note wrote law doll dot god not low slow gone rode ball was want goat rob show font fox know bowl lost great rock pond so now drove blow toe bar close road soak town goal Finish Exercise 4: Put these words into appropriate columns. show gown snow know now town low cow slow wow əʊ aʊ Exercise 5: Read the transcription and give the corresponding word. 1. I / nəʊ /____________ that there’s / nəʊ /____________ food in the fridge. 2. We / rəʊd /____________ our horses along the narrow / rəʊd /____________. Rose knows Joe phones Sophie, but Sophie and Joe don’t know Rose knows 36  Pronunciation 1 Unit 16 / ɔɪ / and / ʊə / / ʊə / is not a very common sound. There aren’t many examples and some of them have an alternative pronunciation. toy tour* *These are also pronounced with / ɔː / soy sure* oil poor voice cure coin pure *Spelling frequently sometimes / ɔɪ / OI (oil, coin, voice, noise, toil, etc.) OY (boy, joy, toy, soy, annoy, enjoy, etc.) / ʊə / URE (sure, cure, lure, pure) OO (poor) OU (tour) Exercise 1: Pronounce the following words: Rolls Royce loyal oyster employ destroy envoy voyage oink soil moist foil choice poison avoid Exercise 2: Circle all the words which contain diphthongs and identify the kind of each diphthong. A: Why don’t you join us for dinner tonight? B: I’d love to, but I’m not sure I can make it. I have a lot of work to finish today. A: Well, then maybe next time. Roy enjoys noisy toys. 37  Pronunciation 1 Review of diphthongs ( 1 ) Read the following transcription. 1 [ keɪm ] 21 [ trɑɪ ] 41 [ nɪə ] 61 [ geɪt ] 2 [ nəʊt ] 22 [ meɪl ] 42 [ feɪl ] 62 [ feə ] 3 [ steə ] 23 [ kɔɪn ] 43 [ fɑɪl ] 63 [ bɔɪl ] 4 [ wəʊk ] 24 [ lɑɪf ] 44 [ fɔɪl ] 64 [ keɪk ] 5 [ nɔɪz ] 25 [ eɪt ] 45 [ bɪəd ] 65 [ bəʊn ] 6 [ sɑɪt ] 26 [ deə ] 46 [ heɪt ] 66 [ dɑʊt ] 7 [ pleɪn ] 27 [ skweə ] 47 [ vɔɪs ] 67 [ lɑɪt ] 8 [ tɑɪm ] 28 [ skeə ] 48 [ bɑɪ ] 68 [ mɑɪ ] 9 [ wɑɪf ] 29 [ tɔɪ ] 49 [ beə ] 69 [ fəʊn ] 10 [ lɑɪk ] 30 [ ɑʊt ] 50 [ fɪə ] 70 [ flɑɪ ] 11 [ mɑʊs ] 31 [ seɪm ] 51 [ teɪl ] 71 [ gəʊld ] 12 [ neɪl ] 32 [ ləʊ ] 52 [ steɪ ] 72 [ kəʊt ] 13 [ eɪm ] 33 [ bəʊl ] 53 [ rəʊt ] 73 [ pɑɪn ] 14 [ prɑɪz ] 34 [ rɑʊnd ] 54 [ weɪt ] 74 [ fɑɪn ] 15 [ peə ] 35 [ kwɑɪt ] 55 [ vɔɪd ] 75 [ pʊə ] 16 [ beɪk ] 36 [ dɑɪ ] 56 [ fɑɪt ] 76 [ keə ] 17 [ sneɪk ] 37 [ nəʊz ] 57 [ kɑʊ ] 77 [ reə ] 18 [ məʊst ] 38 [ nɑɪs ] 58 [ tɑʊn ] 78 [ spɔɪl ] 19 [ leɪk ] 39 [ dɪə ] 59 [ mɑɪnd ] 79 [ sɑɪz ] 20 [ lɑʊd ] 40 [ pɪə ] 60 [ klɪə ] 80 [ neɪm ] 38  Pronunciation 1 Review of diphthongs (2) 1. Give the spelling of the following words: [ taʊn ] _______________ [ faɪn ] _______________ [ keə ] _______________ [ pʊə ] _______________ [ gəʊl ] _______________ [ kɔɪn ] _______________ [ heɪt ] _______________ [ fraɪ ] _______________ [ ləʊ ] _______________ [ tɪə ] _______________ [ steɪt ] _______________ [ speə ] _______________ 2. Write the symbol of the vowel in each of the following words: loud / / chair / / hair / / pure / / shake / / tour / / game / / share / / tie / / most / / here / / phone / / 3. Change the vowel to the indicated diphthong and write the new word. let [eɪ]_______________ see [aɪ]_______________ bee [eə]________________ shoe [eə]_______________ fit [aɪ]_______________ bird [ɪə]________________ vase [ɔɪ]_______________ ate [aʊ]_______________ moon [eɪ]_______________ 4. Choose the words (from the list below) which have each of the following vowels: [ eɪ ]  ____________, ____________, ____________ might chair no bowl [ eə]  ____________, ____________, ____________ ate fail all ear [ əʊ]  ____________, ____________, ____________ shout oil rain poor fine year beer pine [ aɪ ]  ____________, ____________, ____________ note where cure bare [ ɪə ]  ____________, ____________, ____________ 39  Pronunciation 1 Review of vowels 1. Put these words in the correct box in the table below. Put X if words are not available. boy pier pie here bear dare share buy shy fear toy wear beer tie hair pair why high deer fair tear die aɪ ɪə eə ɔɪ w f d p t b h 2. Choose one word which has a different vowel. 1) sea key state meat 2) hit miss list leave 3) are far four park 4) look cook full fool 5) young back some fun 6) burn turn born learn 7) many end said made 8) hot pot spot sport 3. Write the phonetic symbol of the vowel. kiss / / show / / sun / / horse / / house / / joy / / high / / friend / / cheap / / 40  Pronunciation 1 part / / heard / / long / / 4. Write the order of consonant sounds (C) and vowel sounds (V). Example: desk  CVCC try _______________ please _______________ end _______________ loud _______________ mix _______________ pair _______________ 5. Write S if the pronunciation is the same, D if different. see / sea [ ] leave / live [ ] heart / hurt [ ] eight / ate [ ] hat /hut [ ] right /write [ ] said / sad [ ] die / day [ ] beer / bear [ ] dear / dare [ ] set / sit [ ] pool / pull [ ] 6. Give the spelling of the following words: [ weə ] _______________ [ siːt ] _______________ [ tɔːl ] _______________ [ faɪl ] _______________ [ bɔɪl ] _______________ [ gɜːl ] _______________ [ kʊk ] _______________ [ sænd ] _______________ [ meɪn] _______________ [ kuːl ] _______________ [ lɪv ] _______________ [ rəʊd ] _______________ 41 Pronunciation 1 42  Pronunciation 1 Unit 17 Consonants Straightforward symbols /p/ as in ‘pen’ /b/ as in ‘book’ /t/ as in ‘tea’ /d/ as in ‘dog’ /m/ as in ‘map’ /f/ as in ‘far’ /v/ as in ‘van’ /w/ as in ‘win’ /l/ as in ‘leg’ /r/ as in ‘red’ Not so straightforward symbols /k/ (spelling: K, C, CK, Q) /g/ as in ‘get’, but not in ‘magic’ /s/ spelling: S, often C /z/ spelling S often pronounced [ z ] (as in plural) /n/ (not for spelling NG) /h/ (not for CH, SH, TH) /j/ spelling Y New symbols /θ/ as in ‘think’ spelling TH /ð/ as in ‘they’ spelling TH /ʃ/ spelling SH ‘shop’ S ‘sugar’ CH ‘machine’ / ʒ / (not common) pleasure, rouge, lesion, garage / tʃ / spelling CH ‘chicken’ T ‘picture’ / dʒ / spelling J ‘judge’ G ‘giant’ /ŋ/ spelling NG ‘thing’, ‘singer’, ‘bank’, ‘rin 43  Pronunciation 1 Consonants are classified according to the following features: Place of articulation / Manner of articulation / Voicing Speech organs: organs that take part in the speech act whether directly or indirectly. How do we produce different vowels? tongue height/width lip shape How about consonants? Air is blocked partially or completely using different speech organs Places of Articulation Bilabial: the lower lip articulates against the upper lip Labiodental: the lower lip articulates against the upper teeth Dental: the tongue tip articulates against the upper teeth (also referred to as interdental) Alveolar: the tongue tip and/or blade articulates against the teeth ridge Post-alveolar: the tongue front articulates immediately behind the teeth ridge Palatal : the tongue front articulates against the hard palate Velar: the tongue back articulates against the soft palate 44  Pronunciation 1 Glottal: the vocal folds themselves are the place of articulation Manners of Articulation Stop (Plosive): an articulator forms a complete, air-tight, closure in the mouth to stop air, then suddenly the air is pushed out, which causes a slight explosion Nasal: an articulator forms a complete, air-tight, closure in the mouth to stop air, then the air is pushed out through nasal tract Fricative: an articulator forms a partial closure in the mouth, then air is pushed out through the narrowing, which causes friction. Affricate: a single articulator forms first a plosive, then a fricative, articulation at the same, or a close place Liquid: there is some obstruction of the airstream in the mouth, but not enough to cause any real constriction or friction. (Lateral: an articulator affects a partial closure in the mouth by allowing its sides to be free of any contact; the air is pushed out from the sides of the tongue.) Glide: It is always followed or preceded by a vowel. Voicing Voiced sounds: the vocal folds are held lightly together so that they vibrate with air coming from lungs Voiceless sounds: the vocal folds are held apart, allowing air coming from lungs to pass without vibration p b *All the other sounds are voiced including t d vowels. k g f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ 45  Pronunciation 1 tʃ dʒ 46  Pronunciation 1 Unit 18 Stops /p/ /t/ /k/ 1) close the mouth to trap air /b/ /d/ /g/ 2) suddenly release the air with a slight explosion / p / and / b / bilabial stops pig / big pea / bee pin / bin pack / back park / bark pull / bull pan / ban pour / bore pay / bay pet / bet lap / lab cap / cab pest / best pear / bear peach / beach *Spelling notes P is sometimes silent (psychology) PH is pronounced /f/ (phone) B is sometimes silent (lamb, comb, bomb) Exercise 1: Choose one word in which ‘b’ or ‘p’ is not pronounced. 1) label lab lamb robe 2) cup copy lamp cupboard 3) photo potato point paper 4) combine bomb jumbo rib 5) receipt repeat reply repair 47  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 2: Spell the words. [ klɑɪm ] _______________ [ pʊt ] _______________ [ spɔɪl ] _______________ [ bluː] _______________ [ læmp ] _______________ [ piːs ] _______________ [ bleɪm ] _______________ [ kæp ] _______________ Exercise 3: Add the / p / or / b / to the beginning of the word to make another word Example: / p / + art = part 1) low __________________ 2) ear  _________________ 3) all __________________ 4) air _________________ 5) eat __________________ 6) earn __________________ 7) ache __________________ 8) ink __________________ Exercise 4: Choose the word which has a different final sound. a. bomb lamb lamp comb d. wipe ripe cube rope b. pipe cab lab tube e. tribe globe slope pub c. soup rib lap type f. clip grip trap club Exercise 5: (pair work) Choose the sentence you hear. A B A or B 1 I like the beach. I like the peach. 2 There’s a bear in that tree. There’s a pear in that tree. 3 I saw him barking. I saw him parking. 4 I’m looking for a bin. I’m looking for a pin. 5 They’re in the back. They’re in the pack. 48  Pronunciation 1 Bernie brought a big breakfast back to bed. Pat put purple paint in the pool. / t / and / d / alveolar stops / t / and / d / are alveolar stops. 1. The tip of the tongue is firmly against the alveolar ridge. 2. When the tongue tip is lowered suddenly, the air rushes out with a slight explosion. to / do ten / den ton / done torn / dawn town / down tie / die tent / dent tune / dune time / dime try / dry train / drain trunk / drunk *Spelling notes T can be silent (listen) Rarely Th is pronounced as /t/ (Thomas, Thai, Themes) Past tense ending -ed  [ ɪd ] when the verb ends with [ t ] or [ d ] e.g., waited [ t ] when the verb ends with a voiceless sound e.g., walked [ d ] when the verb ends with a voiced sound e.g., lived Exercise 1: Classify the following verbs according to the past tense ending: wash lie talk land push gather fill date educate slip collect need 49  Pronunciation 1 climb arrive rain switch [ t ] ___________________________________________________________ [ d ] ___________________________________________________________ [ ɪd ] ___________________________________________________________ Exercise 2: Choose one word which has a different final sound. 1) weighed borrowed asked loved 2) invited insisted intended checked 3) white built sent said 4) head heard acted ate 5) died stayed hoped listened 6) walked begged looked laughed 7) opened missed lost kicked 8) faced based bathed washed Exercise 3: Read the transcription and give the corresponding word. [ deə ] _______________ [ tɪp ] _______________ [ deɪt ] _______________ [ kɪst ] _______________ [ lɪsn ] _______________ [ lɪvd ] _______________ [ dɪg ] _______________ [ tel ] _______________ Betty bought a tub of butter. David’s daughter didn’t dance but David’s dad did. / k / and / g / Velar stops / k / and / g / are velar stops. 50  Pronunciation 1 1. The back of the tongue is in firm contact with the soft palate. 2. When the tongue is lowered suddenly from the soft palate, the air rushes out of the mouth with a slight explosion. came / game Kate / gate cot / got crane / grain card / guard clue / glue cave / gave could / good class / glass crow / grow coal / goal curl / girl *Spelling notes Sometimes /g/ is spelled as GH (ghost) or GU (guest, guess) G can be silent (sign, foreign) K can be silent (know, knife) X represents the sounds / ks / (six [ sɪks ]) or /gz/ (exit [ɪgzɪt]) QU represents / kw / (queen [ kwi:n ], quit, square) The king cooked the carrots and the queen cut the cake. Grandma gave the guests eggs and frog’s Exercise 1: Read the transcription and give the corresponding word. [ kaʊnt ] _______________ [ gɑːd ] _______________ [ kwɪz ] _______________ [ kemɪst ] _______________ [ mɪks ] _______________ [ gaʊn ] _______________ [ sɪk ] _______________ [ keɪk ] _______________ [ bæg ] _______________ [ eg ] _______________ 51  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 2: Add the sound / k / or / g / to the beginning of the word to make another word EXAMPLE: / k / + art = cart 1) row __________________ 2) up  _________________ 3) all __________________ 4) air _________________ 5) ate __________________ 6) aim __________________ Exercise 3: Choose the word which has a different initial sound. a. cry kind cereal chemistry b. guess ghost gone gym c. certain cream cute cook d. general gentle gate gene Exercise 4: Fill in the grids with the words with / g /. gate glove greet age page dig hug egg gradegulf game goat gram gum jog long gear gym grow big large bag great leg Exercise 5: Circle the words which contain the sound /k/. coast chair chemistry clock ache look knife cook back such cent quiz exam king coke 52  Pronunciation 1 scream school skill know reach 53  Pronunciation 1 Unit 19 Fricatives /f/ /θ / /s/ /ʃ/ 1) Form a narrow opening /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ 2) Push air through the narrowing /f/ /v/ labiodental fricatives / f / and / v / are labiodental fricatives. 1. The bottom lip is very close to the upper front teeth: this forms the narrowing. 2. When air is pushed through this narrowing, it causes slight friction. feel / veal fat / vat fail / veil fear / veer fan / van fast / vast few / view ferry / very safe / save life / live (adj) *Spelling notes PH is pronounced as / f / (phone, graph, phrase) GH is pronounced as / f / (laugh, rough, cough) Exercise 1: How many / f / and / v / sounds are there when you say these numbers? Write the number. 745 _______ 11.5 _______ 411 _______ 57 _______ Exercise 2: Spell the words. [ flɑɪ ] _______________ [ fəʊn ] _______________ [ seɪf ] _______________ [ fɜːst ] _______________ [ lʌv ] _______________ [ vɑ:z ] _______________ 54  Pronunciation 1 [ keɪv ] _______________ [ væn ] _______________ Exercise 3: Change / f / to / v / and write the new word. leaf  safe  off  face  fail  fan  Exercise 4: Fill in the grids with the words with / f /. fate laugh phone far roof life hug save graph gulf gave rough free from photo phrase fear visa fly fit love beef cough leave Exercise 5: Read the following passage. Circle all the / f / sounds and underline / v / sounds. I don’t really know my father. He isn’t easy to get on with. I’ve always found him difficult to talk to. He’s a bit reserved, but he loves to be recognized and asked for his autograph. I think people see his films and think he’s very easygoing, but he really isn’t. He’s won some awards for his films, and he’s really proud of them. He used to show them to my friends when they came to the house and that really embarrassed me. Frank found four frogs laughing on the floor. Vera drove to Venice in a van. 55  Pronunciation 1 / θ / and / ð / Dental fricatives / θ / and / ð / are dental fricatives. 1. The tip of the tongue is close to the upper front teeth, which makes a narrowing. 2. When air is pushed through the narrowing, it causes slight friction. sick thick tick wit with win sank thank tank kiss this miss pass path pat base bathe beige boat both bone den then ten free three tree van than fan *Spelling notes Both /θ/ and / ð/ are spelled TH. TH is rarely pronounced /t/. (Themes, Thomas, Thai) Exercise 1: Spell the words. [ θɑɪ ] _______________ [ θɪk ] _______________ [ θɪn ] _______________ [ bæθ ] _______________ [ ðəʊ ] _______________ [ bri:ð ] _______________ [ ðeɪ ] _______________ [ ðæn ] _______________ 56  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 2: Find a way from start to finish. Go through the square which has the sound / θ /. You can move horizontally or vertically only. Start thin there then than other either thief myth mother their another Thai rather both these theft third thumb thought think those thank though health bath bathe birth earth breathe north thing three thread these they youth Finish Exercise 3: Read the following conversation and circle all the / θ / sounds. A: How are your twins ? B: Well, Susan is very healthy, but we’re having a trouble with Beth. A: What’s the matter with Beth? B: Teething troubles, I think, and then she won’t eat anything. A: How old is she now? B: She’s thirteen month. Exercise 4: Circle all the words which contain [ θ ]. thing that think then path birth bathe teeth thick though both they other truth there Martha Smith’s an author and an athlete. My father and mother live together with my other brother. 57  Pronunciation 1 / s / and / z / Alveolar fricatives / s / and / z / are alveolar fricatives. 1. The tip and blade of the tongue are very close to the alveolar ridge, which forms a considerable narrowing. Teeth are very close together. 2. When air is pushed through the narrowing, it causes friction which is much greater than /f, v, θ / and /ð/. Sue / zoo seal / zeal looser / loser lacy / lazy said / Zed rice / rise close (adj) / close (v) loose / lose place / plays niece / knees *Spelling notes X is prounounced either /ks/ (mix, box, excite) or /gz/ (exit, exam, exile) S is not always pronounced /s/ (sugar, rise, plays) -SE at the end of a word is usually pronounced /z/ (pose, rose, lose, hose) Plural ending (The same principle is applied for the 3rd person singular –s) -(e)s  [ ɪz ] when the noun ends with [ s, z, ʃ , ʒ, tʃ, dʒ ] e.g., buses, mazes, dishes, garages, watches, languages [ s ] when the noun ends with a voiceless sound e.g., cats, cups, looks, roofs [ z ] when the noun ends with a voiced sound e.g., pens, calls, rooms, keys, plays Exercise 1: Classify the following nouns according to the final sound: set box cloud sound dog snake dish match 58  Pronunciation 1 bed wish wall banana apple desk chair bus [ ɪz ]______________________________________________________ [ s ]  ______________________________________________________ [ z ]  ______________________________________________________ Exercise 2: Find a way from Start to Finish. You may not pass a box if the word contains the sound [ z ]. Start hats cups nose mouse concert science pears six easy maps wise tapes rise face nest tracks moves loose place sons phrase lens perhaps lost zoo nails exam rose tips losses snacks miles prize pens since oasis Finish Exercise 3: Circle the words which contain the sound /s/. size nose sugar center horse quiz circle sun zone clothes scare shore takes hopes psychology sing rice rise mouse rose Exercise 4: Choose the word which has a different final sound. a. rose days size rice b. missed mist west lived c. takes likes lies eats 59  Pronunciation 1 d. rise class box place / ʃ / and / ʒ / Palatoalveolar fricatives / ʃ / and / ʒ / are palato-alveolar fricatives. 1. The tip of the tongue is close to the back of the alveolar ridge to form a narrow gap. (The front of the tongue is higher than for /s/ and /z/.) 2. When air is pushed through the gap, it causes a strong friction. */ ʒ / does not occur frequently. It is often found in loan words from French. *There are almost no cases in which / ʃ / and /ʒ/ distinguish words. */ ʒ / never occurs at the beginning of English words. *Spelling notes SH always represents / ʃ / sound. In the middle of a word, / ʃ / could be spelled SH (fashion), SS (mission, Russia), TI (nation, ratio), or C (ocean, racial) Exercise 1: Read these tongue-twisters and underline the / ʃ / sounds. a. Sheila Charlton’s Czech b. The rich Turkish sugar Washing machine chewed merchant purchased up Richard Sheridan’s a shining Porsche for checked shorts. his Chinese chauffeur to polish Exercise 2: Write these words. Example /ʃʊgə/ sugar__ 60  Pronunciation 1 1. / fɪʃ / ……………….…….. 4. / ˈsteɪʃn / ……………………… 2. /ˈfɪnɪʃ / ………………….…. 5. / ʃəʊt / ……………….……… 3. / ʃɔːt / ……………………… 6. / dɪʃ / ………………….…… Exercise 3: Circle a word if the underlined part is pronounced as / ʃ /. machine kitchen chef Russian nature chart shirt fashion consume issue teacher washer Exercise 4: Write a word corresponding to each picture. (All the words contain the sound / ʃ /) 1. _________________________ 4. ________________________ 2. _________________________ 5. ________________________ 3. _________________________ 6. ________________________ 61  Pronunciation 1 Unit 20 Affricates / tʃ / and / dʒ / / tʃ / and / dʒ / are called affricates. As the phonetic symbols suggest, they start as stops and end with fricatives. 1. The tongue-tip touches the back part of the alveolar ridge to trap the air for a short time. 2. The tongue-tip moves away from the alveolar ridge a little way, and the whole tongue is then in the /ʃ ,ʒ / position to cause friction chain / Jane cheer / jeer choice / Joyce choke / joke rich / ridge etch / edge cheap / jeep tune / June choose / Jews H / age *Spelling notes CH represents / tʃ / except some words borrowed from French. (chef, chandelier, chauffeur) J is always pronounced as / dʒ / (just, judge, June) G is sometimes pronounced as /dʒ / (general, gym, page, change) Exercise 1: Write these nationality words in the correct column. Irish Polish Egyptian Dutch Chinese Japanese Russian German Jordanian Spanish Algerian Norwegian Belgian Turkish French Argentinian Nigerian Portuguese /ʃ/ / tʃ / /dʒ/ 62  Pronunciation 1 Exercise 2: Spell the words. [ ʃɑɪ ] _______________ [ pʊt ] _______________ [ pi:tʃ ] _______________ [ tʃuːz ] _______________ [ tʃæt ] _______________ [ dʒəʊk ] _______________ [ brɪdʒ ] _______________ [ kæʃ ] _______________ Exercise 3: Fill in the grid with the words with / dʒ /. digital germ judge journal jury page gray gentle jog beige game juice edge just rage change dog gym job age egg agent guess manage Exercise 4: Add the sound / ʃ / or / tʃ / to the beginning of the word to make another word EXAMPLE: / ʃ / + ache = shake 1) air __________________ 2) in  _________________ 3) or __________________ 4) aid _________________ 5) eat __________________ 6) aim __________________ 7) eye __________________ 8) art __________________ Which child put chalk on the teacher’s chair? Ginger spilt orange juice on George’s 63  Pronunciation 1 Unit 21 Nasals / m /, / n / and / ŋ / These are nasal sounds; air comes out through the nasal cavity instead of the mouth. / m / The mouth is blocked by closing the two lips / n / The mouth is blocked by pressing the tip of the tongue against the alveolar ridge / ŋ / The mouth is blocked by the back of the tongue pressed against the soft palate mine / nine mail / nail meal / kneel same / sane lime / line game / gain kin / king sin / sing thin / thing *Spelling notes A word-initial K is not pronounced if followed by N (knee, know, knob) NG always represent / ŋ / (ring, king jungle) N followed by K/C can represent / ŋ / (sink, think, uncle) Exercise 1: Spell the words. [ sɪŋ ] _______________ [ lɪŋk ] _______________ [ ʌŋkl ] _______________ [ swɪŋ ] _______________ [ bɒm ] _______________ [ brɪŋ ] _______________ 64  Pronunciation 1 [ mɔːnɪŋ ] _______________ [ lɒŋ ] _________________ Exercise 2: Find a way from start to finish. Go through the box which has the sound / ŋ /. You can move horizontally or vertically only. Start thing thin strange wing ankle long ring mind killing monk lounge hang angle danger think band finger bank wrong ginger link than singer change bathing skin sink earth bang thank jungle king tongue these unless single Finish Exercise 3: Count the examples of the nasal sounds in the following passage. My uncle used to be a singer. He sings well. In family gatherings, he sometimes sings for us. His voice is like something out of a dream. / n /  _____ / ŋ /  _____ / m /  _____ Exercise 4: Circle the words which contain the sound / ŋ /. change thing think manage ring uncle angel angle single ink ginger strong jungle skin danger 65  Pronunciation 1 Mum made me move my models. There was no one on the moon on the ninth of June. Young King Kong was stronger than 66  Pronunciation 1 Unit 22 Liquids / l / and / r / / l /  the only lateral consonant in English; the breath passes round the sides of an obstruction set up in the center (the tongue) instead of passing down the center of the mouth. / r /  a gliding consonant; the tongue is curved with the tip pointing towards the hard palate, but not close enough to cause friction. The lips are rather rounded at the beginning of words. lice / rice long / wrong lake / rake lead / read fly / fry collect / correct light / right glow / grow *Spelling notes L can be silent (calm, half, talk) The word-final R is not pronounced in British English /r/ is sometimes spelled WR (wrong, write) or RH (rhyme, rhino) Exercise 1: Spell the words. [ fɪl ] _______________ [ li:v ] _______________ [ raɪt ] _______________ [ slæŋ ] _______________ [ reə ] _______________ [ preɪ ] _______________ [ hɑːf ] _______________ [ lend ] _______________ Exercise 2: Add the sound / l / or / r / to the beginning of the word to make another word EXAMPLE: / l / + ache = lake 1) air __________________ 2) ink  _________________ 3) or __________________ 4) aid _________________ 5) earn __________________ 6) own __________________ 67  Pronunciation 1 7) eye __________________ 8) end __________________ Unit 23 Glides / w /, / j / and / h / *These sounds never occur at the word-final position. / w /  it consists of a quick glide from the vowel / u: / or / ʊ / to whatever vowel follows. / j /  it consists of a quick glide from the vowel / i: / or / ɪ / to any other vowel. / h /  it always occurs before a vowel and consists of the sound of breath passing between the open vocal cords and out of the mouth, which is already prepared for the following vowel. *Spelling notes QU usually pronounced /kw/ (quit, quite, queen) H is often silent (honest, honor) Exercise 1: Read the transcription and give the spelling of the word. [ juː ] __________________ [ haɪ ] __________________ [ waɪ ] __________________ [ weɪdʒ ] __________________ [ həʊld ] __________________ [ kwɪk ] __________________ [ wɜːθ ] __________________ [ njuːz ] __________________ [ weə ] __________________ [ hɔːs ] __________________ [ kwɪt ] __________________ [ haʊs ] __________________ [ wʊd ] __________________ [ huː ] __________________ [ kwiːn ] __________________ [ wen ] __________________ [ vjuː ] __________________ [ kwɪz ] __________________ 68  Pronunciation 1 [ kjuːt ] __________________ [ wɜːk ] __________________ Exercise 2: Choose the word (from the list below) which contains each of the following sounds. joy wild law hotel high yes write hour twin juice when one snow unit white use just youth [ h ] ___________________________________________________________________ [ w ] ___________________________________________________________________ [ j ] ____________________________________________________________________ Exercise 3: Circle the one with the different initial sound. a. unit use under university b. water write wait white c. when whose where what d. yes year union undo e. hello honey hour habit Exercise 4: Add the sound / w /, / j / or / h / to the beginning of the word to make another word. EXAMPLE: / w / + ache = wake 1) earth __________________ 2) ink  _________________ 3) or __________________ 4) aid _________________ 5) all __________________ 6) ear __________________ 7) eye __________________ 8) ate __________________ 69  Pronunciation 1 Harry had a habit of helping hitch- hikers. Wendy went away twice a week. We didn’t use euros in Europe a Unit 24 Weak vowels: schwa / ə / and unstressed / ɪ / Word stress is the term used to describe the accent or emphasis given to a particular syllable of a word, and it is a more or less invariable attribute of that word when spoken in isolation. Words of more than one syllable contain both stressed and unstressed syllables. Learners’ dictionaries indicate the stressed syllable(s) for every multi-syllable word as if it were being spoken in isolation. The stress symbol used by most dictionaries is / ˈ / just before the affected syllable. ( e.g., collect [ kəˈlekt ] ) schwa / ə / : The central vowel can claim to be the ‘smallest’ English vowel sound and yet it is the only phoneme with its own name. It is by far the most frequent vowel sound in continuous speech, though it never carries stress. Exercise 1: Identify the stress and circle the stressed syllable. Example: re main [ rɪˈmeɪn ] vi sit po lice gar den wo man a way so fa vi sa car rot in vite be gin Chi na na tion Exercise 2: Write the words in the correct part of the table. orange peaches apart return teacher salad letter erase vowel office women waiter paper needed depend Vowel in weak syllable = / ə / Vowel in weak syllable = / ɪ / 70  Pronunciation 1 Strong and weak forms Vowel reduction affects the frequent monosyllabic grammar words of English, and many of them have two or more accepted pronunciations, one when stressed or spoken in isolation, the strong form, and one when reduced in their more usual unstressed position, the weak form. Grammar words of English - Have only one syllable - Act as function words - Usually occur in their weak forms unless the speaker wishes to emphasize them to underline the message - High frequency words, though few in number (about 50) and / ænd / / ənd, ən / of / ɒv / / əv / to / tuː / / tə / her / hɜː / / hə / from / frɒm / / frəm / could / kʊd / / kəd/ Read the following phonetic transcription paying atte