U.S. Foreign Policy Concepts

A foreign policy stating the United States opposes European interference in the Western Hemisphere.

A 19th-century belief that the US was destined to expand across North America, spreading democracy and capitalism.

President Taft's foreign policy using financial power to increase international influence.

Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy advocating negotiation backed by military force to achieve US goals.

Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy supporting countries with democratic values and governments aligned with the US.

An extension of the Monroe Doctrine, asserting the US's right to intervene militarily in Latin American countries to prevent European involvement.

A group opposing the US's annexation of the Philippines and other colonial expansions, believing it violated the principle of consent of the governed.

A doctrine advocating the US as a global power, emphasizing control of the seas through a powerful navy.

A policy that aimed to ensure equal trade and investment opportunities for all countries in China.

A political program by Theodore Roosevelt, encompassing consumer protections, regulation of corporations, and conservation of natural resources.

The movement advocating for women to have the right to vote, gaining momentum during the Progressive Era.

Journalists who exposed corruption, wrongdoing, or scandal in society, particularly during the Progressive Era.

An influential American investigative journalist who exposed the corrupt practices of the Standard Oil Company in her book, "The History of the Standard Oil Company".

A Danish-American social reformer who documented the harsh living conditions of New York's poor in his book, "How the Other Half Lives", advocating for change.

The book by Upton Sinclair that exposed the unsanitary and inhumane conditions within the meatpacking industry.

Used nationalism, military strength, nativism, and Christian Anglo-Saxon values to justify territorial expansion and protectorates.

A famous novelist and social crusader who exposed the appalling conditions in the meat-packing industry in his novel "The Jungle", leading to the Meat Inspection Act and the creation of the Food & Drug Administration.

Progressives advocated for shorter working hours, improved healthcare, and child labor protection to create a fairer and healthier workplace for all.

Progressives believed strongly in education as the key to active citizenship and economic opportunity, ensuring a well-educated population could fully participate in democracy.

Booker T. Washington was a prominent African-American leader who advocated for economic self-sufficiency through trade skills and education.

W.E.B. Du Bois, a leading Black activist, believed African Americans deserved equal rights and co-founded the NAACP to fight for racial equality.

Robert La Follette, a progressive politician, championed the "Wisconsin Idea" which used university expertise to advise government in making decisions.

The Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire in 1911 exposed the dangerous conditions of garment workers, leading to changes in fire safety regulations and worker rights.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, which occurred on March 25, 1911, in New York City, was a devastating industrial disaster that killed 146 garment workers, mostly young women, due to locked exits and unsafe working conditions within the factory, leading to significant reforms in labor laws and worker safety regulations across the United States; considered a pivotal moment in American labor history.

The 17th Amendment established the direct election of Senators by the people of each state, meaning voters directly choose their Senators instead of state legislatures selecting them as was previously the case; this amendment is considered a key part of the Progressive Era movement aimed at increasing democratic participation.

The 18th Amendment established national Prohibition, effectively banning the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors in the United States, a result of the long-standing temperance movement; it was ratified in 1919 and went into effect on January 17, 1920, with the enforcement mechanism being the Volstead Act.

The 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote, ratified on August 18, 1920, essentially stating that the right to vote cannot be denied based on sex; this marked the culmination of a long and arduous women's suffrage movement across the United States.

The Zimmermann Telegram was a message sent by German Foreign Secretary Arthur Zimmermann, proposing a military alliance where Mexico would attack the United States in exchange for regaining lost territory like Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, if the US entered the war on the Allied side; this intercepted telegram played a key role in pushing the U.S. to join the war against Germany (WWI).

Unrestricted submarine warfare was a German naval tactic used during World War I. Submarines would sink merchant ships without warning. Unrestricted submarine warfare had a significant impact on international relations and was one of the causes of the United States entering World War I.

Nationalism, alliances, and militarism were key factors leading to World War I. Nationalism fueled rivalries between countries. Alliances meant that a conflict between two countries could quickly involve many others. Militarism led to an arms race and a belief that war was inevitable.

Intense patriotic feelings that drive a nation to seek self-determination, especially in the Balkans, and contributed to the outbreak of World War I.

Formal agreements between nations to support each other, especially during conflicts. Key alliances during World War I included the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia).

An ideology that emphasizes prioritizing building and maintaining a strong military, often to aggressively promote national interests. Contributed significantly to rising tensions and the potential for conflict before World War I.

A legal standard established by the Supreme Court in Schenck v. United States, allowing the government to restrict speech that poses a serious and immediate threat to national security.

Two unions, the Knights of Labor and the National Labor Union, aimed to improve working conditions and living standards for workers during industrialization in the US.

An ideology that privileges the interests of native-born Americans over immigrants, often leading to discriminatory policies and movements aimed at restricting immigration.

A law passed in 1882 banning Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States. It was the first significant federal restriction on immigration based on nationality, driven by economic fears and racial prejudice.

A political and social ideology that prioritizes the interests of native-born Americans over immigrants, often leading to discriminatory policies and movements aimed at limiting immigration.

A wealthy industrialist who dominated the American steel industry in the late 19th century, known for his aggressive business practices and vertical integration strategies. He later became known for his philanthropy, advocating the "Gospel of Wealth" philosophy, which promoted wealthy individuals distributing their wealth to society by supporting charities, libraries and educational institutions.

A prominent American politician and populist leader who passionately advocated for the "free silver" movement, a policy to use silver alongside gold as a basis for the economy. His famous "Cross of Gold" speech argued against the U.S. remaining on the gold standard.

During the 1890s, railroads, while contributing to westward expansion, also caused economic problems by creating monopolies and charging high shipping rates to farmers and ranchers. This was due to horizontal integration and limited government regulation.

The process of merging competing companies into a single, large corporation that controls a significant share of the market. In the case of railroads, this allowed them to dominate the industry and charge high prices.

A situation where a single company or entity dominates an entire industry or market, eliminating competition and often leading to higher prices for consumers.