UNIT 2: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION PDF

UNIT 2: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION Ch. 8 (Photosynthesis) ​ - Understanding the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs (this is very simple, so please learn this on your own from the textbook!) ​ Autotrophs make their own food, heterotrophs obtain en...

UNIT 2: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION Ch. 8 (Photosynthesis) ​ - Understanding the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs (this is very simple, so please learn this on your own from the textbook!) ​ Autotrophs make their own food, heterotrophs obtain energy from consuming food ​ ​ - The balanced equation of photosynthesis, and what the equation means, as well as reactants and products for photosynthesis ​ 6H2O + 6CO2 -> C6H12O6 + O6, The reactants are water and carbon dioxide, the products are glucose and oxygen. This equation means that the process of photosynthesis converts water and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen. - Where and how the reactants and products for photosynthesis enter/exit the plant (through what structures?) ​ Carbon dioxide and water is obtained from the stomata. And oxygen is released through the stomata while glucose is stored for food. - Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis (what are some things which could increase and decrease the rate of photosynthesis?) ​ The factors that can affect the rate of photosynthesis are sunlight, water intake rate, and carbon dioxide intake rate. ​  - The mechanism for the opening/closing of guard cells around stomata, and how this helps the plant conserve water. ​ The guard cell swells when there is water allowing water to transpirate through the stomata, while when there is no water the guard cells shrivel closing the stomata keeping water in the plant. ​ ​ - The role of pigments in plants, as well as an understanding of the pigment absorption spectrum ​ Pigments take in different wavelengths of light. ​ - The different parts of a chloroplast, and the role/function of each part of the chloroplast in photosynthesis ​ The thylakoid is where light reactions happen, while the dark reactions take place in the stroma. ​ - The reactants and products of the light reactions, and the reactants and products of the dark reactions ​ The reactant of light reactions is water and the product is oxygen, the reactant of dark reaction is carbon dioxide and the product is glucose. ​ - The reasoning behind the steps of the light reactions (use the worksheet questions as sample questions) ​ t ​ - The reasoning behind the steps of the dark reactions (use the slides questions as sample questions) ​ Ch. 9 (Respiration) - Understanding the connection between photosynthesis and cellular respiration ​ Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are opposites and they fuel each other. - Knowing the general equation for cellular respiration, as well as the reactants and products. (just the reverse of photosynthesis) ​ Cellular respiration has the reactants of oxygen and glucose, and outputs the products water and carbon dioxide. - Knowing the three stages of cellular respiration, what happens at each stage, and where each stage takes place. ​ Glycolysis where glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid, krebs cycle where the pyruvic acid is converted to carbon dioxide, and the electron transport chain where hydrogen atoms are collected, and NAPD+ is converted to NAPDH and ADP is converted to ATP. - Understanding the role and chemical formulas of the TWO electron carriers of cellular respiration, when carrying and when NOT carrying electrons. ​ The NAPD+ will carry hydrogen ions becoming NAPDH. - The process, products, and reactants of glycolysis, and reasoning behind the steps ​ The process of glycolysis simply splits the glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules. -The different types of fermentation, and the products and reactants for each type of fermentation. ​ There is alcohol feremntation which takes pyruvic acid and turns it into alcohol, carbon dioxide, and atp. Lactic Acid Fermentation converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid, and atp. - Explaining reasoning and experimental results for Bromothymol Blue exercise lab It shows how more carbon dioxide is released when the body goes through intense exercise. -The fate of the Krebs Cycle products – what happens to EACH of the products formed during the Krebs Cycle? Carbon dioxide is then released into the atmosphere, while the ATP is released to be stored or used in the body. Then the NAPD+ gets and ADP gets transported to the electron transport chain. - The components of the electron transport chain, the process of making ATP through the electron transport chain, and the reasoning behind the process of the electron transport chain, and comparing/contrasting this ETC to that of photosynthesis The electron transport chain takes the ADP and the ADP goes through the ATP synthase to be converted to ATP. - How and WHY seasonal changes impact atmospheric CO2 levels. Seasonal changes affect the amount of sunlight, this then affects the photosynthesis rate, therefore changing the CO2 levels. Ch.11 - Understanding of the following terms: genes, alleles, dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, genotype, phenotype - Dominant and recessive alleles If a genotype has a dominant allele, the phenotype will be the dominant trait. To get a recessive phenotype, there must be a homozygous pair of recessive alleles. - Homozygous and heterozygous genotypes Homozygous genotypes have two of the same alleles, while a heterozygous genotype has two different alleles. - Determining genotypic and phenotypic ratios/percentages/fractions Genotypic percentages, means the probability of each genotype. A phenotypic percentage is the probability of each phenotype. - Drawing Punnett Squares to solve genetic problems - Understanding phenotypic outcomes of incomplete dominance and co-dominance Incomplete Dominance means that the phenotype is in between the two traits, co-dominance means that both traits are present in the phenotype. - How to solve dihybrid, trihybrid, etc. crosses The following items about meiosis will be on the Unit 3 Test, but NOT on the Ch. 11 Quiz: - The process of meiosis, and stages of meiosis, and what happens in each stage Meiosis starts off at two homologous chromosome pairs forming a structure called a tetrad and exchanges certain parts of the chromosome. Then it goes through the same process as mitosis until the homologous chromosomes are separated into diploids. Then In Meiosis 2, the diploid chromosomes are split into haploids. - What homologous chromosomes are, and what a diploid number such as 2N=8 means. Homologous chromosomes are chromosomes from each parent that are corresponding. 4 diploids, 8 haploids. Ch. 14 - Know what a karyotype is and what information may be gained from looking at a karyotype A karyotype is a set of chromosomes, it can show the genetic information of the organism. -Know how to use Punnett squares to solve problems involving sex-linked traits XX - Female, XY - Male, sex-linked traits only go on the x. - Know how to read a Pedigree (What all the symbols mean), and how to determine genotypes of individuals based on the set up of the pedigree Circle: Female, Square: Male, SHADED: Has the specific trait. - Know the genetics of blood types – the 3 alleles, the 4 phenotypes, and how they can combine together to make blood groups. IA, IB, i A, B, O, AB