Plant Anatomy, Growth & Function - Unit in Review PDF

**[Plant Anatomy & Function]** What are the major features of the 4 main groups of plants? - - - - -what are the main differences between monocots and dicots? (e.g., number of cotyledons) monocot - - - - Dicot - - - - What are the characteristics and functions of t...

**[Plant Anatomy & Function]** What are the major features of the 4 main groups of plants? - - - - -what are the main differences between monocots and dicots? (e.g., number of cotyledons) monocot - - - - Dicot - - - - What are the characteristics and functions of the 4 main types of plant tissue? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - describe the structure & function of leaves -what are the main functions of leaves? \- **Main photosynthetic organ** \- Transportation -identify all structures found in a cross-section of a typical leaf and their functions -chloroplast : most of photosynthesis in a tree takes place in these cells because of their green pigment called chlorophyll palisade mesophyll : packed with chloroplasts and where most of photosynthesis takes place spongy mesophyll : a layer of loosely packed cells with air spaces between them/ Allows for gas exchange within the leaf stoma (stomata) : Allows CO2 to enter and O2 to exit guard cells : open and close the stomata to control gas exchange and water loss xylem : carries water and nutrients from the roots to the leaf phloem: transports sugar produced by photosynthesis to other parts of the plant Cuticle : Helps reduce water loss -describe the structure & function of stems \- Function: Transport water and nutrients from roots to leaves/ food storage \- Structure : Node, Internode, xylem, phloem and Pith -how are vascular bundles arranged differently in stems of monocots and dicots? \- monocot = vascular bundles are scattered \- Dicots = vascular bundles are in a ring -what are the differences in structure & function of xylem and phloem? -types of xylem cells: tracheids = Long tapered cells with pitted walls/ carry water and solutes from the roots to the rest of the plant \- vessel elements : Short wide cells arranged end to end/ moves water and solutes from the roots to the rest of the plant -types of phloem cells: sieve cells, sieve tube elements : tubular thin-walled cells/ loses their nuclei and organelles at maturity companion cells : Specialized cells in the phloem that load sugars into the sieve elements and help maintain a functional plasma membrane in the sieve elements -describe the structure & function of roots \- Structure : Epidermis, Cortex \- Function : Absorbs water and nutrients, Transportation of water and nutrients to stem, store food and water, Anchor plant to maintain stability -describe the difference between a taproot system and a fibrous root system \- Taproot system : Dicot, Primary roots grow down from the stem with some secondary roots forming -identify the root cap and meristem in the root tip \- Monocot, small lateral roots that spread out just below the soil surface -distinguish between a cross-section of a monocot root and a dicot root \- Dicot : Primary roots grow down from the stem with some secondary roots forming \- Monocot : small lateral roots that spread out just below the soil surface -describe the transpiration process and factors involved The plant\'s roots take in water from the soil. The water travels up the plant through the xylems. Water evaporates from the stomata into the air. As water leaves the leaf, more is pulled up from the roots to replace it. \- factors : weather, sunlight **[Plant Reproduction:]** -give examples of asexual reproduction in plants \- Vegetative Propagation: New plants grow from parts like stems, roots, or leaves. Example: Potatoes reproduce from tubers (underground stems). -compare the costs & benefits of asexual vs. sexual reproduction Asexual reproduction benefits : **Fast reproduction**: Asexual reproduction is much quicker because it doesn't require pollination. **Less energy required**: Plants don't need to produce flowers or seeds, saving energy. **No need for another plant** : One plant can reproduce on its own, making it easier in isolated conditions. Asexual reproduction costs : - sexual reproduction benefits : - - sexual reproduction costs : - - -name the parts of the flower related to reproduction - - -distinguish between self-pollination and cross-pollination Self pollination : - - Cross pollination - - - **[Plant Growth:]** -distinguish between apical meristems and lateral meristems Apical meristems : produce new cells that allow a plant to grow in length both above and below ground, as well as to branch Lateral meristems : produce new cells that grow the plant\'s width. This growth helps strengthen the plant and allows it to support more leaves and branches. -describe the factors required for successful seed germination \- Water is most important \- Warm/heat temperature \- Light \- Oxygen \- Soil conditions **[Succession and Biodiversity:]** -what is succession? \- The process by which a biological community changes over time. -what is the difference between primary succession and secondary succession? \- primary succession : Where living things establish for the first time a newly formed or uninhabited,lifeless area. \- secondary succession : Where a new set of living things inhabits an area that was previously inhabited but was destroyed by a wildfire or flood. -how can human activity affect succession? \- Human activities like deforestation, leaving camp fires unattended can cause it to destroy succession causing secondary succession to begin. \- Why is Mount St. Helen an appropriate example of succession? \- provides a clear and observable example of how succession works in nature following a major disturbance. - -