Citation and Referencing PDF

# Part 1 - Prelude... **Have you ever cheated in exam?** - _Image shows a hand holding a crumpled up piece of paper. The text on the piece of paper is illegible_ # Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty **Have you ever cheated in school or university?** - _Image shows a "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" s...

# Part 1 - Prelude... **Have you ever cheated in exam?** - _Image shows a hand holding a crumpled up piece of paper. The text on the piece of paper is illegible_ # Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty **Have you ever cheated in school or university?** - _Image shows a "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" style game show question, with 4 multiple-choice answers:_ - A: Yes - B: Yeah - C: Yup - D: Yep # Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty "**the theft or stealing of ideas and other forms of intellectual property**" (Sandy, 1999, p. 75). - _Image shows a man sitting on a chair with a "FRAUD" label affixed to his back_ # Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty | Type | Explanation | |:---|:---| | **Plagiarism** | The adoption or reproduction of original creations of another author without acknowledgment. (Simmons, 1999) | | **Fabrication** | The falsification of data, information, or citations (Simmons, 1999). Creating false facts or citations to create "artificial acknowledgment" | | **Cheating** | Any attempt to give or obtain assistance in a formal academic exercise such as exam or "hiring" others to complete your assignments (Simmons, 1999) | - _Image shows a man sitting on a chair with a "Copy/Paste" label affixed to his back, another man sitting on a chair holding a sign with the word "FAKE" written on it, and another man looking angry_ # Part 1 - Academic Dishonesty ## **How to avoid plagiarism? #1** **MENTALITY** Don't even think of copying other's work. Set in your mind that you need to acknowledge things/info/ideas that you get from others. - _Image shows the human brain with the right side labeled "Right brain" and the left side labelled "Left brain"_ ## **How to avoid plagiarism? #2** **CITATION & REFERENCING** Learn and master the correct citation and referencing styles. If unsure, consult the lecturers or make use of the manual/guide. - _Image shows a snippet of text, illegible, with some words underlined in a red pen_ # Referencing Styles - What is it? - Difference between reference and bibliography - Why we need to reference - What to reference - When to reference - How to reference - Difference referencing styles - More Examples about APA - Referencing tools - Summary # Reference and Citing - **REFERENCE:** the detailed description of the document from which you have obtained your information. Referencing is a way of demonstrating that you have done that reading. - **CITING:** acknowledging within your text the document from which you have obtained your information. # Reference Vs. Bibliography - The terms ,,References" and „Bibliography" are often used synonymously, but there is a difference in meaning between them. - References are the items you have read and specifically referred to (or cited) in your work and your list of sources at the end of the assignment will be headed „References". - Bibliography is a list of everything you read whether or not you referred specifically to it. - Normally contain sources that have been cited and also those found to be influential, but decided not to cite. - A bibliography can give a tutor an overview of which authors have influenced your ideas and arguments even if you do not specifically refer to them. # Why do we need reference? - To acknowledge others works - To allow others (readers) to find the original sources easily (cited reference) - To get recognition & authentication of the work. - To make the work informative. (Quality) - To trace the intellectual development of the ideas you present. - To avoid plagiarism - _Image shows a cartoon of Homer Simpson with the words "Not sure if the projector BLUR or my eyes get more MINUS" written below_ # Plagiarism **Examples:** - the verbatim copying of others work withoutacknowledgement. - the close paraphrasing of others work by simply changing a few words of altering the order of presentation. - Coping others idea - the unacknowledged quotation of phrases. # WHAT NEEDS TO BE REFERENCED? - Has it been presented formally into the public domain in some way? - Has it been presented in a tangible form? (Printed material, the Internet, a public talk/lecture etc). - Does someone have an ownership of it? Look for a named author or writer, or organization, including a website or host? - Is the information presented in the source in question outside the realm of „common knowledge"? # When..? - To give the source of tables, pics, statistics and diagrams which might be copied or have been a source of idea. - When describing a theory, model or practice associated with a particular writer. - To give credibility to an argument presented by you. - When giving emphasis to a particular idea that has found a measure of agreement. - To inform the reader of sources of direct quotations or definitions. - When paraphrasing another person's idea that you feel is particularly significant. # Referencing/Citation styles **Some commonly used style manuals are....** 1. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)- Psychology, education and other social sciences (author/ date) date important 2. Chicago Manual of Style (author/ date) emphasis on source origin, footnotes) 3. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (MLA)- literature & arts (author/date) authorship important 4. The Harvard system (author/date) 5. The Vancouver system - used in medical and scientific journal (numeric) # Author date Vs Numeric Styles **Example of Numeric Styles** - According to Myers[1] the reason for.... The reference is presented as a footnote at the bottom of the page or at the end of your work: [1] Myers, D. (2008) Construction economics: a new approach, 2nd ed., London: Taylor and Francis, p.159 **Author date style** - Barter (2003, p.258) has shown that..... # Source of References - Book - Journal - Newspaper / magazine - Conference paper/proceedings - Annual report - Institutional / Government publication - Electronic sources- Website, CD-ROM, Databases - Theses/ Reports/unpublished works etc. # Elements in the reference list - Author - Title of document - Date (year of publication) - Place of publication - Edition - Periodicity (volume/issue/ part number) - Series # Referencing in APA, Chicago and MLA for books - Examples - **APA** Darwin, C. (2006). On the origin of species: By means of natural selection. New York: Dover Publications. - **Chicago Manual of Style** Darwin, Charles. 2006. On the origin of species: By means of natural selection. New York: Dover Publications. - **MLA** Darwin, Charles. On the origin of species: By means of natural selection. New York: Dover Publications, 2006. # APA, Chicago and MLA for journal articles - **APA** Byrne, A. (2008). Web 2.0 strategy in libraries and information services. Australian Library Journal, 57 (4), 365-376. - **Chicago Manual of Style** Byrne, A. 2008. Web 2.0 strategy in libraries and information services. Australian Library Journal, 57 (4): 365-376. - **MLA** Byrne, Alex. "Web 2.0 strategy in libraries and information services." Australian Library Journal 57.4 (2008): 365-376. # Some basics, APA Style - APA style requires authors to use the past tense or present perfect tense when using signal phrases to describe earlier research, - for example, Jones (1998) found or Jones (1998) has found - If you are referring to an idea from another work but NOT directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book -make reference to the author and year of publication and not the page number in your in-text reference. # It is good to use quotation when - You want to analyze or challenge the quotation in question or if you feel the quotation supports your own argument or point of view. - You want to add interest or impact to an introduction or conclusion. - If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). - According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199). # Quotation.. - Place direct quotations that are 40 words, or longer, in a free-standing block of typewritten lines, and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line, indented 1/2 inch from the left margin. - Jones’s (1998) study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time teacher for help. (p. 199) # Some basics.. - If you use quotation or any specific detail its good have page number in citation - Secondary Referencing - "Ivan Illich (1981), as summarised by Sherman and Judkins (1995 p.121) has suggested that „shadow work"..... - Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102). - In full reference only give your source book # Some basics - **A Work by Three to Five Authors:** - List all the authors the first time you cite the source. (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993) - **In subsequent citations,** (Kernis et al., 1993) - **Organization as an Author:** - If the author is an organization or a government agency, According to the American Psychological Association (2000),... - **If the organization has a well-known abbreviation** - First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000) Second citation: (MADD, 2000) # Some basics - **Two or More Works** (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983) - **Authors With the Same Last Name:** - use first initials (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, 1998) - **Personal Communication:** - For interviews, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication, cite the communicator's name and the date of the communication. E.g. - (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2001). - **Do not include personal communication in the reference list.** # APA Style **Some Examples** | Category | Reference list | Citation | |:---|:---|:---| | **Books** | | | | One author | MacCulloch, D. (1996). Thomas Cranmer: A life. New Haven: Yale University Press. | MacCulloch (1996, p. 386) | | Two authors | Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2005). Principles of biochemistry (4th ed.). New York: Freeman. | (Nelson & Cox, 2005, p. 897). | | No author | United Press International stylebook: The authoritative handbook for writers, editors, and news directors (3rd ed.). (1992). Lincolnwood, II: National. | ("United Press International stylebook," 1992) | | Corporat e author | NSW Board of Studies. (2003). Science years 7-10 syllabus. Sydney:Author. | (NSW Board of Studies, 2003, p. 69). | | Category | Reference list | Citation | |:---|:---|:---| | **Books** | | | | Edited book | Burchfield, R. W. (Ed.). (1996). The new Fowler's modern English usage (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. | (Burchfield, 1996, p. 707). | | Article or chapter in an edited book | Rospond, R. M. (2003). Pain assessment. In R. M. Jones & R. M. Rospond (Eds.), Patient assessment in pharmacy practice (pp. 160-170). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. | (Rospond, 2003) | | 1. Introduction written by someone other than the author of the book. | Fuller, R. B. (1971). [Introduction]. In V. Papanek, Design for the real world (pp. vii-xix). New York: Pantheon. | (Fuller, 1971, p. xi) | | Category | Reference list | Citation | |:---|:---|:---| | **Journal & Mag.** | | | | One author | Crispin, G. (1996). Trial by fire. Pottery in Australia, 35(3), 18-19. | (Crispin, 1996, p. 18) | | Print article with DOI, No author named | Charman, R. E., & Vasey, J. R. (2008). Surgical treatment of carpal flexural deformity in 72 horses. Australian Veterinary Journal, 86(5), 195-199. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00275.x | (Charman & Vasey, 2008, p. 196) | | Monthly magazine article | Improving ADR reporting. (2002). The Lancet, 360, 1435. | ("Improving ADR Reporting," 2002) | | Monthly magazine article | Reid, T. (2005, January). Caffeine. National Geographic, 207, 2-33. | (Reid, 2005, p. 31) | | Category | Reference list | Citation | |:---|:---|:---| | **Journal** | | | | Newspaper article | Murray, L. (2006, September 26). PM at war with Telstra's $9m man. The Sydney Morning Herald, p. 1. | (Murray, 2006) | | Digital sources Article with DOI assigned | McDougall, K. L. (2007). Grazing and fire in two subalpine peatlands. Australian Journal of Botany, 55(1), 42-47. doi:10.1071/BT06096 | (McDougall, 2007, p. 43) | | Article with out DOI assigned | Drury, V., Francis, K., & Chapman, Y. (2009). Mature learners becoming registered nurses: A grounded theory model. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 26(2), 39-45. Retrieved from http://www.ajan.com.au/ | (Drury, Francis, & Chapman, 2009, p. 41) | | Category | Reference list | Citation | |:---|:---|:---| | **Ebook** | | | | Book through database | Grant, G. (2008). Family wars: Classic conflicts in family business and how to deal with them. Retrieved from EBook Library. | (Grant, 2008, p. 45) | | Entire book (Book on public website) | O'Keefe, E. (n.d.). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Available from http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=135 | (O'Keefe, n.d.) | | Online encyclopedia | Graham, G. (2005). Behaviorism. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy. Retrieved from http://plato.stanford.edu If the author of the entry is not named, place the title in the author position. See the following example. | (Graham, 2005) | | Online dictionary | Pluperfect. (2009). In Oxford English Dictionary online. Retrieved from http://dictionary.oed.com/ The author of the entry is not named, so the title is placed in the author position. | ("Pluperfect," 2009) | | Category | Reference list | Citation | |:---|:---|:---| | **Ebook** | | | | Internet document -no author | Effects of global warming on whales. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.stopwhaling.org/site/c.foJNIZOyEnH/b.2660179/k.BBA/Stop Whaling Effects of Global Warming o n Whales IFA W US.htm Begin the reference with the title of the document. | ("Effects of Global Warming," n.d., para. 3). | | Chapter or section in an internet document with author | Ogilvie, D. (n.d.). Why I don't eat honey. In Why be vegan. Retrieved from http://www.vnv.org.au/WhyBeVegan.htm (n.d.) means that the date of publication was unavailable. The name of the site, Why be vegan, is in italics. The article, or section (Why I don't eat honey), is not in italics. | (Ogilvie, n.d.) | # Referencing tools/ software | SL. No. | Name of the Software | URL | Free or commercial | |:---|:---|:---|:---| | 1. | Connotea | http://www.connotea.org/ | Free | | 2. | citeulike | http://www.citeulike.org | Free | | 3. | Citation Machine | http://citationmachine.net | Free | | 4. | Zotero | http://www.zotero.org/ | Free | **Features of these referencing tools** - Web based - Import from online databases/web pages - Create bibliographies - Create footnotes, in-text references etc **Source:** http://library.nyu.edu/tools/compare.html