Nickel 2024 Food Systems Review Key PDF

**Soil Formation and Soil Horizons** 10\) What is soil made of? How is it made? Soil is made of a mixture of [\_\_\_\_\_\_organic matter, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Formed from the [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_physical and chemical\_\_\_\_...

**Soil Formation and Soil Horizons** 10\) What is soil made of? How is it made? Soil is made of a mixture of [\_\_\_\_\_\_organic matter, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_] minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Formed from the [\_\_\_\_\_\_\_physical and chemical\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_]weathering of rocks. 11\) Identify what can be found in each horizon: a\) O-[\_\_\_humus , organic matter\_\_\_] in various stages of decomp e\) R or D -Layer of unweathered or partially weathered bedrock **Soil Conservation** 12\) Describe four techniques that keep soil in place: a. b. c. d. **Soil Composition** 13\) Arrange the following particles in order of smallest to largest: clay, sand, silt. Clay\--\>Silt\--\>Sand Best soil for ag is loam! 14\) Compare porosity to permeability. Porosity is a measure of how much of a rock is open space. Permeability is a measure of the ease with which a fluid can move through a porous rock.  **Watersheds** 20\) Explain what a watershed is and why it is significant. A watershed describes an area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers that all drain into a single larger body of water Watersheds are important because the surface water features and stormwater runoff within a watershed ultimately drain to other bodies of water. It is essential to consider these downstream impacts when developing and implementing water quality protection and restoration actions 21\) Identify what A, B, C, and D are in the watershed diagram to the right. A- Waterfall B-Riparian Zone/ riparian buffer trees and plants along water to help filter out pollutants and stop soil erosion C-Ridge D-Estuary **Biogeochemical Cycles:** Carbon Cycle, Phosphorus, Nitrogen and Water Cycles 15\) Complete the following table for these biogeochemical cycles: **Trait** **Carbon** **Nitrogen** **Phosphorus** **Water** -------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Importance to life needed for photosynthesis builds proteins and DNA, essential for plant life! Limiting factor part of DNA, ATP, RNA, essential nutrient for plants and animals essential to life, moves nutrients through ecosystems Largest reservoir ocean- rock and seashells atmosphere, 78% inert, meaning can't be used sedimentary rock oceans human impacts burning fossil fuels releasing stored carbon added too much synthetic fertilizers, and burning of FF releases NOx erosion of rocks and soil can release too much covering permeable surfaces with impervious/impermeable surface such as concrete. causes floods in cities special facts CO2 is only GHG that acidifies ocean water has to be fixed by nitrogen fixing bacteria or lightening hard for plants to uptake through roots, because amounts are so small there are now wars over water Detailed Nitrogen Cycle 16\) Identify the characteristic process associated with each of the following. Nitrification: [ammonia to nitrite and nitrate ] Denitrification: [ ] Nitrate into nitrogen gas(N2) Assimilation: [producers incorporate into their tissues for protein creation] Nitrogen Fixation: [N2 into forms producer can use, takes place with N fixing bacteria] Ammonification: [bacteria and fungus breakdown N from dead bodies and waste and convert into ammonium NH4] **Clearcutting** 4\) What is clearcutting? Practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down. 5\) What are two environmental problems associated with clearcutting? Habitat loss and loss of biodiversity Less soil stability leading to increased soil erosion and sedimentation **Green Revolution** 6\) What was the Green Revolution and why is it important? A large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties. 7\) List four innovations that led to the Green revolution. a\) Chemical Fertilizers b\) Pesticides c\) Fossil Fuels d\) Farm Machinery **Agricultural Practices and Impacts** 8\) Identify three examples of organic compounds and three examples of inorganic compounds. Organic Compounds: Contain carbon AND Hydrogen Some Examples: Alcohol, Alkalines, Hydrocarbon Fuels, Proteins Inorganic Compounds: Lacks carbon-hydrogen bonds, never lived, will never live Some Examples: Water, Phosphate, Sulfide, Carbon Dioxide \(1) (1) [ ] [Organic:] (2) [ ] [Inorganic]: (2) [ ] \(3) (3) [ ] 9\) Humans began agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago.(Friedland 3rd) 10\) To live a healthy, active life most adults need to consume approximately 2000 calories of food each day.(Friedland 3rd) 11\) Arrange the following foods in order of highest to lowest in terms of global production: corn (maize), rice, wheat 1\) Corn 2) [ ] Rice 3) [ ] Wheat 12\) Match the following: a. b. c. d. e. 13\) What is tilling? What are some environmental impacts of tilling? Plowing or harrowing the land to prepare to cultivate. Tilling can increase soil erosion, disrupts soil structure, and accelerates surface runoff 14\) Why do people do slash and burn? How does this impact the environment? Allows people to farm in areas where there is usually dense vegetation and increases the nutrients in the soil. The negative impacts of this method is that it introduces a huge amount of CO2 into the atmosphere, reduces habitat, and leads to loss of biodiversity. 15\) Compare inorganic to organic fertilizers. Which kind are more likely to runoff? Organic fertilizers are composed of organic matter from plants and animals. Inorganic fertilizers provide easy targeted application and plants can easily absorb them. (synthetic fertilizers) Inorganic fertilizers are more likely to runoff **Irrigation Methods** 16\) For each irrigation method listed below, diagram how the method works. +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Drip | **Flood | **Furrow | **Spray | | Irrigation** | Irrigation** | Irrigation** | Irrigation** | | | | | | | |  | | 15.png) | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ 17\) Which irrigation system is most efficient? Why? Least efficient? Why? Drip Irrigation: Most efficient because it does not have a lot of water evaporation and uses the least amount of energy. Furrow Irrigation: Least efficient because about 35% of the water runs off or is lost to evaporation. **Salinization** 18\) What is salinization and how does it occur? Salinization refers to a buildup of salts in soil Can occur as a result of using irrigation water, or overexploitation of aquifers causing seawater intrusion. 19\) How do farmers deal with salinization? Improve efficiency of irrigation channels, capture and treat salty drainage water, desalting plants, increase the amount of water reaching the aquifer, **flood for several days.** **Aquifers and Ogallala** 20\) What is an aquifer? Body of permeable rock which can contain or transmit groundwater 21\) Where is the Ogallala aquifer located? What is this aquifer primarily used for? Located in the great plains area of the USA. Primarily for agricultural usage. 22\) How do impervious (IMPERMEABLE) surfaces impact aquifers? How do cities impact groundwater? Prevents the rainwater from replenishing the groundwater supply **Pest Control Methods and IPM** 23\) Use the axes below to draw and label an illustration of the pesticide treadmill.  24\) Rachel Carson wrote the book *Silent Spring* to raise people's awareness of the harmful effects of the pesticide DDT. 25\) DDT was a commonly used pesticide in in the 1950's. Why is DDT considered a broad-spectrum pesticide? Why was it banned? DDT kills a wide range of insects and it was banned because of the negative environmental impacts it had on the bird and shellfish population. Bioaccumulates up the food chain! Becomes more toxic for higher level predators. Caused the eggs of the birds to be soft. 26\) In the table below, list at least two advantages and disadvantages to chemical pesticides. **Advantages of Chemical Pesticide Usage** **Disadvantages of Chemical Pesticide Usage** -------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- Higher Crop Yield Increased pesticide resistance Increased profit for farmers Fishery and bird losses 27\) How does Integrated Pest Management differ from solely using chemical pesticides? Give some example of IPM methods. Ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. **GMOs** 28\) The acronym GMO refers to Genetically Modified Organisms, which are: Manipulated in the lab through genetic engineering 29\) In the table below, list at least two advantages and disadvantages of GMO's. **Advantages of GMO Use** **Disadvantages of GMO Use** ------------------------------------------------ -------------------------------------- More nutritious food Food allergies/ loss of biodiversity Less use of pesticides(pest resistant strains) Antibiotic resistance **Meat Production Methods** 30\) Use the information in the diagram on the left, to answer the following: a. b. c. 31\) Why is meat production inefficient? It requires masses of grain, water and land 32\) Who eats more meat, developed or developing countries? Why? Developed countries eat more meat because meat is more expensive to produce. 33\) Compare overgrazing to free grazing meat production methods. How can overgrazing lead to desertification? Overgrazing occurs when farmers allow livestock to graze to the point where they damage the vegetation. Free-grazing is allowing cows to graze freely in the fields close to farms and dairies. They remove or damage the vegetation that is protecting the land and keeping it moist and fertile. **Ecological Footprints (Repeat)** 37\) Define the term ecological footprint. The impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources. 38\) How does an ecological footprint of a developed country compare to a developing country? Why? Developed countries have a much larger ecological footprint as a result of the increased energy demands **Sustainable Agriculture** 39\) How do farmers keep their soil in place? Describe at least two techniques. Farmers plant strips of vegetation, practice no-till farming strategies **Sustainable Forestry** 40\) Math: A rectangular area of forest that measures 10 thousand meters by 300 thousand meters has an area of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ square kilometers and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ hectares. [Show work]: 10,000 m X 300,000 m= 3,000,000,000 m2 1000 m=1 kilometer 3,000,000 square kilometers 1 sq. km=100 ha 300,000,000 ha 41\) A company is importing rare tropical hardwood to manufacture furniture, list three laws, regulations, treaties, or acts that the company may have violated. 1\) CITES-Treaty on the international trade of endangered species 2\) Lacey Act- Prohibits the interstate transport of wild animals without a permit 3\) Kyoto Protocol-Agreement to reduce GHG emissions during the harvesting of lumber, etc 42\) For each of the methods below, describe how the process leads to sustainable forests: a\) Reforestation-Replanting an area with trees b\) Reusing Wood- No need to harvest new wood c\) Ecologically Sustainable Wood- Comes from sustainably managed forests d\) Prescribed Burns-Intentional fire set to lower the risk of large wildfires **Sources of Pollution** 1\) Fill in the table below comparing point and non-point sources of pollution. **Point Pollution Source** **Non-point Source** -------------- ------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------- **Define** to a single, identifiable source of a pollutant **diffused and can therefore be difficult to identify,** **Examples** **Smokestack, waste discharge pipe** **Pesticide spraying, urban or farm runoff** **Human Impacts on Ecosystems** 2\) Define range of tolerance. Why is it important for species to be in their optimum ranges? Ideal range of abiotic conditions under which a species can survive, grow & reproduce. Beyond range of tolerance= no reproduction, stress and perhaps death. 3\) In the table below, describe each of these human impacts and how it affects coral. **Definition** **How does this impact coral?** ----------------------------------- ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- **Increasing Ocean Temperatures** Ocean warming due to climate change Reduces range of tolerance **Sediment Runoff** Soil runoff Reduces light penetration **Destructive fishing Processes** Trawling drag nets Destroys ocean bottom, damages reefs 4\) How does oil affect marine organisms such as birds and marine mammals? Causes organisms to die due to hydrocarbons in oil. Coats feather and fur. Kills bottom dwelling organisms (ones that eat detritus or dead material) 5\) How do oil spills hurt the economy? Why? Damages tourism, fishing industries. 6\) What is an ocean dead zone and how are they created? Dead zones along the ocean are often due to excess fertilizers in runoff that eventually make their way to the ocean.  This has a massive detrimental impact on coastal fisheries and the communities that rely on this as a source of income.  It also impacts tourism to these areas, as recreational and sport fishing is not viable in dead zones. 7\) How is an oxygen sag curve created? Describe using the diagram below.  An oxygen sag curve is a plot of dissolved oxygen levels versus the distance from a source of pollution, usually excess nutrients and biological refuse. 8\) How does the heavy metal mercury enter into waterways? What is methylmercury? Why is this harmful? Acid mine drainage, burning of fossil fuels. Methylmercury is elemental mercury is absorbed by bacteria, and is converted into a form that is highly toxic to animals and humans. Once it is in the bacteria, these will be consumed by other organisms and make its way into the  food chain. 9\) How does litter affect aquatic ecosystems? Describe at least two effects. Litter that reaches aquatic ecosystems, besides being unsightly, can create intestinal blockage and choking hazards for wildlife and introduce toxic substances to the food chain. 10\) How does sediment pollution (\#1 water pollutant) lead to less light penetration? Why can this be harmful to primary producers? Increased sediment (turbidity) in waterways can reduce light infiltration, which can affect primary producers and visual predators.  Sediment can also settle, disrupting habitats. **Endocrine Disruptors** 11\) What are endocrine disruptors? Endocrine disruptors are chemicals that can interfere with the endocrine system of animals. 12\) What are the effects of endocrine disruptors on humans? **Human Impacts on Wetlands and Mangroves** 13\) List two ecological services of wetlands. Water purification, flood protections, habitats. 14\) What are some threats to mangroves? Desire to live on coast, destruction to make fish farms. **Eutrophication** 15\) Describe the circumstances that will result in cultural eutrophication.  16\) Make a eutrophication flow diagram below showing the steps that lead to oxygen depletion and fish deaths. Start with an increase in nitrates and phosphates. Increase in N&P causes an excessive increase in algae growth. Algae die, As bacteria starts to breakdown the organic material , they will consume oxygen and reduce the **dissolved oxygen (DO)** that is available for other aquatic organisms. The amount of oxygen required by bacteria and other microorganisms is called the **biological oxygen demand (BOD)**. When BOD is high, DO will decrease. 17\) What is hypoxia? Lack of Oxygen 18\) Compare eutrophic to oligotrophic waterways. olio- mountain lakes- NO nutrients, crystal clear meso- few nutrients, semi clear Eutrophic- lots of nutrients, murky water **Thermal Pollution** 19\) Define thermal pollution. Water that is warmer than the original habitat. 20\) Explain how thermal pollution is produced by power plants. water is removed from a river or stream to provide cooling to a manufacturing or electrical plant and then returned, or when treated wastewater is released into the waterways, it is often at an elevated temperature.   21\) What is the relationship between water temperature and oxygen amounts? Warmer the water, less oxygen gas the water can hold. (Think zone of tolerance) interfere with breeding times **Persistent Organic Pollutants** 22\) Define POP. These chemicals are primarily products and by-products from industrial processes, chemical manufacturing and resulting wastes.  Some have been intentionally created for specific purposes, but there are some that were unintentionally produced and are now in the environment. Since they do not break down easily in nature, they stick around for a very long time. 23\) Why do POP's not break down easily in the environment? do not easily break down in the environment because they are synthetic, carbon-based molecules (such as DDT (malaria) and PCBs (electrical components) both have chlorine!). 24\) How do POP's bioaccumulate? Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can be toxic to organisms because they are soluble in fat, which allows them to accumulate in organisms' fatty tissues. **Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification** 25\) Compare bioaccumulation to biomagnification.  26\) Explain how the biomagnification of DDT led to the demise of the Bald Eagle population in the US. Levels of DDT magnified in the food chain and, ultimately, connected it to massive bird kills and thinning of the eggs in raptor, eagle, falcon, pelicans populations. 27\) How is human health affected by biomagnification? Use Mercury of PCB's, mercury from chemical factories: when we eat high on the aquatic food chain, we will get max amount of mercury. **PCBs**: Polychlorinated Biphenyls used in electronics. Chemical products banned in 1979. Polluted groundwater. **Quantitative Data:** data that uses numbers **Qualitative Data:** data that uses qualities and characteristics to describe **Experimental Design:** set up of an experiment **Control:** constant variable and unchanged throughout the course of the investigation**.** **Chesapeake Bay Watershed:** Where Potomac River dumps into Atlantic Ocean. Extremely polluted with sediments and nutrients. **Salinity:** level of salt in the water **Brackish:** medium levels of salinity. Often occurs in wetlands where salt and fresh water mix. **Nitrogen Fixation**: Taking nitrogen in air (N~2~) and changing to nitrite (NO~2~) or ammonia (NH~3~) **Nitrification:** Take nitrite and turning it into nitrate NO~3~ **Assimilation:** Organisms use nitrate and ammonium to make DNA and amino acids. **Ammonification**: Taking NH~3~ and turning it into NH~4~. **Denitrification**: Taking nitrate and ammonium and turning it back into nitrogen (N~2~) in the air. **Sink:** a storage place of an element **Source:** a process that releases an element. **Aerobic**: using oxygen **Anaerobic:** using no oxygen **Agricultural pollution**- pollution from rural areas where few people live **Algae-** a general term for small, chlorophyll-containing plants such as seaweed or pond scum **Ammonia-** a colorless, pungent gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen from animal waste **Aquifer** -- an underground water system made of porous rock and sand **Condensation** -- when water vapor (gaseous water) forms droplets of water in the atmosphere, making clouds. The change in water from gas to liquid form. **Confining layer-** a place in the aquifer where impermeable rock covers permeable rock **Evaporation --** the change in water from liquid to gas **Eutrophication-** When large amounts of nutrients enter the water and cause an increase in the amount of oxygen **Exotic Plant** -- A plant that is transported from its place of origin and introduced into a new environment **Groundwater** -- water that percolates through the surface and is retained in underlying rock and soil. **Groundwater contamination**- when any harmful substance enters the water underground and makes it unsuitable for use **Groundwater model-** a representation of the underground water system **Groundwater system**- holds the rock layers that make up an aquifer and the water that is stored and transported through the openings in the rocks **Herbicides**- chemicals used to kill weeds **Hydrologic Cycle** - the passage of water between reservoirs (oceans and atmosphere) by groundwater percolation, evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Impermeable- something that does not allow liquid to run through it **Native Plant** -- A plant that lives and thrives in its place of origin **Nitrate-** a water-soluble molecule made up of nitrogen and oxygen, commonly found in agricultural fertilizers **Nitrogen**- A colorless, odorless gas that is a non-metallic element which makes up almost four fifths of the air **Non- point source**- when the point of the pollution is difficult to identify **Organic Pollution-** pollution that occurs when living things decompose **Percolation** -- when precipitation is absorbed into the ground and moves down through the soil **Permeable**- ability of something to allow liquids to run through it **Pesticides**- chemical substances applied to plants to keep insects away **Phosphates**- Phosphorous can come from natural sources such as phosphate- containing rocks and human sources such as fertilizers, pesticides, detergents, and industrial wastes. **Photosynthesis -** the process by which plants convert energy from the sun into food **Phytoplankton** - single celled algae **Point source**- when the source of the pollutant is easily identified **Porous Rock** -- a rock with many spaces between grains. **Precipitation** -- water that is released from the atmosphere as rain, snow, hail, etc. **Sediment Pollution**- pollution that occurs when loose soil is carried into bodies of water by rain **Spring** -- water returning to the surface after being absorbed by the ground **Stormwater runoff**- rainwater that does not soak into the ground and carries pollution into bodies of water **Surface Runoff** -- precipitation that drains across the land into lakes, streams, or rivers **Surface Water** - water that lays on the earth's surface. Surface water includes water in rivers, lakes, streams, creeks, ponds, and wetlands **Transpiration** -- the process by which water is released from plants leaves **Watershed** - an area of land over which water flows to reach a common body of water such as a lake or pond **Well**- a hole that is drilled into the aquifer **Water pollution:** occurs when harmful substances---often chemicals or microorganisms---contaminate a stream, river, lake, ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality and rendering it toxic to humans or the environment. **Pollution**: contamination of the natural environment **Pathogen:** any disease-producing agent **Pollutant:** waste matter that contaminates the water, air, or soil **Runoff:** While plants and animals need these nutrients to grow, they have become a major pollutant due to farm waste and fertilizer runoff. **Nutrient:** any substance that can be metabolized to give energy **Nutrient pollution:** includes nitrates and phosphates, is the leading type of contamination in these freshwater sources. **Seep:** pass gradually or leak or as if through small openings **Groundwater:** When rain falls and seeps deep into the earth, filling the cracks, crevices, and porous spaces of an aquifer (basically an underground storehouse of water), it becomes groundwater---one of our least visible but most important natural resources. **Contaminate:** make impure **estuary:** the wide part of a river where it nears the sea **solvent:** capable of meeting financial obligations