Muscular System Unit Slides PDF

The Muscular System 2.02 Understand the structures, functions, and disorders of the muscular system 1 Essential Questions 1. What are the types of muscles? 2. What are the characteristics of muscles? 3. What are the characteristics of connective tissues? 4. What a...

The Muscular System 2.02 Understand the structures, functions, and disorders of the muscular system 1 Essential Questions 1. What are the types of muscles? 2. What are the characteristics of muscles? 3. What are the characteristics of connective tissues? 4. What are the names and locations of the major skeletal muscles? 5. What are the types of muscle conditions? 6. What are the functions of the muscular system? 7. What are the common disorders of the muscular system? 2 Draw or type 2 things you already know about the muscular system: For this activity you will... If you finish early, Step One work on your Go to Pages 2 in the Student Quizlet Matches Notebook Step Two Define the prefixes, suffixes using Quizlet Flashcards Step Three Define the specific word using the definition of the prefix/suffix in the definition of the word Medical Terminology a-, an- without ab- away from ad- toward -algia pain -asthenia weakness -ation action bi- two ex- out fibro- fiber, tissue 5 Medical Terminology hyper- excessive iso- equal myo- muscle physio- natural, physical pro- before, forward quadri- four tonic tension tri- three -trophy development 6 Key Terms Abduction: movement away from the midline Adduction: movement toward the midline Aerobic: requiring oxygen Agonist: contracts the muscle to cause movement Anaerobic: requiring no oxygen Antagonist: produces movement in the opposite direction of prime mover Circumduction: circular movement of a joint Dilate: become wider, larger, or more open Eversion: turn outward 7 Key Terms Extension: act of increasing the angle between two bones, straightening motion Fascia: thin flexible band of connective tissue that holds, separates, or binds muscles Flexion: act of decreasing the angle between 2 bones, bending motion Insertion: attachment for skeletal muscle to bone after crossing over a joint to allow movement during muscle contraction Inversion: turn inward 8 Key Terms Isometric: contraction of a muscle but the joint does not move Isotonic: maintains constant tension as the muscle changes length Origin: attachment site for skeletal muscle to bone that does not move during muscle contraction Oxygen debt: deficiency of oxygen from physical activity Prime mover: produces movement of a muscle in a single direction 9 Key Terms Pronation: rotation of the hand & forearm so that the palm faces downward Rotation: movement that allows a bone to move around a central axis Striated: muscle tissue with repeating sarcomeres giving a striped appearance Supination: palm facing up or when walking the weight is on the outside of the foot Synergists: muscles that help support a joint 10  Structures of the Muscular System Popeye the Sailor Man The Muscular System Comprises nearly half our weight Over 650 muscles in the body Each muscle is made up of hundreds or thousands of muscle fibers (muscle cells) Fun Fact: You are born with all the muscles you are are going to have through your lifetime!! It’s what you do with them that makes a difference 12 Types of Muscles 1. Skeletal 2. Smooth 3. Cardiac 4. Sphincter 13  Skeletal Muscles Attached to bone Striated (Key Term): repeating sarcomeres giving a striped appearance - bands Voluntary: under conscious control Multi-nucleated 14 Smooth Muscles Located in organs & blood vessels Not striated: not banded Involuntary: not under conscious control Single nucleus 15 Cardiac Muscle Found only in the heart Striated: banded Involuntary: not under conscious control Single nucleus 16 Sphincter (sfingk-tr)Muscles 1. Also called dilator muscles Dilate (Key Term): become wider, larger, or more open 2. Special circular muscles that open and close to allow passage of substances 3. Involuntary & voluntary 17 Connective Tissue 1. Tendons: dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone 2. Fascia (Key Term): thin sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses a muscle or organ Tendon 18 Characteristics of Muscles Hercules Contractibility Sarcomere: functional unit of the muscle made up of actin & myosin Actin & Myosin: protein filaments that cause muscles to contract 20 Contractibility Sarcomere (saar-khh-mere): functional unit of the muscle made up of actin & myosin Actin & Myosin: protein filaments that cause muscles to contract 21 Contractibility 22 How Your Muscle System Works 23 24 Muscle Contractions Isotonic: (Key Term) maintains constant tension as the muscle changes length shorten or contract Example: Walking 25 Muscle Contractions 26 Muscle Contractions Isometric (Key Term): Contraction of a muscle but the joint does not move Muscles that tense up but there is no shortening Example: Tensing up the abdominal muscles to make stomach area hard 27 Characteristics of Muscles Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli 28 Excitability Ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals Electrical signals: action potentials Action potentials are also called nerve impulses 29 Extensibility Ability to stretch or extend 30 Elasticity Ability for the muscle to return to its original state 31 Mr. Andersen: Muscles 32 Sliding Filament Theory For muscles to contract properly 3 chemical elements must be present Calcium Sodium Potassium Calcium must be present for the nerve signal to get to the muscle to make it contract Sodium & potassium work together to make the muscle contract 33 Sliding Filament Theory A muscle contracts when Myosin filaments pull actin filaments closer together This shortens the sarcomeres When the sarcomeres shorten the muscle contracts 34 Sliding Filament Theory For muscles to contract properly 3 chemical elements must be present Calcium Sodium Potassium Calcium must be present for the nerve signal to get to the muscle to make it contract Sodium & potassium work together to make the muscle contract 35 Naming Muscles Location: frontalis, temporalis Location of origin & insertion: sternocleidomastoid Direction of fibers: external abdominal obliques Size: gluteus maximus, gluteus medius Number of origins: biceps, triceps Action: flexor, extensor 36 Muscles of the Head & Neck Gaston Head & Neck Muscles 38  Types of Muscle Conditions Head & Neck Muscles Frontalis: Location: covers frontal bone Functions: wrinkles forehead raises eyebrows Temporalis: Location: covers temporal bone Function: chewing of the maxilla (upper jaw) 40 Head & Neck Muscles Masseter: Location: over the mandible (lower jaw) Function: chewing of the mandible Zygomaticus major: Location: cheekbone to edge of mouth Function: smiling Raises the corner of mouth 41 Head & Neck Muscles Orbicularis oculi: Location: around eye Function: closes the eyelid Orbicularis oris: Location: around the mouth Function: opens & closes mouth Kissing muscle 42 Head & Neck Muscles Sternocleidomastoid: Location: side of neck Muscle attached behind the ear at the mastoid bone & is attached to the clavicle & the sternum Functions: flexes & rotates the head & neck 43 Muscles of Torso/Truck & Back Muscles of the Torso/Truck Pectoralis Major Location: chest Function: flexes & abducts (lifts) upper arm Intercostals: – Location: between the ribs – Function: raises ribs & helps with breathing 45 Muscles of the Torso/Truck Diaphragm: ○ Location: dome muscle; ○ muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities ○ Function: main muscle for breathing 46 Muscles of the Torso/Truck Rectus Abdominis: Location: abdomen - “six pack” Function: flexes (bends) & compresses the abdomen Don’t confuse with rectum! Rectus means long thin muscle Muscles of the Torso/Truck External Abdominal Obliques: Location: on each side of the rectus abdominus muscle Function: twists the trunk Internal Abdominal Obliques: Internal Obliques lie under the External Obliques Function: Twists the trunk Assists with breathing 48 Muscles of the Torso/Truck Trapezius: shaped like a kite Location: upper back Function: moves the shoulder extends head Latissimus dorsi: Location: middle & lower back Largest muscle in the upper body Function: adducts (lowers), medially rotates, extends arm 49 Muscles of the Torso/Truck 50 Muscles of the Torso/Truck 51 Muscles of the Torso/Truck 52 Muscles of the Upper & Lower Extremities Li Shang Muscles of the Upper Extremities Deltoid Location: shoulder Function: abducts (lifts) the upper arm Site for injections Biceps brachii Location: anterior upper arm Function: flexes (lifts) the forearm 54 Muscles of the Upper Extremities Brachioradialis Location: forearm Function: flexes the forearm pronation: palm down supination: palm up Triceps Brachii Location: posterior upper arm Function: extends (straightens) the forearm Muscles of the Upper Extremities 56 Muscles of the Anterior Lower Extremities Sartorius Location: runs from the hip, across the thigh to the medial knee Function: crossing legs Flexes & rotates thigh & leg Longest muscle in the human body 57 Muscles of the Anterior Lower Extremities Quadriceps - 4 muscles Location: anterior upper thigh Function: extends (straightens) leg at knee Quadriceps Muscles of the Anterior Lower Extremities Quadriceps - 2 of the 4 muscles Vastus lateralis: Location: lateral side of thigh Rectus Femoris: Location: long thin muscle on the femur Muscles of the Lower Extremities Tibialis Anterior Location: on the front of the tibia Function: dorsiflex and inverts the foot 60 Muscles of the Buttocks Gluteus medius Location: sits on the outer surface of the ilium Function: abducts & rotates thigh Gluteus maximus Location: buttocks Function: extends & rotates the femur 61 Muscles of the Posterior Lower Extremities Hamstrings Location: posterior upper thigh Function: flexes (bends) leg at knee Gastrocnemius Location: calf Function: Flexes (bends) the knee Points toes 62 Muscles of the Lower Extremities Soleus Location: under the gastrocnemius Runs from the knee to the heel Function: helps with standing and walking 63 Muscles of the Anterior Lower Extremities 64 Muscles of the Buttocks & Posterior Lower Extremities 65 66 Poke a Muscle Poke A Muscle 67 Muscle Contractions Isometric (Key Term): Contraction of a muscle but the joint does not move Muscles that tense up but there is no shortening Example: Tensing up the abdominal muscles to make stomach area hard 68 Characteristics of Muscles Excitability: ability to respond to stimuli 69 Excitability Ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals Electrical signals: action potentials Action potentials are also called nerve impulses 70 Extensibility Ability to stretch or extend 71 Muscle Tone Tension in a muscle at rest Readiness to move Muscles should always be slightly contracted & ready to pull Muscles pull - never push 72 Muscle Tone Regular exercise & strength training will increase muscle tone Atrophy: wasting away of muscle usually due to not being used a-: without -trophy: development Hypertrophy: overgrowth of muscle hyper: excessive -trophy: development 73 Muscle Tone 74 What Makes Muscles Grow 75 Muscle Fatigue Muscle Fatigue: inability to generate force; exhaustion Cause: accumulation of lactic acid Oxygen debt (Key Term): not enough oxygen available to convert lactic acid to glucose for energy Deficiency of oxygen from physical activity Leads to muscle fatigue & cramps 76 Surprising Reason Our Muscles Get Tires 77 Aerobic & Anaerobic Exercise Ways your body converts food into energy Aerobic exercise (Key Term) Requires oxygen Lower intensity - longer endurance Examples: swimming, biking Anaerobic exercise (Key Term) Requires no oxygen High intensity - shorter endurance Examples: weight lifting, sprinting How Do Steroids Affect Your Muscles 79 Functions of the Muscular System Tarzan Functions Movement Posture Production of body heat 81 Movement Muscles do not increase in number Muscles do change in Structure Size Strength Brain controls the contraction of skeletal muscle 82 Movement Point of origin (Key Term): Attachment site for skeletal muscle to bone that does not move during muscle contraction FIXED PART Point of insertion (Key Term): Attachment for skeletal muscle to bone after crossing over a joint to allow movement during muscle contraction MOVABLE PART 83 Movement Muscles work in pairs Prime mover (Key Term): produces movement in a single direction Agonist (Key Term): contracts the muscle to cause movement - is the prime mover Antagonist (Key Term): produces movement in the opposite direction of prime mover Synergist (Key Term): muscles that help support a joint & assist other muscles 84 85 Movement Flexion (Key Term): bending – decreasing the angle between two bones (closer together) Extension (Key Term): straightening out – increasing the angle between two bones (farther apart) Hyperextension: overextend or over straighten 86 Movement Abduction (Key Term): moving away from the midline Adduction (Key Term): moving toward the midline Rotation (Key Term): turn or pivot movement that allows a bone to move around a central axis 87 88 Movement Pronation (Key Term): palm down rotation of the hand & forearm so that the palm faces downward Supination (Key Term): palm up or when walking the weight is on the outside of the foot 89 Movement Circumduction (Key Term): circular movement of a joint Dilate (Key Term): become wider, larger or more open 90 Movement Eversion (Key Term): turn outward Inversion (Key Term): turn inward 91 Movement 92 Posture Posture: position the body holds when sitting, standing, or lying down 93 Body Heat When muscles work, they produce heat Exercise Increase in body temperature Heat given off as sweat Shivering: occurs when the body gets cold Requires a lot of energy 94 Disorders of the Muscular System Zeus Fibromyalgia Widespread muscle pain, tenderness, & soreness Affects mostly women Caused/triggered by trauma surgery infection stress 96 Fibromyalgia S/S Chronic muscle pain for 3-4 months Fatigue Sleep disorders Memory loss, forgetfulness Mood swings No cure Treat symptoms Focus on pain relief Exercise 97 Hernia Organ pushes through an opening in a muscle Many occur in abdomen & groin areas Most hernias are not life threatening Causes Lifting heavy objects Constipation Persistent coughing or sneezing Obesity Pregnancy 98 Hernia - Location 99 Hernia S/S Bump or lump in the affected area that disappears when lying down Treatment: May be none Surgery 100 Muscle Spasms Sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle Cause: Overuse of muscles Dehydration Electrolyte imbalance S/S Pain Treatment Usually resolves with no treatment Stretching & massaging muscle Apply ice Rehydrate 101  Tendonitis Inflammation of the tendon Cause: overuse - repetitive actions Most common areas: shoulder & elbow S/S Dull aching pain that worsens at night Treatment Rest Ice NSAIDs Splints or braces 102  Video: Muscle Strain Injuries of Strain the Thigh Overstretching or tear in the tendons &/or muscle Sprain: stretch or tear in the ligament Strain is less severe than sprain S/S: pain, swelling, bruising weakness of the muscle inability to use muscle Treatment: RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation) Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory meds (ibuprofen) 103 Muscular Dystrophy Disease where muscles cells are dying Cause: sex-linked genetic disorder Mostly affects boys S/S: Frequent falls Weakness Difficulty standing up & walking Muscle pain & stiffness Difficulty breathing No cure - Fatal Treat symptoms 104 Muscular Dystrophy 105 Tetanus Commonly called is lockjaw Cause: toxins from the bacerium, Clostridium tetani Bacteria enters the body through a deep cut Rare in the US due to tetanus vaccine - used for prevention S/S Continuous painful muscle spasms all over the body Treatment: manage the symptoms Frequently fatal 106 Tetanus 107 Muscular System Bob Parr a.k.a. Mr. Incredible