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MONDAY THESELF Exam type: Multiple choice - 50 pts Essay - 10 pts I. Philosophical Self - (8 Philosophers) 1. Socrates - Greek Philosopher resp...

MONDAY THESELF Exam type: Multiple choice - 50 pts Essay - 10 pts I. Philosophical Self - (8 Philosophers) 1. Socrates - Greek Philosopher responsible for Western philosophy - He believes that the only true wisdom is in knowing you know nothing, which means that you can only gain wisdom by acknowledging that you are an empty cup that needs to be filled. - The key to opening the gates leading to endless opportunities for growth is by knowing oneself. (Summary) - Humility - Thirst for knowledge and understanding - Knowing oneself is the gate for endless opportunities and growth - Questions everything 2. Plato - Greek philosopher and was a student of Socrates. - one of the world's best-known and most studied philosophers because of the great contributions he had to the expansion of human knowledge and understanding. - concept of Dualism, which believes that one's physical body and soul are separate entities and that one lives on even after death. - He explained that the soul can be divided into three parts and that these makeup who we are and are responsible for our behavior. - The three parts of soul Rational / Logical (Ruling Class) seeks truth and is swayed by facts and arguments Spirited / Emotional (Military Class) expresses how our feelings fuel our action. Appetitive / Physical Desires (Commoner) drive you to eat, be sexually aroused, and protect yourself. (Summary) - Tri partite soul - ruling, military and, commoner  - Ruling class - seeks truth / facts and arguments - Military class - Feelings fuel our actions - Commoner class - Desires and self protection - Dualism - physical body and soul and separate. - Student of socrates 3. Aristotle - student of Plato and known for his exploration of knowledge through "natural philosophy", which is now known as Science. - According to him, all human actions are driven by one or more of these seven causes: CHANCE refers to all the moments whose cause cannot be determined. (E.g. Carroll Bryant once said, "No matter how many plans you make or how much in control you are, life is always winging it.") NATURE refers to our natural tendencies as human beings. (E.g. Whenever Maria is hungry she gets really irritable and short-tempered.) COMPULSIONS refers to one's irresistible urge to do something, especially against one's own conscious will. (E.g. Eve has the tendency to repeatedly check doors, locks, appliances, and other stuff at home, or else she won't be able to sleep.) HABIT refers to the things we repeatedly do for a long period of time. (E.g. Antonio loves to go to lomian every Sunday because he grew up eating lomi after attending the Sunday mass.) REASONING refers to actions or responses that are based on logical reasoning. (E.g. I don't eat junk food because I know that it is not good for my body.) PASSION refers to the responses that aim to satisfy one's feelings. (E.g. Whenever I am sad or stressed out, I stay inside my room and express myself through painting portraits.) DESIRE refers to one's inclination to pleasant things. (E.g. I want to have a haircut just because I want to.) (Summary) - student of plato - Seven causes DPRHCNC (Desire, Reasoning, Habit, Compulsion, Nature and, Chance.) 4. St.Augustine (multiple questions) - He brings together the wisdom of Greek philosophy and the Divine Truths contained in the Scripture.  - He created a new concept of the identity of the self which for him can be achieved through a twofold process: Self-Presentation: refers to expressing oneself and behaving in ways that create the desired impression. We usually start to shape ourselves based on how we want to be perceived by others but later on, we realize that it is just a portion of who we are and decide to move to the next stage which is self-realization. Self-Realization: occurs when we discover who we truly are and realize that we are more than our physical form. (Summary) - Greek Philosophy and Divine truths - Twofold process - self-presentation and self realization. - Self-presentation - shaping ourselves based on how we want to be perceived by others. - Self-realization - We are more than our physical form 5. Rene Descartes - Just like Plato, Descartes supported his idea of dualism. - emphasized that the self is the subject that thinks. - The self that has full competence in the powers of human reason. By distancing it from all sources of truth from authority or tradition, the self can only find its truth and authenticity within its own capacity to think. (Summary) - I doubt therefore think, I think therefore I am. - Subject that thinks 6. John Locke - western philosopher who was known for popularizing the term "tabula rasa" which is translated as empty slate. - He believed that personal identity is a matter of psychological continuity and is founded in consciousness (awareness). (Summary) - Empty slate - Consciousness(Awareness) - Western Philosopher 7. David Hume - The concept of self is just a basket of perceptions collected from the outside world.  - Our true self is almost impossible because the self changes through time, shaped by the situation we are in and the people we are with. Who you are today, is different from who you were and who you will be. (Summary) - Bundle of impressions. - The self changes through time. - The you today is different from the you in the past and future. 8. Immanuel Kant - According to Kant, we all have an inner self and outer self which together form our consciousness. Inner self: refers to one's psychological states and rational intellect Outer self: refers to our senses and the physical world (Summary) - Inner and outer self forms consciousness II. Psychological Self - (5 Psychologist) 1. William James: Me vs I - between the self as I, the subjective knower, and the self as Me, the object that is known. - ME: refers to our knowledge of who we are (self-concept). It is a separate individual a person refers to when talking about their personal experiences. - I: refers to the act of thinking about ourselves (self-awareness). It is the part of the self that knows who they are and what they have accomplished in life. 2. Donald Winnicott: True Self vs False Self. - HEALTHY FALSE SELF: The healthy false self is described as one which allows someone to be functional in society. It enables a person to be polite and courteous even when we may not feel like it. - UNHEALTHY FALSE SELF: The unhealthy false self is the one that fits into society through forced compliance rather than a desire to adapt. It is the one behind many dysfunctional behaviors (i.e. narcissism and addiction). 3. Eric Berne: Transactional Analysis Theory  - In the Transactional Analysis Theory Berne, he believed that our childhood experiences, particularly how we are parented, influence the developmental formation of our three ego states: the parent ego, adult ego, and child ego. PARENT: you may be nurturing, caring, controlling, or critical. ADULT: you will be logical, assertive, and concerned with facts and data (objective). CHILD: you may be playful, spontaneous, fearful, or overly compliant. 4. Carl Rogers: Self-concept - Self-concept is Humanistic psychologist Carl Rogers believed that self-concept has three components: Self-Image, Self-Esteem, Ideal Self. - Self-Image refers to how you see yourself at this moment in time. - Self-Esteem refers to how much you like, accept and value yourself. - Ideal Self refers to who you envision yourself to be if you were exactly as you wanted. - When a person’s self-image and ideal self are consistent or very similar, a state of CONGRUENCE exists. However, when the difference between the real self and the ideal self is very high, we call it INCONGRUENCE. 5. Sigmund Freud: Provisions of the mind - Id - The primal, instinctual part of the mind that operates on the pleasure principle. - Ego - The rational, decision-making component that operates on the reality principle. - Superego - The moral part of the psyche that internalizes societal norms and values. Operates on the moral principle. 6. Erik Erikson: Psychological Stages of development - Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy): Developing a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability and care. - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Early Childhood): Gaining a sense of personal control over physical skills and independence. - Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool Age): Asserting control and power over the environment, leading to a sense of initiative.  - Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age): Coping with new social and academic demands, fostering a sense of competence. - Identity vs. Role Confusion (Adolescence): Exploring personal identity and sense of self, leading to strong personal values. - Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood): Forming intimate, loving relationships while balancing personal independence. - Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood): Contributing to society and helping to guide the next generation. - Integrity vs. Despair (Late Adulthood): Reflecting on life and feeling a sense of fulfillment or regret. - (siya yung sa defense mechanism di daw kasama) - P.s di ko alam kung tama to pa add na lang if kulang III. Sociological Self 1. Self as a product of Modern Society - According to Gerry Lanuza, modernization offers us endless opportunities to delocalize ourselves or detach ourselves from the limitations posted by the society before (racism, discrimination, etc.). - 2. Self as a Necessary Fiction - Friedrich Nietzsche was not a sociologist but another philosopher, but he also had an inclination to a sociological perspective. - He viewed the self as the sum of an individual's actions, thoughts, and feelings (a representation) that we project to other people. - He believed that everyone needs some necessary fiction in life to keep us from the chaos of changing world.  3. Post-Modern View of the Self - In postmodern societies, our self-identity continuously change due to the demands of a multitude of social contexts, new information technologies, and globalization. 4. Self as Artistic Creation - The self is viewed as an active, strategizing agent that negotiates for the definition of oneself. Artistic creation of oneself means giving one's life a form and meaning that does not simply follow established norms. 5. Self Creation and Collective Identity - Self creation is also influenced by our collective identity. - Collective identity refers to one's way of defining himself/herself in relation to others and the outside world, i.e., identities that are socially influenced (Ashmore, Deaux, & McLaughlin-Volpe, 2004). 6. Self Creation and Struggle for Cultural Identity - Pluralized selves and collective identity greatly contribute to one's sense of self. - Sometimes, one's cultural identity could also fuel some issues concerning one's sense of personal identity and feelings of belongingness. Sociologists - study human societies and all the processes involved in their interaction that contribute to their development by examining the dynamics of its components such as communities, institutions, populations, age groups, and races IV. Anthropological Self Anthropology - the study of people throughout the world, their evolutionary history, and how they behave, adapt to different environments, communicate, and socialize with one another.  - This provides valuable insights into understanding oneself by examining the diversity of human societies, past and present, and exploring how individuals and communities navigate their existence. In 2008, Mark Mccrindle, a social researcher and demographer, first coined the term Generation Alpha to describe the current generation arising. Mccrindle and his colleagues conducted an in-depth study about Gen Alpha and compared and contrasted their social markers, iconic technologies, attitudes toward careers, and more (Mccrindle, 2021). Below is a visual illustration summarizing the results. This is just one of the many things that we can learn from studying how paradigm shift shape our society and thus lead to our evolution. Our environment highly contribute to our change and development as individuals. Culture - Defined as the part of the environment shaped by the everyday practices of humans. - It refers to the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group.  - Draws the line that distinguishes a group of people from another Urie Bronfenbrenner - American psychologist proposed the ecological systems theory which explains the importance of studying a person in the context of multiple environments - It tells us that as an individual, we are influenced by (1) our personal interaction with people around us and (2) the interactions of different factors around us. MICROSYSTEM - refers to everything that has direct contact with you (family, friends, school, work, etc.) in your immediate environment and how they individually affect you. E.g. Hyacinth loves to go out in the afternoon to play with her neighbors. MESOSYSTEM - refers to the interaction of your microsystem with each other (family and school, family and friends, etc.) E.g. Your parents expressed that they are not comfortable with your current circle of friends. This may result to you hating your parents or you distancing from your friends. EXOSYSTEM - covers all the people, institution, organization that has no contact with you but still affect you (work of your parents, social media, the implemented rules in your community, etc.) E.g. Everyone of us (teachers, learners, parents) got affected when De La Salle Lipa decided to offer borderfree education. We have no direct contact with the Br. President, but his decision has caused a great change in our lives. MACROSYSTEM - is when exosystem works in a wider scope, it is influenced by one's cultural attitudes, beliefs and values. E.g. Since Philippines is such a family-oriented nation, the restrictions brought by the pandemic aggravated the situation. We really had difficulty at first because we are so used to family gatherings and celebrations.  CHRONOSYSTEM - refers to how we are impacted differently in different periods of our life (time). E.g. It is more challenging to be separated with our parents when we were younger (grade school) compared to when we are adults and have our own jobs. Marcel Mauss described the self to have two faces: (1) Moi - a person’s sense of who he is (almost similar to William James’ concept of “I”) (2) Personne - social concepts of what means to be who he is (almost similar to William James’ concept of “me”) In 2013, Dr. Paul Redmond conducted an in-depth study about a multigenerational workforce that comprises five generations: Maturists (pre-1945), Baby Boomers (1945-1960), Generation X (1961-1980), Generation Y (1981-1995), and Generation Z (Born after 1995). In the first module, we encountered John Locke who introduced the concept of the “tabula rasa”. The implication is that at birth all individuals are basically the same in their potential for character development and that their adult personalities are exclusively the products of their postnatal experiences, which differ from culture to culture. Culture can be defined as the part of the environment shaped by the everyday practices of humans. Moreover, it refers to the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group. It draws the line that distinguishes a group of people from another (Oyserman, 2017). Embodiment - Often defined as “how culture gets under the skin” "If embodiment is an existential condition in which the body is the subjective source or inter-subjective ground of experience, then studies under the rubric of embodiment are not about the body per se. Instead, they are about culture and experience insofar as these can be understood from the standpoint of bodily being-in-the-world.” - Csordas, 1999 - Culture - a historically transmitted pattern of meanings embodied in symbols, a system of inherited conceptions expressed in symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge about and their attitudes toward life” (Geertz 1973). Geertz believes that culture is not something that occurs in the heads of humans. “Culture is public, because of its meaning” (Geertz 1973). He utilized thick description, which is an anthropological method of explaining with as much detail as possible the reason behind human Actions. When someone is described as cultured, it means that the person has good manners, is well educated, and knows many things about arts. However, this lesson encourages us to stretch our definition of this characteristic. Apart from its usage, let us top it with cultural sensitivity as we unravel the vast diversity of culture. V. Eastern and Western thoughts Confucianism - an ethnic religion because it focuses primarily on work. Confucius believed that any perception of the afterlife was beyond human comprehension. - Confucius also rejected the idea of “sin” but viewed mistakes as an opportunity to do better the next time. DAOISM [TAOISM]  - found that the solution to his problem is like water -- flow smoothly around obstacles rather than bumping up against them. He assured us that if we adapt ourselves to the shape of the channel, we won’t get stuck. He used the natural rather than thew smoothly and with ease.human-made world as a model to show us that it is part of our nature to flow smoothly and with ease. Mohism - was an influential philosophical, social, and religious movement that flourished during the Warring States era (479–221 BCE) in ancient China. - originates in the teachings of Mo Di, or “Mozi” (“Master Mo,” fl. ca. 430 BCE), from whom it takes its name. Fǎ-Jiā or Legalism - is one of the six classical schools of thought in Chinese philosophy that emerged during the Warring States period. This school of thought ignores morality and seeks to answer how a society should ideally function. They examined contemporary government, emphasizing a realistic consolidation of the wealth and power of autocrats and the state. Buddhism - is an Indian religion and dharma that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs, and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. - believes in the dharma wheel which refers to the idea of a law, or principle, governing the universe. - This wheel contains the noble eightfold path. Individualism vs. Collectivism INDIVIDUALISM (Western Thought) - Under the lens of western thought, the individual identifies primarily with self, prioritizing the needs of the individual over those of the group. - independence and self-reliance are greatly stressed and valued. In general, people tend to distance themselves psychologically and  emotionally from each other. One may choose to join groups, but group membership is not essential to one’s identity or success. Promotes individual goals, initiative, and achievement. Individual rights are seen as being the most important. Rules attempt to ensure self-importance and individualism. Independence is valued; there is much less of a drive to help other citizens or communities than in collectivism. Relying on or being dependent on others is frequently seen as shameful. COLLECTIVISM (Eastern Thought) - Collectivism views the group as the primary entity, with the individuals lost along the way. The survival and success of the group ensure the well-being of the individual so that by considering the needs and feelings of others, one protects oneself. Each person is encouraged to be an active player in society, to do what is best for society as a whole rather than themselves. The rights of families, communities, and the collective supersede those of the individual. Rules promote unity, brotherhood, and selflessness. Working with others and cooperating is the norm; everyone supports each other. VI. Physical Self - William James - William James considered body as the initial source of sensation and necessary for the origin and maintenance of personality. - James considered body subservient to the mind, for example, mental concentration can be so tightly focused as not only to banish ordinary sensations, but even the severest pain (James, 1890, Vol. 1, p.49). Sigmund Freud - Construction of self and personality makes the physical body the core of human experience. - ego is first and foremost a body ego - emphasis on libido Erik Erikson - The role of bodily organs is especially important in early developmental stages of a persons life. - Development of physical as well as intellectual skills help determine whether the individual will achieve a sense of competence and ability to choose demanding roles in a complex society. Body Image - mental picture of one’s physical body - one’s attitude toward the physical self Body Shaming - Criticism of own and other appearance - Media has a big influence on one's body Image.  Intro to Computing 1. 1801: Joseph Marie Jacquard - A French merchant - Invented the loom - Early Computers used the same punch cards 2. 1821: Charles Babbage - English Mathematician - Creates a steam-driven calculating machine able to compute tables of numbers called the “Difference Engine” - Fails due to lack of technology. 3. 1848: Ada Lovelace - English Mathematician - Writer of the world’s first computer program - Writes said program while translating Babbage’s Analytical Engine from French to English - Provided own comments to the texts, annotation also called “notes” 4. 1853: Per Georg Scheutz and son Edvard - Designs the world’s first printing calculator. - The calculator was able to compute tabular differences and print the results. 5. 1890: Herman Hollerith - Designed a punch-card system to help calculate the 1890 US Census - Establishes a company that eventually becomes IBM or International Business Machines Corporation. 6. 1931: MIT or Massachusetts of Technology - Invents Differential Analyzer, the first large-scale automatic general-purpose mechanical analog computer. 7. 1936: Alan Turning - British Scientist and mathematician - Presents the principle of a universal machine later called the Turing machine. - Turing machines were able to compute anything computable. - Turing is later involved in the development of the Turing-Welchman Bombe, an electro-mechanical device designed to decipher Nazi codes during World War II, 8. 1937: John Vincent Atanasoff - A professor of physics and mathematics at Iowa University - Submits a grant proposal to build the first electric-only computer without gears, cams, belts, or shafts. 9. 1939: David Packard and Bill Hewlett - Founded the Hewlett Packard company in Palo Alto California. - Their first headquarters were in Packard’s Garage 10. 1941: Konrad Zuse - German inventor and engineer - Created the world’s earliest digital computer the Z3 - The machine was destroyed during a bombing raid in Berlin during World War ||. - Fled to Germany and released the world’s first commercial digital computer. 11. 1941: Atanasoff and his graduate student Clifford Berry - Designed the first digital electronic computer in the US called the Atanasoff-Berry computer. - The first computer able to store information on its main memory and perform one operation every 15 seconds. 12. 1945: John Mauchly and Presper Eckert - Designed and built the first Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC) - The first automatic general-purpose, electronic, decimal, digital computer. 13. 1946: Mauchly and Presper - Leaves the University of Pennsylvania and receives funding from the Census Bureau to build the UNIVAC - The first commercially available computer for business and government applications. 14. 1947: William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain of Bell Laboratories - Invented the Transistor - Discover how to make an electric switch with solid materials and without the need for a vacuum. 15. 1949: A team at the University of Cambridge - Develops the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) - DSAC ran its first program in May 1949 when it calculated a table of squares and a list of prime numbers. 16. November of 1949 - scientists with the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), now called CSIRO built Australia's first digital computer called the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Automatic Computer LATE 20th Century 17. 1953: Grace Hopper - develops COBOL or COmmon, Business-Oriented  Language is the first business-oriented programming language. Thomas Watson Jr. conceives the IBM 701 EDPM for the UN. 18. 1954: IBM - publishes FORTRAN, the first programming language for formula translation. 19. 1958: Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce - introduce the integrated circuit, earning Kilby a Nobel Prize. 20. 1968: Douglas Engelbart - presents a prototype of the modern computer, featuring a mouse and GUI. 21. 1969: UNIX is developed at Bell Labs, facilitating networking and internet functionality. 22. 1970: Intel releases the first DRAM chip. 23. 1971: IBM engineers invent the floppy disk. 24. 1972: The first home game console, Magnavox Odyssey, is released, and Pong becomes the first successful video game. 25. 1973: Robert Metcalfe develops Ethernet for computer networking. 26. 1975: The Altair 8080 minicomputer kit leads to the founding of Microsoft by Bill Gates and Paul Allen. 27. 1976: Apple Computer is co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, introducing the Apple I. 28. 1977: TRS-80 Model 1 is produced, and the Apple II debuts at the first West Coast Computer Faire. 29. 1978: VisiCalc, the first spreadsheet program, is launched. 30. 1979: WordStar, the first successful word processor, is released. 31. 1981: IBM releases its first personal computer, Acorn, using MS-DOS. 32. 1983: The Apple Lisa introduces a GUI, and the Gavilan SC becomes the first portable computer. 33. 1984: The Apple Macintosh is launched with a memorable Super Bowl ad. 34. 1985: Microsoft releases Windows in response to Apple's GUI. 35. 1989: Tim Berners-Lee proposes the World Wide Web and HTML. 36. 1993: The Pentium microprocessor enhances graphics and audio in PCs. 37. 1996: Google is developed by Sergey Brin and Larry Page at Stanford. 38. 1997: Microsoft invests in struggling Apple, resolving a legal dispute. 39. 1999: Wi-Fi technology is developed, enabling wireless connectivity. 21st Century