UTS Midterm Exam Reviewer PDF

UTS MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER *PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE Philosophy - "philo"- love, "sophos/phia"- wisdom= love of wisdom or acquisition of wisdom Greeks - The earliest thinkers of philosophy. - questioned myths, curiosity including question of the self. WHAT IS SELF? - WHO ARE YOU?...

UTS MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER *PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE Philosophy - "philo"- love, "sophos/phia"- wisdom= love of wisdom or acquisition of wisdom Greeks - The earliest thinkers of philosophy. - questioned myths, curiosity including question of the self. WHAT IS SELF? - WHO ARE YOU? Physical Self - visible, observable aspect, physical features (ex. I have brown short hair, I am short and cute girl) Emotional Self - expression, feelings, self-awareness (ex. I am inlove, I am jolly person, I am insecure and jealous person) Social Self - interaction to people, relationship or person's social roles & identities (ex. I am an introvert person, I am the eldest sister, I am HR student and I am a good girlfriend) Intellectual Self - mental aspect, (ex. I am a curious person, I am matured, I am open- minded, I am practical and smart) Spiritual Self - self- reflection, knowing one's purpose, beliefs, religion connection (ex. I am strong person, I believe in myself, I'm humble person, I am religious person, I am catholic) DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES AND VIEWS ON THE SELF MADE BY THE PHILOSOPHERS 1. Socrates (FATHER OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY) - First martyr of education, knowledge and philosophy - He was more concerned on the problem of the self and was engaged in systematic questioning about the self. - His philosophy underlies in the importance of "knowing oneself". (knowing oneself lies in our own abilities and wisdom) - To know oneself is through internal questioning or introspection (understanding our strength & weaknesses, like vs. dislike) - According to him, men's goal in life is to obtain happiness and by knowing oneself, a person will achieve happiness. - Every man is composed of body and soul. (Human person is Dualistic)  Dualistic Nature 1. Body - imperfect, impermanent (hindi tayo perpekto- flaws and imperfection of body and may limitations ang body natin= death, walang forever sa body) 2. Soul - perfect, permanent (essence of human person which means soul is the person through self) = Soul is thinking and willing subject which means, it is intellectual and moral personality of a human person. 2. Plato (SOCRATES' STUDENT) - He supported the idea of Socrates that man is a dual nature of body and soul. - According to him, a person who is a follower of truth and wisdom will not be tempted by vices and will always be correct/ moral/ ethical. - "The republic" his magnus opus (2000), emphasize that justice in the human can only be attained if the 3 parts of soul are working harmoniously with one another. - He believed/ added that there are 3 components of soul: rational, spirited, appetitive. Tripartite Soul 1. Rational/ Logical - seeks truth and is swayed by facts and arguments. - the drive of our lives. the part that thinks and plan for the future (the conscious mind). 2. Spirited/ Emotional - how feelings feel your action. - courageous part of a person. one who wants to do something or right the wrongs they observe. 3. Appetitive/ Physical Desires - drives you to eat, have sex and protect yourself. - the part of the person that is driven by desire and needs to satisfy oneself (physical needs, pleasures and desires objects and situations). 3. Augustine (SAINT AND PHILOSOPHER OF THE CHURCH) - He adopted the idea of Socrates and Plato to the Christian world (doctrine of Christianity) - Augustine’s view of the human person reflects the entire spirit of the medieval world when it comes to man. - He follows the idea that God encompasses us all, that everything will be better if we are with God. (Knowing God = Knowing oneself) - The goal of every human person is to attain this communion and bliss with the Divine by living his life on Earth in virtue. - He believed that God and his teachings affects various aspects in life (that everything is better if we devote ourselves in mending our relationship with God). - According to him, man is bifurcated with nature. 1. Body - imperfect, limited (the body is bound to die on Earth) 2. Soul - permanent (the soul can also stay after death in an eternal realm with the all- transcendent God) He believes that “the self has an immortal soul” = Ibig sabihin may soul daw yung katawan, kapag namatay ka - body will stop functioning and soul is immortal because it stay after death, it may either go to heaven or hell. 4. Thomas Aquinas - Most eminent thirteenth century scholar and steward of the medieval philosophy. - He added a point to Augustine’s view and has adapted some ideas from Aristotle. - He agreed that man is composed of two parts: the matter and form. - Matter, or hyle in Greek, refers to the “common stuff that makes up everything in the universe.” = BODY (human systems/parts) - Form on the other hand, or morphe in Greek refers to the “essence of a substance or thing.” = SOUL (animates the body) - Soul itself is what makes us humans. We are human because of our soul/essence/nature. Our soul parted us or our classification from other living things such as animals. 5. Rene Descartes (FATHER OF MODERN PHILOSOPHY) - He conceived the human person as having a body and a mind. - Cogito ergo sum = “I think therefore, I am.” (I am able to think, therefore I exist). - To know your existence, you have to doubt everything. - The Meditations of First Philosophy, he claims that there is so much that we should doubt. For example, what we feel or believe is true, may turn out to be false. However, the only thing that we should not doubt is the self/existence. If one doubts oneself, that only proves that there is a doubting self, a thing that thinks and therefore, that cannot be doubted. - The self is also a combination of two distinct entities a person has: 1. Body - "extenza" (extension of the mind) 2. Mind - "cogito" (the thing that thinks) - In Descartes’ views, the body is nothing else but a machine that is attached to the mind. The human person has it but it is not what makes man a man, the mind does. - He viewed the mind as the “real self”, mind’s purpose is to think. - According to him, self is a thinking thing (a thing that doubts, understands (conceives), affirms, denies, wills, refuses; that imagines also, and perceives). 6. David Hume (EMPIRICIST AND SCOTTISH PHILOSOPHER) - His argument about self- concept is unique compared to the other philosophers before him. - He believed "causes and effects are discoverable not by reason, but by experience" (Human can only attain knowledge by experiencing). - He believes that “there is no self”. The experiences of people that shaped their self-concept are only a collection of different ideas, impressions, and perceptions. Empiricism - theory that all knowledge is derived from senses and experiences. 1. Sensation - involves sensing the existence of a stimulus. (mental process such as seeing, hearing, or smelling) 2. Perception - interpretation of information from the environment. (ex. smells good, sounds nice, looks pretty) - He emphasized that self is the experiences felt with a certain human on how we see, hear, touch, or be aware of things that happens impossibly. For example, Jack knows that Jill is another human person not because he has seen her soul. He knows she is just like him because he sees her, hears her, and touches her which is considered an experience. 7. Immanuel Kant - Immanuel Kant acknowledges Hume’s perspective of self but as for Kant’s view, what a human experience or perceives aren’t randomly administered to the human person itself without entirely understanding the connection of every impression a person experiences. (Self is a product of reason or human understanding) - Self is included with Kant’s apparatuses of the mind. Without it, a human won’t be able to sense or understand an impression. It is also not something that only gives a human its personality. For Kant, self is essential in attaining knowledge from perceptions. - For him, there is still a mind who is in charge of understanding the perception of a human person from the world. There are certain knowledges that we cannot concretely experience or find but is already known to our minds. (Example: air, life, heaven, intelligence, time and space) Kant refers to it as the apparatuses of the mind. - Everything we know/our learnings came from what we perceive, understand, and have concluded after perceiving and understanding. For example, I hear someone screaming/shouting, meaning, I have sensed a sound. Then, based from what I understand about screaming/shouting, it is a loud call of expression, and shouting depicts an emotion therefore, I have concluded or I was able to infer that the person who shouted/screamed is feeling a strong emotion. 8. Gilbert Ryle - For Ryle, what truly matters is the behavior that a person manifests in his day-to-day life. - According to Ryle, what makes up a human person is not their soul, mind, body, and so- but the behavior itself that a human person exhibits in everyday life. - A human’s nature is distinguished by its behavior and not on the entity inside our body. We are able to know if a human is indeed a human because he/she possesses a behavior that is usually done by a human person. - "I act therefore I am" means self comes from the behavior. 9. Merleau- Ponty (PHENOMENOLOGIST) - Mind and body are interwind and cannot be separated. - Living body, his thoughts and experiences are one. - Gesalt Theory = the whole is different than the sum of its parts. - Body is a human’s opening towards existence and it is the reason why men/human exists in this world. For him, the (living) body itself, the mind (thoughts, understanding, reasoning, doubts), emotions and impressions (experiences) are all one and united/intertwined/connected/linked. *ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Anthropology - “Anthropos” - human, “logos’ - study = means scientific study of humanity. The subdisciplines of anthropology are cultural, archeological, biological and linguistic. CONCEPT OF ANTHROPOLOGY The "science of humanity" - Anthropology known as science of humanity because it deals with the study of our existence as a human beings ranging from the biology and evolutionary origin of how we exist in relation to physical character, environmental, social relations, and cultural changes through time and space. The study of human societies and cultures and their development. It means that anthropology is a study of human societies and cultures and their development because it deals with the idea of how we become a human being and what make us a human being. Human societies and cultures can shape an individual in a way of how people live their life which also contribute to the development of the society. TYPES OF HUMAN SOCIETY 1. Foraging Society (HUNTING AND GATHERING) - Yung mga tao dito sa foraging society ay walang maayos na tirahan, in short noong panahong ito ay nomadic yung lifestyle nila, palipat lipat sila ng lugar para lang makahanap ng pagkain. They search foods by gathering and hunting wild plant and animals dahil yun lang ang tanging way nila para makasurvive sa panahon na ito. 2. Pastoral Society (DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS) - During pastoral, ang mga tao dito ay nag- aalaga at nagpapastol ng mga tupa, kambing, kamelyo, at iba pang alagang hayop dahil ito ang kanilang nagsisilbing pangunahing pinagkukunan ng pagkain at minsan naman ay ginagamit nila ito bilang isang paraan ng transportasyon. In short, during this society people are more focused on domesticated animals or livestock. 3. Horticultural Society (GARDENING)- Dito sa horticultural, mas focus sila sa production of plants kasi ito yung pinagkukunan nila ng pagkain. Yung tinatanim nila dito ay yung mga vegetations or plants like vegetables, fruits, flowers, ornamentals and medicinal. Nagbubungkal din sila ng lupa gamit yung small simple tools lang na pang gardening and landscaping lang talaga. Hindi rin kasing laki ng farms yung mayroon noong panahon na to parang ano lang siya garden kasi more on vegetation and plants lang din naman yung tinatanim nila. 4. Agricultural Society (FARMING) - Yung mga tao nung panahon na to ay more on agriculture activities like farming. Both human and animals like cow yung involve dito sa agriculture production, katulong ng mga tao yung cow sa pagtatanim ng mga crops. Sa panahon na ito ay madami na food supply gaya ng bigas, mais, fruits and vegetables at madami pang iba because agriculture society is more focus on cultivation of large fields and producing surplus foods. Mas madami na ding napoproduce na pagkain dito compared sa horticultural society because this is an improve version of horticultural society. 5. Industrial Society (MACHINE AND FACTORIES)- Dito sa industrial, nag improved na yung paraan ng mga pinagkukunan ng pagkain dahil sa panahon na ito gumagamit na ng mga machines or factories para sa production ng manufactured goods or para makapagproduce ng pagkain. Hindi katulad dati na naghunting and gathering pa para makaproduce ng pagkain kasi dito sa industrial society high tech na yung paraan ng pagproduce ng mga products dahil mayroon ng machines and factories. 6. Post- Industrial Society (ADVANCE TECHNOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, DIGITAL SOCIETY) - Dito naman sa post- industrial mas nagdevelop ang society dahil nga nasa modern era tayo kaya more on advanced- technology and service-based society. In industrial, it focus on the production of foods. Dito naman sa post- industrial, it more focus on providing services and information. Katulad ngayon, madali ka nalang makabili ng gusto mo kahit nasa bahay ka lang kasi meron ng mga apps na kung saan pwede ka magorder ng mga products or mga pagkain gaya ng shopee at yung iba't ibang mga food delivery. Lahat ng bagay ngayon ay parang umiikot na sa technology. SUB- DISCIPLINE OF ANTHROPOLOGY Cultural - is a study about how human live their life based on their culture including the beliefs, values, and the behavior of an individual shared as a member of the society. Linguistic - is a study about human language, on how people use and structure language in daily life. *Culture established pattern behavior - Ibig sabihin niyan ay mayroon tayong tinatawag na kultura dahil nagkakaroon po tayo ng sariling paniniwala or standard sa isang bagay. Kung ano yung kultura na mayroon tayo noon, ay nagagawa or naadapt natin hanggang ngayon. Pattern siya because of influence nito sa behavior ng isang tao which is yung pag adapt natin ng mga nakakagawian noon. A person's social heritage - A person's social heritage because a customs, practices and values of an individual are passed on from generation to generation. Halimbawa po nito ay yung education at yung mga pagcecelebrate natin ng mga occasions including giving gifts on particular occasions. A complex whole - Culture is complex whole because it studies not just the human and its behavior but also the beliefs, value and, law, morals, customs, and other aspects acquired by a human. Customary ways in which groups organize their ways of behaving, thinking and feeling - Ang kultura po ang humuhubog sa ating pag uugali, pag iisip at nararamdaman. Tinuturuan tayo kung ano ang mga nararapat at tamang gawin o kung paano kumilos sa isang partikular na bagay. ELEMENTS OF CULTURE 1. Knowledge - is also an element of culture because our knowledge can also considered as a part of culture which can be passed from generation to generation. It is our knowledge that serve as a foundation to everything because everything we knew serve as our reference. a. Natural - ito yung mga knowledge na mayroon talaga tayo simula pagkabata pa lamang. Ito yung mga natututunan naten sa araw araw or yung mga naaadopt natin na knowledge. Halimbawa, knowledge na nakukuha natin through our parents, education or sa mga life experiences. b. Supernatural - ito yung mga knowledge natin na naadapt natin natin through religious belief or sa bible. Ito yung knowledge natin na god-related na kung saan yung knowledge natin about this ay naibabahagi natin sa ibang tao. In short, ito yung tinatawag natin na word of knowledge. c. Technical - ito naman yung mga specialized knowledge natin including skills and abilities na magagamit natin sa mga job- related task. 2. Social Norms - those are the shared beliefs, attitudes, and standard behaviors which are considered acceptable in the society. Ibig sabihin po ito yung mga bagay na ginagawa natin na alam nating tama at katanggap - tanggap sa lipunan. Nagbibigay ito sa atin ng idea kung paano kumilos o mga bagay na dapat nating makagawian sa lipunan. Katulad na lamang na kapag may nakitang dumaan na teacher kailangan mag greet ng good morning or good afternoon. O kaya pag flag ceremony, once na narinig na yung kanta kailangan nakalagay na yung kamay sa kaliwang dibdib at naibaba na ang mga gamit. a. Folkways - is a traditional behavior that serve as a routine for everyday life's practices or casual interaction. Ibig sabihin po ito po yung mga bagay na nakakagawian natin sa araw araw katulad po ng mga polite responses, greetings, gestures, and manners. b. Mores - is a moral standards which determine the right and wrong doings of an individual's behavior or action. It is expected to be followed by an individual because if one doesn't follow, it is considered offensive to most people and can receive legal sanctions. c. Taboo - strong negative norms; actions that is forbidden because of religious or social reasons. Violating it results in extreme disgust. Example: Muslim are forbidden in eating pork, Restrictions from sexual relationships, Abortion, Incest, Cannibalism, Murder d. Laws - it is a written set of rules and regulations which we should followed and considered in our daily life. This is a legal rules which are guided by the authority so whoever breaks it, can receive punishment. 3. Collective forms of behavior - these are the activities that influence and change our lifestyle and behavior because of the trendings and popularity we've seen on social media and to other people. It includes following the public trends, crazes and fashions. Fads - ito yung mga bagay na sumisikat in a short period of time kasi habang tumatagal nawawala po yung popularity ng isang bagay dahil sa mga bagong labas na bagay kumbaga kaya nawawala yung popularity ng isang bagay dahil sa release of new things or new invention of something. Example nito yung mga sikat na laro dati na candy crush or yung temple run pero habang tumatagal parang hindi na siya masyadong sikat or nilalaro ng mga bata kasi ngayon marami na mga bagong online games na talaga namang nag improve pag dating sa level ng mga laro. From temple run to mobile legends. Crazes - ito naman yung mga activities na kinababaliwan ng mga tao kung saan sila ay sumasali or nag jjoin sa mga challenge or trends na nakikita nila sa social media accounts nila like tiktok. Halimbawa nito yung mga dance crazes, lalo na sa panahon ngayon madami na mga sikat sa tiktok na iba't ibang challenge na sayaw kaya may tinatawag tayo na dance crazes dahil halos karamihan satin ay nag jjoin sa sa trends na ito at di nagpapahuli. Mga sayaw na kinababaliwan ng karamihan sa atin. 4. Sanctions - ito po yung parang response or judgement ng isang individual based on someone's action or behavior. It can be a punishment or reward, approval or disapproval, it depends po if an individual is ether breaking or following the cultural norms. If someone are following the cultural norms he/she can receive a social recognition or awards. On the other hand, if someone's breaking the cultural norms, he /she can receive criticism from someone or a penalty. TYPOLOGY OF SANCTIONS INFORMAL FORMAL (POSITIVE) (POSITIVE) - Smiles - Award - Pats on the Back - Promotion on Job - Thumbs up - Recognition Ceremony - Encouraging word (NEGATIVE) (NEGATIVE) - Fines - Frowns - Fired from job - Avoidance - Imprisonment - Obscene Gestures - Demotion - Gossip - Death 5. Values - serve as a guide of our behavior on how we act in a society and how we treat other people because it reflects our personality depending on what values we have in our life. (desirable traits) 6. Beliefs - serve as our culture because it is part of our way of living. Yung mga paniniwala natin sa mga bagay ay sinasabuhay at pinapahahalagahan natin kasi minsan ito ang ating paninindigan or gumagabay sa mga kilos natin. a. Superstitious - is also known as pamahiin in Tagalog. Ito po yung mga paniniwala ng ating mga kaninununuan o ng mga matatanda. Marami pong pamahiin ang napamana sa atin ng ating mga kaninununuan. Ilan lamang po sa mga halimbawa nito ay yung mga pamahiin sa kasal na kapag daw po sinuot ng bride yung gown pangkasal, hindi daw po matutuloy yung kasal, pamahiin kapag umaattend ng lamay, dapat daw po bago ka umuwi galing sa burol magpagpag daw po para hindi sumama yung kaluluwa, ibig sabihin po wag daw munang uuwi sa bahay kapag galing ka sa lamay kailangan pumunta daw po muna sa ibang lugar, pamahiin kapag nagbubuntis kapag daw po naglilihi ka tas hinakbangan ang asawa malilipat daw po sa kanila ang paglilihi. b. Theological - ito po yung beliefs na god- related or yung mga religious beliefs. Pag dating dito meron iba ibang theological beliefs ang mga tao based po sa kanilang religion. In our religion, which is Catholic, we believe that there is only one God, whom we call the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit or what we called the Holy Trinity. Also, our religion teaches us that when someone dies, the eternal part of a person, which is the soul, is either may go to Heaven or Purgatory. c. Philosophical - ito naman yung mga paniniwala na hindi lang based on opinion, ito yung mga paniniwala natin about sa existence of human life or yung mga beliefs na galing sa mga philosophers na atin ding pinaniniwalaan. (ex. belief about body, soul and life) 7. Technology - changed our cultures both positively and negatively. Binago ng technology yung way ng pamumuhay natin noon. Malaki yung naging impact nito sa ating kultura kasi simula nung nadevelop yung technology parang nakalimutan na natin pahalagahan yung kultura na mayroon tayo noon atsaka nabago talaga yung lifestyle ng mga tao simula nung nadevelop yung technology. Looking forward to the positive side of technology, may maganda naman impact ang technology sa buhay natin, dahil dito mas naging mulat ang mga tao sa paligid dahil sa bilis ng mga information ang nakakalap natin through technology at yung pag improve ng skills and knowledge ng mga tao is because of technology. Material Culture - ito yung mga pisikal na bagay na pamana ng kultura sa mga tao na nagsisilbing representasyon ng kanilang paraan ng pamumuhay na itinatag ng isang lipunan o isang grupo. Linguistic Anthropology Language - Ito yung ginagamit natin sa araw araw na pakikipag interact sa mga tao at ito rin ang ginagamit natin para maibahagi natin ang ating culture. Bukod doon, language din ang nagbubuklod sa ating kultura dahil mas naiintindihan natin ang kultura ng bawat isa through our own language tsaka ito yung ginagamit natin para makabuo ng cultural ideas and beliefs. Cultural Anthropology Subculture - Ito yung grupo ng mga tao sa loob ng isang kultura na naiiba ang sarili sa kultura ng magulang kung saan ito nabibilang, parang nagkakaroon sila ng bagong grupo kaya tinawag na subculture kasi ginugrupo ulit nila yung mga sarili nila sa panibagong grupo based on their own interests or sa mga social groups nakasalamuha nila. Halimbawa nito ay, yung mga may gang or frat at yung mga activist, iisa sila ng hangarin or interest kaya bumubuo sila ng grupo na kung saan doon nararapat ka or belong ka. 1. Ethnocentrism - mga tao na parang tingin nila mas nakakaangat yung sarili nilang kultura o paniniwala kesa sa iba tas minsan ginagamit nila yung culture nila para ijudge yung culture ng iba porket taliwas or iba lang yung culture nila sa culture na nakagawian ng ibang tao. For example, tayong mga pilipino gumagamit tayo ng "po" at "opo" kapag kinakausap natin yung mas nakakatanda sa atin bilang pagpapakita ng paggalang, sa ibang bansa naman iba yung parang way nila ng paggalang sa mga nakatatanda pero hindi sila gumagamit ng "po" at "opo" kapag kinakausap nila yung mas nakakatanda sakanila. So, iniisip nating mga pilipino na mas magalang tayong mga pilipino kumpara sa ibang bansa dahil dito lang sa bansa natin ang tanging may ganitong kultura o paraan ng paggalang. 2. Xenocentrism - ito ay kabaligtaran ng ethnocentrism kasi dito sa xenocentrism iniisip ng isang tao na mas mataas o maganda ang kultura ng iba kaysa sa sariling kultura na mayroon siya. Mas tinatangkilik niya yung kultura ng iba kaysa sa sariling kultura. Halimbawa nito ay yung mga OFW natin. Mas pinipili nilang mag trabaho sa ibang bansa kasi mas mataas yung sahod doon kaysa dito sa pilipinas. Tsaka isa pang pinakahalimbawa talaga nito ay yung pang gagaya natin kung paano manamit ang mga korean. Dahil nga mga idol natin yung mga kpop, yung way ng pagddress nila ay naadapt na din nating mga pilipino. 3. Culture Relativism - ibig sabihin ng culture relativism from the word itself relativism, ibig sabihin walang mas tama o maling kultura o kaya naman walang mas maganda o panget na kultura. Lahat ng kultura ng bawat isa ay nirerespeto din ng bawat isa. Example kapag pumupunta tayo sa ibang bansa, ginagawa natin kung ano yung mga ginagawa ng mga ibang bansa bilang paggalang sa kultura ng kanilang bansa. Kunwari pag kakain sa ibang bansa naka chopstick sila, so tayo din gagamit ng chopstick para maipakita yung respect natin sa culture nila. 4. Culture Shock - pagkabigla mo sa kultura dahil di ka sanay or familiar sa kultura ng bansa na napuntahan mo or nalipatan mo. From the word culture shock, it means na hindi mo nakagawian yung bagay na yun kaya nag aadjust ka pa para matutunan yung culture na di mo nakagawian at para masanay ka din sa atmosphere na mayroon ka. Example of this are OFW's o mga pilipinong lumilipat sa ibang bansa. Hindi sila sanay sa atmosphere na mayroon sila katulad ng climate, syempre iba ang panahon dito sa pilipinas at sa ibang bansa. Iba iba din yung kanilang food, language (english language or language talaga ng bansa nila), pati rin pananamit, values and ethical behavior ay iba sa kultura na mayroon tayong pilipino. TRANSMISSION OF CULTURE 1. Imitation - ibig sabihin na adapt po natin yung culture ng mga nakakatanda satin especially sa mga magulang natin kasi kung ano yung nakikita natin sakanila, parang yun na yung makakagawian natin in our daily life. For example, yung language ng isang bata is naadapt niya sa parents (way ng pagsasalita tsaka language na ginagamit ng parents) kasi may iba na kinakausap yung bata ng English language para pag laki niya yun yung makasanayan niya na language. Pati din sa pag uugali, kung ano yung nakikita ng bata sa mga paligid niyang nakakatanda parang yun yung maaadapt nya na ugali kasi ginagaya niya kung ano ang nakikita niya. 2. Indoctrination - Ito naman yung mga natututunan natin sa outside like school, church and sa mga organizations. Kung ano practices and beliefs ang mayroon sila ay hindi natin kwestyunin dahil yun na yung nakaset na paniniwala na kailangan nating sundin. 3. Conditioning - sinasanay yung isang tao na kumilos o magrespond sa isang partikular na bagay. Bata palang tayo tinuturuan na tayo ng magulang natin kung ano yung mga nararapat gawin, minsan pinapaulit ulit nila para matatak sa isipan natin na ito yung tama at katanggap tanggap gawin sa isang partikular na bagay. Katulad nga nung aso kapag sinabing stay at sit syempre susundin niya yun kasi alam niya pag ginawa niya yun, may makukuha siyang pagkain bilang reward sa pagiging masunurin niya, at ganun din tayo sinasanay ng ating mga magulang. Another example, yung bata kapag nakakakita siya ng needle para siyang natatakot kasi nung unang beses na nasubukan niya mainjectionan, nakaramdam siya ng sakit, kaya sa tuwing makakakita siya ng injection parang nakatatak na sa isip niya ang takot dahil sa sakit na dulot nito. Ibig sabihin nakatatak na sa isipan mo yung partikular na bagay na nakagawian mo at kapag naencounter mo ulit parang alam mo na agad kung ano ba irerespond mo or gagawin mo. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 1. Culture is universal kasi lahat ng tao na nakatira dito sa mundo ay mayroong sariling culture yet it is local kasi nananahan din ang kultura sa isang partikular na lipunan o komunidad na ipinahagi ng mga grupo ng mga tao. 2. Culture is stable kasi ito ay dumaan sa libo- libong henerasyon at hanggang ngayon ay nabubuhay pa din ang kultura sa iba't ibang paraan yet it is dynamic kasi ang kultura ay patuloy na nagbabago at mas naging progressive habang tumatagal ang panahon. 3. Culture is organized because it is a set of norms, values and behavior shared by a group of people considering where they are in the society yet it is integrated kasi ang culture ang nagbubuklod sa mga tao para para magkaisa sa kanilang mga layunin. 4. Culture is a social product because it develops through social interaction. Culture is a product of behavior shared by the people living in the society. 5. Culture is cumulative dahil habang tumatagal po ang panahon mas nadadagdagan po ang ating culture at ito po ay mas nagdedevelop at nagbabago habang tumatagal ang panahon. ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE (INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL) Cultural explores the diversity of past and present both through ethnography – based on field- work and ethnology – based on cross-cultural comparison. Archeological interprets human behavior through material remains. Biological (physical) is the scientific study concerned with the biological and behavioral aspects of human beings and other non-human primates. Linguistic is language in its social and cultural context across time and space Perspective is a particular way of viewing things that depends on one’s experience and personality. Self is the physical organism, possessing psychological functioning and social attributes, Katherine Ewing, 1990. Culture is a customary behavior and beliefs that are passed on through enculturation, Kottak, 2008 Independent Construct is the characteristic of individualistic culture. Interdependent Construct is the collectivist culture in East Asia. 2 ASPECTS OF SELF Explicit - aspect of the self that you are consciously aware. Implicit - not immediately available to the consciousness. Developmental psychologist, Catherine Raeff (2010) believed that culture can influence how you view the following: relationships, personality traits, achievement and expressing emotions. Relationships - Culture influences how you enter into and maintain relationships. Example, relationships may be seen as voluntary or as duty-based. In Western societies, it is essential for a person to choose whom to marry while some Eastern societies still practice arranged marriage. Personality traits - Culture influences whether (and how) you value traits like humility, self- esteem, politeness, assertiveness, etc. as well as how you perceive hardship or how you feel about relying on to others. Achievement - Culture influences how you define success and whether you value certain types of individual and group achievements.  Expressing emotions - Culture influences what will affect you emotionally, as well as how you express yourself, (i.e. showing your feelings in public or keeping it private.) *PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE (PART 1) Psychology is the study of mind and behavior. Self, Identity and Personality are the development of self- understanding particularly in adolescence. 1. Self - it is who we are. 2. Identity - is what you perceive about yourself. 3. Personality - characters or traits who define you as a person and your self- identity. Pure ego - reflection to the soul of a person or the mind. "ME" SELF vs. "I" SELF - The “Me” Self is the empirical self refers to the person’s experience. SUB- CATEGORIES OF "ME" Material Self is attributed to an individual’s physical attributes and material possessions that contribute to one’s self-image and an extension of one's identity. Social Self refers to who a person is and how he or she acts in social situations. Spiritual Self refers to the most intimate and important part of the self that includes the person’s purpose, core values, conscience and moral behavior. - The “I” Self is part of self that knows who they are (individual's identity). TRUE SELF vs. FALSE SELF - True self is who we really are, our true personality and behavior. - False self is what we want to be by pretending and hiding our true self to make ourselves belong in a society or more desirable. True Self Vs. False Self, the function is to hide and protect the true self - The function of false self is hide and protect the true self because sometimes people wants to fit in a society and are afraid of judgement by others that's why in order to be more desirable in a society and avoid judgement they pretend to act a new personality contradicting to the true self to protect their true self or their true personality. - Carl Rogers believed that the closer the ideal to the real self/true self, the more fulfilled and happier the individual becomes. When the ideal self is far from the real/true self, the person becomes unhappy and dissatisfied. REAL SELF vs. IDEAL SELF - Real self is who we really are. (ex. I am simple and hardworking) - Ideal self is who we wanted to be. (ex. I might be someone who is strong and independent) MULTIPLE SELF vs. UNIFIED SELF - Multiple self means you are having different personality which acts as different roles regards on your relationship with others. Example of this is yourself as a student, as a classmate, as a friend, as a son or daughter, and as a partner. - Unified self is a means of referring to the "composite" persona, or to the "self" that contains all of the other personas that exist within a person's interactional style. Dba may multiple selves, kumbaga sa unified napagsama sama lahat ng selves sa unified self (yung kung sino ka sa towards others based sa roles or relationship mo with other people). Albert Bandura - The self as proactive and agentic. - self is comprised of a person's attitudes, ability to think and make decisions based on the specific situations or the outcome expectancies. SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC 1. Proactive - refers to the attitude of getting something done instead of waiting to prevent from what is happening in the future. (ex. advance studying so that I can be ready in case we have surprise quiz) 2. Agentic - An individual's activity to control his/her own goals, action or destiny. BANDURA’S MAIN FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY Intentionality - Acts done intentionally or intentions center on plans of action with the anticipation of possible outcomes. (ex. I am curious of drinking alcohol, so I try drinking) Forethought - Enables the person to anticipate the likely consequences of prospective actions. - Refers to the advance thinking of a person or having ahead plan based on the likely consequence of an actions. (ex. I prepared and always bring emergency kit in my bag in case something might happened to or to others) Self- Reactiveness - involves making choices and choosing appropriate courses of action as well as motivating and regulating them. (ex. During examination, you forgot the answer, so it is your decision if you want to copy from your classmate or not)  Self- Reflectiveness - gives the person the ability to reflect upon and the adequacy of his or her thoughts and actions. (ex. Deciding if you want to pursue that person or not. You ask yourself, "Is it worth it?" or "Am I ready to be inlove again?") Carl Jung - the self as the central archetype - self is our other personality that we present to others, which are different to our authentic self. JUNG’S CONCEPT OF ARCHETYPE The universal models after which roles are patterned Represents the hidden potentialities of the psyche or total personality. Collective Unconscious - reside in the personal unconscious (Forgotten experience) that is common to all human beings. JUNG’S FOUR MAJOR ARCHETYPE Persona refers to social roles that individuals present to others. Shadow refers to the repressed thoughts that are socially unacceptable. This is often considered as the dark side of psyche. Anima is the feminine side of the male psyche. Animus is the masculine side of the female psyche. Sigmund Freud (FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS) - According to him, the mind is composed of three components through which self and personality is formed: 1. Id (Makahayop) is the person needs and desires that need to fullfil or this is where the child- like behavior and demand of a person comes from. It doesn't care about morals and societal norms. Example of this is if the person wants that person, he will get that person by seducing or getting the attention even though he's already in a relationship. 2. Ego (Makatao) is where you make your decisions contradicting to satisfy your needs and do what is right. It control and prevent you from acting based on your id personality. It is based from reality principle. Example of this is if the person wants that person, instead of seducing or getting the attention of that person, he will admire it from afar and respect that person because he's already in a relationship. 3. Superego (Makadiyos) - is part of our mind or personality that tells us how to behave based from the social standards we learned from our parents, teachers and other people. It also refers to the “conscience” and “moral judge” of one’s conduct. Example of this feeling guilty for wanting or admiring the person who's already in a relationship.  “EGO STRENGTH” – ego’s ability to resolve the conflict between the three components. Unresolved constant state of conflict = personality problem ADOLESCENCE PERIOD a. Mental - having more understanding and become more aware and more matured. b. Physical - physical changes in looks, growth and development of our body. c. Emotional - becomes more emotional and learn the emotional awareness. d. Social - becomes introvert or extrovert or become less socialize with others. - During our adolescence period, this is where we develop our mental self, social self, emotional self, and our physical self. That is why we understand the development of our self, identity and personality because we've seen who we really are during adolescence period. *PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE (PART 2) WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? Study of soul - yung body natin ay hindi mabubuhay sa mundong ito nang walang kaluluwa ibig sabihin ang isang katawan na walang kaluluwa ay walang buhay kung saan ang isip ng isang tao ay hindi maaaring gumana o gumanap at ang pag-uugali ng tao ay hindi iiral. In short, soul is responsible for the functions of mind and individual personality. Study of mind - Psychology continue to develop through the renaissance and was heavily influenced by the work of rene descartes. Rene Descartes believed that the mind and body are two separate things. His theory is called the mind- body dualism. In dualism, the mind is the immaterial substance which is the primary source of our thoughts, emotions and beliefs while the body is the physical substance. In short, the immaterial mind and the material body are two distinct substances which interact to cause behavior. Scientific study of human behavior - Psychology is scientific study of behavior because they uses systematic methods and scientific approach to observe human behavior and draw conclusions. SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR 1st step - Introspection Method (like started being curious and asking yourself some questions). 2nd step - Form hypothesis or make predictions about human behavior 3rd step - Observe human behavior 4th step - Draw conclusions  Behavior - behavior po is a way on how people act or response in any specific situations. 2 important factors responsible for behavior (according to Gilbert Ryle) - Stimulus, something that trigger or causes action or response (ex. May upcoming examination) - Responses, the reaction or action done (Mag-aaral, magriready) TYPES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR Overt Vs. Covert - Overt = behavior na nakikita o naoobserve natin sa isang tao (physical actions natin towards other people, yung mga verbal behaviors and facial or bodily gestures). They are called overt because these behavior can be seen or heard by someone. - Covert = kabaliktaran ng overt, kung yung overt ay naoobserve natin sa isang tao, ito naman covert is a behavior that cannot be observed. Ibig sabihin isa siyang mental process ng human mind kung paano tayo mag act towards other people bale siya yung nagpoprocess or involve in making decisions at naiimpluwensiyan nito ang ating overt behavior kasi kung ano yung nakikita natin sa isang tao it's because of the mental process of their mind. Example nito is kunwari first time mo lang mameet mga kaklase mo tas sa isipan mo nahihiya ka, so instead na kausapin agad siya or magsabi ng hello ang na process sa utak mo ay ngumiti nalang para less awkward. Another example is imagining things or secret plan for birthday celebration of your best friend. Conscious Vs. Unconscious - Conscious is a type of behavior that defines all thoughts and actions po within our awareness. Ibig sabihin aware tayo sa kung anong ginagawa natin. Example nito is yung decision making kasi kapag gumagawa po tayo ng desisyon ay aware tayo sa kung anong ginagawa natin kaya nakakapagdecide tayo kung tama ba ginagawa natin o mali. - Subconscious naman is responsible for all the involuntary actions that we do not have control in doing such things, For example, continuous process of breathing, blood circulations, and heart beat of a person as well as the emotions or feelings. - Unconscious ito yung mga actions that are unknown & happening without giving any clue of the source. Ito yung mga bagay na hindi ka aware. Example po nito is yung instinct, phobias, mannerism and habits po ng isang tao. Normal Vs. Abnormal - Nomal behavior = standard behavior ng isang tao o usually expected behavior sa isang tao on how we behave in society or in any specific situation. Ibig sabihin yung normal behavior isa po siyang expected behavior kasi inaayon natin ang ating behavior sa isang bagay o sitwasyon. Kumbaga ito yung normal na bagay na dapat gawin. Example nito is wearing clothes most of the time kasi yun naman yung normal na dapat gawin ng isang tao. Another example is kapag nasa school ka ineexpect satin ng mga teacher natin na irerespect natin sila and yung mga nakakatanda satin like simple greetings lang kapag nakikita natin sila outside and inside of our classroom kasi nga yun yung normal na dapat gawin ng isang student. - Abnormal behavior = behavior that is unusual or not normal sa isang tao. Ito yung behavior na madalas itinuturing na isang senyales ng isang taong may sakit sa isip o psychological conditions. Example nito ay yung mga bipolar, sila yung mga taong tinatawag na moody dahil sa pabago- bagong behavior, minsan masaya sila tapos maya maya ay bigla nalang nagagalit. Itinuturing sila na mayroong abnormal behavior dahil sa kanilang ugali na hindi maintindihan. Another example is yung mga taong abuser either verbally or physically dahil nawawala sila sa katinuan o hindi normal ang kanilang pagiisip kaya nagagawa nila yun. Neurotic Vs. Psychotic - Neurotic = mild mental disorder tulad ng mga anxiety, sadness, fear, self doubt na pwede pang magamot o gumaling through the support system - Psychotic = serious mental illness na nagcacause ng hallucinations and delusions. In short, parang malayo na siya sa realidad tsaka may pagbabago din ng behavior tsaka kadalasan yung mga psychotic sila yung mga naghaharm sa sarili nila o nagtetend ng suicide. Example nito ay yung mga taong may naririnig daw na mga voices or mga taong nakakakita daw ng monster pero wala naman talaga it's because of their hallucinations. Another example is a people who believed on the things that are not true or could never happen in real life. FACTORS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR Heredity (Nature) - Heredity is a biological characteristics of human behavior. Ibig sabihin yung behavior natin ay namamana or naadapt natin sa ating mga magulang. Kumbaga kung ano pag uugali ang meron ang isang bata, it means namana niya yung ganung behavior either sa papa niya po or mama niya. Inherited Traits 1. Physical Features 2. Mental (IQ or intelligence, Disorders) 3. Pre-disposition to certain illnesses (Diabetic, Pulmonary Disease, Heart Disease, High Blood, Allergy) 4. Verbal Language (Language used and pronunciation) 5. Blood Type Environment (Nurture) - Environment is also a factor of human behavior kasi habang lumalaki tayo nagbabago ang ating behavior due to the influence of our surroundings or environment. Our behavior are moulded and developed in response to our social environments. Ibig sabihin nagbabago or nadedevelop yung paguugali na mayroon tayo dahil sa mga taong nakakasalamuha natin o nakakasama. Example is kapag nasa good environment ka, maadapt mo yung mga good behaviors. Kapag naman napapalibutan ka ng mga toxic environment or mga taong bad influence, maadapt mo yung mga bad behaviors. INTELLIGENCE An attempt to measure and evaluate actual and potential abilities of individual. - tumutukoy sa abilities ng isang tao na magacquire ng knowledge and skills. Intelligence Quotient is a single score describing the mental ability of individual. - tinatawag natin na IQ. It is a score which determine or measure the person's ability to reason and solve problems. Bale siya yung nadedetermine kung hanggang saan yung kaya or yung knowledge ng isang tao kaya nagkakaroon tayo ng tinatawag na level of intelligence it is because of our IQ. LEVEL OF INTELLIGENCE Severe Mental Retardation or Custodial IQ RANGE= Below 25 Moderate Mental Retardation or Trainable IQ RANGE= 25- 50 Mild Mental Retardation or Educable IQ RANGE= 50-70 Borderline Defective IQ RANGE= 70-80 Low Average IQ RANGE= 80-90 Normal or Average IQ RANGE= 90-110 High Average IQ RANGE= 110-120 Superior IQ RANGE= 120-130 Very Superior IQ RANGE= 130-140 Genius IQ RANGE= 140 or greater GARDNER'S THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE 1. Visual-Spatial Intelligence - sila yung mga taong magaling sa pag visualize ng mga bagay, sa pag conceptualize ng mga shapes and objects, and also sa pag interpret ng mga images and diagrams. *Characteristics of visual-spatial intelligence include: Enjoys reading and writing Enjoys drawing, painting, and the visual arts Good at putting puzzles together Recognizes patterns easily Good at interpreting pictures, graphs, and charts *POSSIBLE CAREER: Painter Architect Sculptor Artist Photographer Engineer Graphic designer 2. Linguistic-Verbal Intelligence - sila yung mga taong magaling gumamit ng mga vocabulary words both when writing and speaking. These individuals are typically very good at writing stories, memorizing information, and reading. *Characteristics of linguistic-verbal intelligence include: Good at remembering written and spoken speeches information Able to explain things well Enjoys reading and writing Often uses humor when telling stories Good at debating or giving persuasive *Example: *POSSIBLE CAREER: - Reading/ Writing Writer/journalist - Debate/ Speech Lawyer - Word Puzzles Teacher - Spellings/ Vocab Marketing-person - Languages Public Speaker - Listening Interpreter 3. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence - sila yung mga taong magaling sa reasoning, magagaling sa math o mathematical operations, at sa pag aanalyze ng mga problems logically. *Characteristics of logical-mathematical intelligence include: Excellent in problem solving Likes conducting scientific experiments Enjoys thinking about abstract ideas Good at solving complex computations *Example: *POSSIBLE CAREER: - Math Scientist - Experiment Mathematician - Logic Computer programmer - Patterns Engineer - Working with Numbers Accountant - Questioning Technician Economist Bookkeeper 4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence - sila yung mga taong magaling sa mga physical skills including body movement, performing actions, and physical control. *Characteristics of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence include: Good at dancing and sports Excellent physical coordination Enjoys creating things with his or her Tends to remember by doing, rather than hands hearing or seeing *Example: *POSSIBLE CAREER: - Athletic Dancer - Dancing Builder - Acting Surgeon - Crafts Actor - Using Tools Athlete Physical education teacher 5. Musical Intelligence - sila yung mga taong magagaling sa pag identify ng patterns, rhythms, and sounds. Sila din yung mga taong mahilig at magaling sa mga musical composition and performances. *Characteristics of musical intelligence include: Enjoys singing and playing musical Good at remembering songs and melodies instruments Rich understanding of musical structure, Recognizes musical patterns and tones rhythm, and notes easily *Example: *POSSIBLE CAREER: - Playing Music Musician - Listening to Music Composer - Singing Singer - Music Smart Music teacher - Playing Instruments Conductor 6. Interpersonal Intelligence - sila yung mga taong good at understanding and interacting or communicating with other people. Sila yung may mga katangian na leadership and public communication skills. *Characteristics of interpersonal intelligence include: Good at communicating verbally perspectives Skilled at nonverbal communication Creates positive relationships with others Sees situations from different Good at resolving conflict in groups *Example: Counselor - Leader Salesperson - Organizing Politician - Communicating Leader - Interviewing Manager - Selling Receptionist - Conflict Resolution Sales Representative *POSSIBLE CAREER: Counselor Psychologist Coach Philosopher 7. Intrapersonal Intelligence - Sila yung mga taong good by working alone and setting individual goals. These individuals tend to enjoy self-reflection and analysis, including daydreaming, exploring relationships with others, and assessing their personal strengths. *Characteristics of intrapersonal intelligence include: Good at analyzing his or her strengths and Excellent self-awareness weaknesses Clearly understands the basis for his or her Enjoys analyzing theories and ideas own motivations and feelings *Example: *POSSIBLE CAREER: - Having sense of self Philosopher - Seeking understanding and personal limit Writer - Independent Theorist - Self- Reflection Scientist - Philosophers, writer, theorist Program planner Poet Author Entrepreneur 8. Naturalistic Intelligence - sila yung mga taong mahilig sa nature or masyadong maraming alam tungkol sa mga natural environment. These individuals are often interested in nurturing, exploring the environment, and learning about other species. *Characteristics of naturalistic intelligence include: Interested in subjects such as botany, May enjoy camping, gardening, hiking, and biology, and zoology exploring the outdoors Good at categorizing and cataloging Doesn’t enjoy learning unfamiliar topics information easily that have no connection to nature *Example: - Fauna - Exploring - Flora - Gardening - Observing - Natural Events *POSSIBLE CAREER: Biologist Zookeeper Conservationist Geologist Gardener Ecologist Farmer Veterinarian Astronomer Meteorologist Nature photographer MOTIVATION Something that impels the individual to become active. - Ito yung parang pinanghahawakan natin para gawin ang isang bagay or ipagpatuloy ang mga bagay na ginagawa natin in order to achieve the desired goal. For example, Kapag nakakakuha ako ng mababang score sa mga quizzes or exams mas namomotivate pa akong magaral nang mabuti para sa susunod ay hindi na ako makakuha ng ganun kababa na score. Another example is when you feeling down, nakikinig ka sa mga inspirational videos or nagbabasa ng mga inspirational books para maenlighten tayo na magkaroon ng positive outlook sa ating sarili at sa ibang mga bagay. CLASSIFICATION OF MOTIVES 1. Physiological Motives - ito yung mga basic human survival needs or desire ng isang tao. a. Hunger - it is a desire that drives and causes us to eat as a means of satisfying hunger. b. Thirst - thirst motives by the dryness of mouth that is why it drives and causes us to drink water in order to keep us hydrated. c. Recovery from fatigue - kapag tayo ay may dinadalang sakit o masama ang pakiramdam, it motivates us na magpahinga upang mabawi ang lakas at gumaling sa sakit. d. Maintaining normal body temperature - There are natural ways for the body to control its temperature, such as sweating when the temperature is higher than normal or shivering when it is lower. These changes motivate us to take necessary steps and actions to regulate the body temperature or maintain the normal body temperature. e. Maintenance of proper elimination - excess elements that we consume in our body must be eliminated in our body dahil hindi naman kayang tiisin ng ating katawan ang anumang labis o anumang dumi. Excess water is sent out in the form of urine or sweat. And the digested food particles after absorption of nutritional substances are sent out in the form of stools or waste. Thus, maintenance of proper elimination motives us by means of pee, secrete waste, and sweat. f. Avoidance of Pain - No organism can continue to bear pain. Whenever we experience pain we try to avoid it. We are motivated to escape from painful stimulus. For example, when we are under hot sun we go to shade. When something is pinching we avoid it. 2. Psychological Motives - psychological motives are desirable needs driven by the pleasure. (Need ng ibang tao para masatisfy yung desirable needs). a. Affectional Drive - Ito yung pagnanais ng isang tao to be close to and in contact with another living being. Ibig sabihin parang nag hahanap ang isang tao ng partner or love and affection sa ibang tao para masatisfy yung affection needs niya. b. Need for safety and security - Safety and security needs include such things as an individual's need for protection from physical harm, as well as the need for emotional well-being, job and financial security, and overall health. Ito naman yung tumutukoy sa protection ng isang tao. We are motivate na gumawa ng bagay o action para maiwasan yung mga risks na pwedeng mangyari. c. Sex urge - Ito yung desirable needs ng isang tao sakanyang partner which brings pleasure, satisfaction and happiness for the both of them. d. Need for affiliation - Desire of an individual to belong to a group or organization. Need for affiliation means a person needs approval from others because they want to be part of a group. Ibig sabihin gusto nila matanggap sa mga grupo or maging belong like sa mga organizations sa school, co-workers, teammates, at sa mga community groups. e. Gregariousness - The tendency for human beings to enjoy the company of others. Ibig sabihin ito yung mga tao na sanay na laging may kasama or nakakainteract na ibang tao because it satisfied them kapag nakikipag interact or communicate sila with lots of people. Example of this is your circle of friends or classmates. f. Dependency - Dependency is when you can't function without the help of someone or something. From the world itself dependency ibig sabihin nagrerely siya sa ibang tao para maattain yung goal or to achieve something, parang hindi kaya kapag mag isa lang siya that's why dependency motivates us to rely on something or someone else. For example hindi ka makakapagaral without the support or help of your parents. g. Social approval - Social approval is a desire to produce positive perceptions in others and the incentive to acquire the approval of others as well as the desire to avoid disapproval. Ibig sabihin social approvals motivates us to do good things in our society para maging katanggap tanggap tayo sa ating society. 3. Personal or “Ego” Motives - Personal Motives naman from the world itself personal ibig sabihin more on pansarili. Nagfofocus ka sa kung ano yung gusto mong maachieve kaya it pushes us to do something or behave in any situation. a. Recognition - Known as the acknowledgment of something or someone's existence. It motivates us to do better or do exert effort dahil gusto ng isang tao na mas makilala pa. Example nito yung sa pagaaral, mas pinagbubutihan mo pa ang pagaaral mo dahil gusto mo makatanggap ng recognition at the end of your class kaya namomotivate ang isang tao to do better or do exert effort. b. Power drive - Pagnanais ng isang tao na magkaroon ng epekto sa ibang tao, na makaapekto po sa kanilang pag-uugali o emosyon. c. Achievement drive - Capacity of a person to set for themselves high personal and professional standards of excellence. Ito ang nagtutulak sa isang tao na abutin ang kanilang mga matataas na layunin sa buhay at gumawa ng mga tagumpay. For example, nakita mo ang isang tao na nakamit ang isang bagay sa buhay kaya it motivates us also to achieve our own set of goals. d. Autonomy - Motivation na nanggaling mismo sa sarili ng isang tao dahil gusto mo iyon paq1ra sa sarili mo talaga at hindi dahil nakita mo lang sa ibang tao. In other words, the behavior of this autonomy is self-determined. Example nito is kapag gusto mo talagang mag improve sa klase niyo ang ginagawa mo is nag aadvance study ka para maachieve yung improvement mo sa pagaaral. Another example is kapag gusto mo pagandahin pa lalo yung sarili mo is gumagamit ka ng mga skin care routine para maachieve mo yung enhancement ng face mo. e. Defensiveness drive - Motivates us to take action sa mga negative na sinasabi or ginagawa ng isang tao against us para hindi masyadong maapektuhan yung ating damdamin. Example nito ay kapag tinatry mo i- justify yung actions mo through stating your opinion or telling facts about yourself. Dinedefend mo yung sarili mo sa mga naririnig mong criticism ng ibang tao. Another example is blame- shifting. EMOTION came from the word “movare”. Emotion has been recognized as an integrated reaction of the total organism. It is a response of the entire organism, involving both internal and external bodily changes. - Emotions is what we are feeling which resulted to the responses or changes of our behavior. ASPECT OF EMOTIONS Physiological - Ito yung aspect ng emotions na tumutukoy on how our body reacts to an emotion we are feeling. Ibig sabihin yung responses within our body ay may pananagutan sa ating mga emosyon. Example nito is kapag recitations or reportings namin nafefeel ko na parang bumibilis po yung heartbeat ko at sumasakit po yung tyan ko dahil sa kaba. Another example is nagpapawis yung mga kamay ko kapag natataranta ako or naiistress sa isang bagay. Behavioral - Ito yung aspect ng emotion na tumutukoy on how we response on the actual expression of our emotions. Example nito is when you are jealous, nagiiba yung behavior natin kapag tayo ay nakakaramdam ng jealousy. Minsan nakakagawa tayo ng mga masasamang bagay na hindi natin ineexpect na magagawa natin dahil sa pagseselos. Another example is when a person feels very happy, they are more likely to act pleasant towards others. Experiential - Ito naman ay tumutukoy sa mga reaksyong nararanasan ng isang tao in response based sa mga pangyayari o past experiences ng isang tao. Parang alam mo na yung mga possibleng mangyari dahil sa mga past experiences mo sa buhay. Example nito is kapag broken hearted ka parang natatakot ka na, na mainlove ulit sa iba kasi iniisip mo na baka maranasan mo ulit yung ganoong klase ng sakit. Another example is kapag nabroken tayo sa isang tao, may tendency na magbago yung behavior natin. From being jolly person to lonely person kasi parang nagaalangan na tayo na makipag-interact sa ibang tao. EMOTIONAL RESPONSES Basic vs. Derived - Basic emotional response na nararamdaman ng isang tao in response to their emotions are sadness, happiness, fear, anger, surprise and disgust while Derived emotional response naman, yun yung mga prospective emotions or desire ng isang tao towards their purpose. Example of this is confidence, admiration, desire, hope, anxiety, despair, joy, and sorrow. Positive vs. Negative - Positive emotional responses, ito yung mga desirable or pleasant responses natin to our environment. Example of this are Love, Joy, Satisfaction, Contentment, Excitement and Inspiration while Negative emotional responses naman, ito naman yung unpleasant or unhappy emotion ng isang tao. Example of this are sadness, anger, loneliness, jealousy, self-criticism, fear, or rejection.  Mild vs. Intense - Mild is an emotional response that is not too intense or extreme. Example nito are joy, boredom, dismay, sadness, disgust, love and etc while Intense naman, yun yung emotional response that is too strong or extreme. Example of this are feeling of surprise, anger, frustration, jealousy, obsession, panic and etc. Constructive vs. Unconstructive - Constructive is an emotional response that helps improve the certain situations. Example of this are acceptance, empathy, and forgiveness while Unconstructive naman is an emotional response that worsening the situation o tumutulong na mas mapalala pa ang isang tiyak na sitwasyon. Example of this are frustration, confrontation, violence, panic, attack and anger. WAYS TO CONTROL EMOTIONS Temperament= Some people are emotional and temperamental than others. Their hostility towards others is more manifested than those of emotional stable individuals.- Need talaga ng isang tao ang magtimpi sa kahit anong rason o dahilan pa yan para maiwasan kung ano man ang maging possibleng kahihinatnan. In order to control our emotions, kailangan mahaba yung pasensya o pagtitimpi ng isang tao. Emotional suppression= Suppressing the emotions has both beneficial and negative effects. - Ito yung parang gumagawa ka ng isang bagay o nililibang mo yung sarili mo para lang makalimutan o hindi pansinin yung emotions na nararamdaman mo. Ang positive effect nito is hindi ka masyadong magiging affected sa isang bagay na makakasakit sayo dahil nga hindi mo naman masyadong binibigyang pansin yung issue na yun or yung sitwasyon na yun. Ang negative effect naman nito ay minsan hindi na healthy sa atin na parang hindi mo binibigyang pansin yung emotions mo kasi the more na hinahayaan, the more na maiipon lahat ang mga emotions mo at kapag nagsabay sabay lahat at napuno ang isang tao ay sasabog na lahat ng naipon niya, may tendency na magcause pa ito ng anxiety or depression. Teaching emotional control= In teaching children their emotions, two things should be emphasized. First, that they must learn to face reality, and secondly, that emotional problems need time for their solution. - Kailangan nating turuan ang ating sarili na i-control o manage yung ating emotions kasi minsan kapag nagpapadala tayo sa emotions natin, humahantong yun sa maling pagdedesisyon natin sa isang bagay o makakagawa ka ng bagay na hindi mo ineexpect na magagawa mo kasi nagpadala ka sa emotions mo. That's why, teaching emotional control is very important because it helps us to make better decisions in any situations. Expecting emotional situations= As we grow older, we learn to develop emotional responses that are sanctioned by society. For proper emotional adjustment, we experience these expected emotional situations. - Kailangan natin asahan na or iexpect natin kung ano yung mga possible emotions na pwede nating maramadaman sa isang specific situation nang sa gayon ay maready natin ang ating sarili at hindi na mabigla sa emotions na possibleng maramadaman ng isang tao.