UTS MIDTERM REVIEWER(1).pdf

MARIANE FAYE GARGAR UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REV FOR MIDTERM: ERAS: Chapter 1: The self from various Ancient/Cosmocentric- 6THBC- perspectives 600AD Medieval/Theocentric- 400AD- -People typically de...

MARIANE FAYE GARGAR UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REV FOR MIDTERM: ERAS: Chapter 1: The self from various Ancient/Cosmocentric- 6THBC- perspectives 600AD Medieval/Theocentric- 400AD- -People typically define the self as 1500AD “who I am” or “what makes me MODERN/ANTHROPOCENTRIC- unique.” Philosophers, sociologists, 16TH-19TH CENTURY and anthropologists have studied the CONTEMPORARY/EXISTENTIAL/ self from different perspectives: LIVING- 19TH-Present Philosophers- describe the self as a PRE SOCRATIC GREEK person's uniqueness. PHILOSOPHERS: Sociology- sees the self as shaped by social interactions and  Xenophanes- (c. 570 – c. 478 experiences. BCE) - pre socratic Greek Anthropology- views the self as a philosopher and poet known for culturally influenced idea, both criticizing the human-like individual and part of a portrayal of gods in Greek community. religion. He proposed that Psychology- looks at the self there is a single, all-powerful through its characteristics, linked deity that goes beyond human to its environment and experiences. traits and limitations. Eastern and Western views of the  Anaximander- (c. 610 – c. 546 self differ: BCE)- pre-Socratic Greek West- sees the self as separate philosopher and student of from its environment, Thales. He is known for: East- views it as interconnected Apeiron: Introducing the concept of with the world. the apeiron (the boundless) as the Philosopher Alan Watts described origin of all things. these perspectives as cultural Cosmology: Proposing that the "myths" of the self. Earth floats in space and celestial bodies move in circles. Ancient thinkers- saw humans as Biology: Suggesting that life began unique for their ability to learn and in the sea and that humans evolved create. from simpler organisms. Philosophers- explored how humans see themselves, shaping  Anaximenes (c. 586 – c. 526 much of human development BCE)- pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and student of Philosophy, from the Greek words Anaximander. He is known for: "philo" (loving) and "Sophia" Air as the Arche: Proposing that air (wisdom), means "love of is the fundamental substance of wisdom". Philosophers pursued to all things. understand the self, and their ideas Transformation Processes: have shaped our understanding of it Explaining that matter changes throughout history. through rarefaction (thinning) and condensation (thickening) of air, MARIANE FAYE GARGAR creating forms like fire, water, and Influence: His ideas laid the earth. groundwork for later philosophy on Cosmology: Suggesting that the reality and being, impacting Earth is flat and floats on air. thinkers like Plato.  Pythagoras (c. 570 – c. 495  Empedocles (c. 495 – c. 435 BCE)- ancient Greek BCE)- pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and mathematician philosopher known for: known for: Four Elements: Proposing that all Pythagorean Theorem: A formula matter consists of earth, water, air, stating that in a right triangle, the and fire. square of the hypotenuse equals the Forces of Love and Strife: sum of the squares of the other two Introducing Love (which unites) sides (a² + b² = c²). and Strife (which separates) as Pythagoreanism: Founding a forces that govern these elements. religious movement that combined Cosmic Cycle: Believing in a philosophy, mathematics, and cyclical process where elements mystical beliefs about the combine and separate universe. continuously. Numerology: Believing that numbers hold spiritual significance  Democritus (c. 460 – c. 370 and explain the universe's order. BCE)- pre-Socratic Greek philosopher known for:  Heraclitus (c. 535 – c. 475 Atomic Theory: Proposing that all BCE)- pre-Socratic Greek matter is made up of small, philosopher known for: indivisible particles called atoms. Doctrine of Change: Believing that Void: Arguing that atoms move "everything flows," emphasizing through empty space, or void. that change is the essence of the Nature of Reality: Believing that universe. properties like color and taste Unity of Opposites: Suggesting come from atomic arrangements. that opposites are interconnected and necessary for understanding TERMS: reality. Monism- is the philosophical view Fire as Fundamental: Considering that all reality is composed of a fire as the primary substance, single substance or principle. symbolizing transformation. Contemplate- “Meditate”  Parmenides (c. 515 – c. 450 ANCIENT PHILOSOPHERS: BCE)-pre-Socratic Greek philosopher known for:  Socrates- Greek philosopher Being vs. Non-Being: Arguing that who significantly shaped only "being" is real and that "non- Western thought, but he never being" cannot exist, making wrote anything himself. Our change and plurality illusions. knowledge of him comes from Way of Truth: In his poem "On his student Plato and historian Nature," he contrasts the Way of Xenophon. Truth (reality of being) with the Way of Opinion (deceptive Socratic Method: He used a sensory perceptions). questioning technique to test MARIANE FAYE GARGAR ideas and uncover underlying  Theory of Forms: Argued beliefs, guiding people to better that the physical world is understanding. not the true reality; the real world exists beyond the  Accusations:He was physical. accused of impiety and  Collection and Division: A corrupting youth. method of organizing ideas by  Death: At age 70, he was grouping similar ones and sentenced to death and drank then dividing them into poison hemlock. specific categories. Key Ideas: Three Parts of the Soul: *The soul is immortal. 1. Appetitive (sensual desires like food, drink, and sex) *Philosophy's task is the care 2. Rational (reason, seeking of the soul. truth and ruling the soul) 3. Spirited (feelings, loving *Virtue is necessary for honor and victory, aligned happiness. with reason) Socrates emphasized self- -Plato believed the soul is the knowledge, stating, "The most divine part of a human unexamined life is not worth and is connected to intellectual living." understanding, not just spirituality. “BODY&SOUL” Existence: MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHER: Visible: The changing body. St. Augustine was a key Christian Invisible: The constant soul, which thinker, deeply influenced by Plato. Socrates viewed as the true ruler of He believed: GOD/PERFECT, a person. BODY/IMPERFECT -Socrates believed happiness  Self- is an immaterial, comes from virtue (moral rational soul with self- excellence like courage, temperance, knowledge. prudence, and justice). Caring for  Forms- are concepts within the soul through self-knowledge is God, and the soul holds key, and a virtuous person does Truth. not fear death, as the soul's state  Humans are both soul and is most important. body, using senses like imagination and memory to Plato was a student of Socrates interact with the world. and is known for:  Aspect of Soul- is self- aware, Holistic, and  Socratic Dialogue: Wrote capable/aware of dialogues featuring Socrates as understanding divine truths. the main character. MARIANE FAYE GARGAR -Augustine argued that focusing identity is tied to their on higher, spiritual matters leads consciousness and memories. to happiness, while focusing on the physical world limits a Theory of Personal Identity: person’s potential. Argued that continuity of experience through memory allows  St. Thomas Aquinas a person to identify as the same individual over time, justifying Composed of two parts: accountability for past actions. Matter/Hyle- What makes up a thing Tabula Rasa: Proposed that the human mind is a "blank slate" at Form/Morphe- What makes a thing birth, with knowledge gained through experience. MODERN PHILOSOPHERS: -Locke believed that accountability  René Descartes- French is valid only for actions one can philosopher, mathematician, and remember, and punishing scientist, rationalist, is known as someone for unremembered the father of modern Western actions is unjust. philosophy. He promoted using reason and methodological  David Hume (1711-1776- skepticism—doubting beliefs to Scottish philosopher and uncover truth. historian of the Enlightenment. He opposed Descartes’ His famous phrase, "Cogito, ergo Rationalism, which claims sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), reason is the basis of proved that the act of thinking knowledge. confirms existence, even amid doubt. Hume was a key figure in British Empiricism, emphasizing that Descartes believed: knowledge comes from sense experience and rejecting innate  Self is constant, unaffected ideas. by time.  The immaterial soul is the Hume's bundle theory defines the source of identity and “self” as a collection of separate from the body. perceptions in constant change,  Despite being joined to the denying an immaterial soul. He body, the soul remains concluded that the “self” consists distinct. of successive impressions.  John Lock- influential He categorized perceptions into two Enlightenment philosopher groups: known for: 1. Impressions: Strong, direct Concept of Self: Expanded the idea sensory experiences. of "self" beyond just thought to 2. Ideas: Weaker copies of include memory; a person's impressions. MARIANE FAYE GARGAR  Immanuel Kant was a key treat mental illness through figure in modern philosophy, dialogue. He rejected the idea influencing metaphysics, of a unified “self,” asserting epistemology, ethics, and that it lacks a single entity. aesthetics. He claimed the human mind shapes He identified three levels of experience. consciousness: - For Kant, the “self” is 1. Conscious: Awareness of transcendental, existing outside present perceptions, feelings, the body and distinct from its and thoughts. qualities but connected through 2. Pre- knowledge. conscious/subconscious: Data readily accessible to Kant identified two types of self- consciousness. consciousness: 3. Unconscious: Repressed memories and anxiety- 1. Awareness of one’s provoking drives. psychological states (inner sense). Freud's psychoanalytic theory 2. Awareness through suggested that unseen forces apperception, assimilating motivate individuals, popularizing new ideas with existing the concepts of the conscious and knowledge. unconscious mind. He illustrated this with an iceberg analogy. He argued that ideas and knowledge are what truly exist, as Freud further divided the psyche we perceive the world through them. into three parts: Kant distinguished between two components of the “self”: 1. Id: Operates on the pleasure principle, seeking immediate 1. Inner self: Awareness of satisfaction. mental states, including 2. Ego: Functions on the reality thoughts and feelings. principle, mediating 2. Outer self: The physical self between the id and societal that gathers sensory norms. information from the external 3. Superego: Incorporates world. societal morals and values, controlling the id's impulses. Kant proposed that the “self” organizes information in three The superego consists of: steps:  Conscience: Produces guilt 1. Raw perceptual input. when the ego succumbs to 2. Recognizing concepts. the id. 3. Reproducing in imagination.  Ideal self: Represents aspirations and moral  Sigmund Freud: A key 20th- behavior. century thinker, Freud introduced psychoanalysis to MARIANE FAYE GARGAR CONTEMPORARY  Maurice Merleau-Ponty- PHILOSOPHERS: emphasized the body as essential for knowing the  Gilbert Ryle: critiqued world, introducing the concept Descartes’ distinct mind and of "embodied subjectivity," body idea in The Concept of where the self is shaped by Mind (1949). He rejected the conscious experiences like separability of mental and perspectives and feelings. physical states, calling it a “category-mistake.” He rejected mind-body dualism, asserting that the mind and body  Mind and body are not are interconnected. The body is isolated processes. crucial for perception and  Mental processes are interaction with the world, and both intelligent acts, not distinct mind and body work together in from physical acts. experiencing reality.  The mind's operation is an intelligent act. CHAPTER 2: SOCIOLOGY- The Self As a Product of Modern -Ryle argued against a hidden Society Among Other entity or “soul” within the body, Constructions stating sensations, thoughts, and feelings are not separate from the -Sociology study how society physical world. He believed our shapes individuals and how sense of self comes from our individuals influence society. actions; for example, being kind Society's norms, beliefs, and values defines you as a kind person. shape a person's identity (Elwell, 2003). Paul Churchland: Philosopher Paul Churchland studies -Sociology comes from the Latin neurophilosophy and the "socius" (companion) and Greek philosophy of mind. He believes only "logos" (study). matter exists; if something can be sensed, it exists. Thus, the -Modernization changed self- immaterial soul/self does not exist identity development. In pre- (1989). modern society, life choices were limited by traditions and family He argues the mind or soul concept control. Modern society allows does not fit physical changes in more freedom, but weaker family human genetics. support leads to more individualism (Giddens, 1991). Churchland- He asserts the “self” comes from the brain and is produced by electrochemical signals. MARIANE FAYE GARGAR Key modernity features (Giddens, CHAPTER 3: ANTHROPOLOGY- 1991): THE SELF AND THE PERSON IN CONTEMPORARY ANTHROPOLOGY  Industrialism: Use of machinery in production. Anthropology- studies people and their cultural aspects, focusing on  Capitalism: Competitive human evolution and differences. markets and labor as a commodity. -The Greek word for "anthropology" is (anthropología),  Institutions of surveillance: derived from (ánthropos) meaning Increased government control. "human" and (logy) meaning "study."  Dynamism: Rapid change and many life possibilities UNIT BUT UNITARY:  The "self" in modern SOCIAL GROUPS AND SOCIAL anthropology is seen as both a NETWORK: physical organism with  Social groups- form through psychological and social interaction and shared identity, attributes -(Ewing, 1990). connected by social networks (Khan Academy).  Neuroscientist Joseph LeDoux  Organic groups/ Organic (2002)- described the self as motivation- often family-based, having explicit (conscious) provide belonging but limit and implicit (unconscious) freedom (Simmel). aspects. The self is not static  Rational groups/Rational but changes through biological, motivation-based on shared mental, and social influences like interests, offer more freedom learning, aging, and stress. but weaker connections (Allan, 2012). SELF AS REPRESENTATION:  Ewing (1989-) argued that the MEAD AND THE SOCIAL SELF: “self” is an illusion made from cultural ideas and personal  George Herbert Mead's theory memories. of the Social Self explains that self-identity develops through  Each self-concept appears social interactions over time, whole but changes with not at birth. context. He outlined three stages:  Language: Using symbols to  Self-representations are communicate. mental constructs shaped by  Play: Role-playing to culture (Quinn, 2014; understand others. Schlichtet, 2009), allowing  Game: Following societal rules. people to project different selves based on the situation. MARIANE FAYE GARGAR The Self Embedded in Culture: CHAPTER 4: PSYCHOLOGY- The Self As A Cognitive Construction  Self-perceptions and relationships are greatly Psychology- is the scientific study influenced by culture. of behavior, thoughts, and  The self is shaped by societal feelings, covering all aspects of norms, with traditions affecting human experience, including brain how people think and feel, function, memory, and personality. leading to variations across ethnic groups (Shweder, 1991). -The Greek word for "psychology" is (psychología), from (psychē) Cultural psychologists identify two meaning "soul" or "mind," and self-constructions: (logy) meaning "study"  Independent: Typical in  Cognitive involves conscious individualistic cultures (e.g., activities such as thinking and North America, Europe), reasoning. viewing the self as separate  Self-theorists believe humans and focused on personal naturally create theories about traits. themselves to find meaning in  Interdependent: Common in their existence. collectivist cultures (e.g.,  Jean Piaget- a Swiss East Asia), emphasizing psychologist, developed the connections and "theory of cognitive relationships with others. development," explaining how intelligence evolves through  Catherine Raeff (2010) stated biological maturation and that culture influences views on: environmental experiences, with children building  Relationships: Whether they understanding by interacting are seen as voluntary with the world and adjusting (chosen) or duty-based knowledge based on new (arranged). information.  Personality Traits: How traits  His theory includes three key like humility and components: assertiveness are perceived. · Schemas: Mental frameworks for  Achievement: Definitions of organizing knowledge. success and the value · Adaptation: Learning processes placed on individual versus to meet situational demands. group accomplishments. · Stages of Cognitive  Emotional Expression: How Development: Progression of emotions are expressed, increasingly advanced thought whether publicly or privately. processes MARIANE FAYE GARGAR -According to Piaget- Harter’s Self-Development Concept:  Children's knowledge is organized into schemas  Dr. Susan Harter- outlined how “group of similar ideas”. self-concept develops from early childhood to adulthood, using  They adapt through Piaget’s ideas. assimilation (applying old THERE ARE 4: concepts to new, like calling all fish "fish") · Early Childhood: Children describe themselves with simple  Accommodation (adjusting traits, like physical appearance ideas when learning new ("I'm pretty") and likes ("I like information, like recognizing candies"). that dogs and cats are both animals). · Middle to Later Childhood: Self- descriptions become more complex, He identified four stages of focusing on traits like "smart" or cognitive development: "shy," reflecting logical thinking skills. 1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years): Learning through actions; · Adolescence: Abstract self- understanding that things definitions emerge, including exist even when not seen. thoughts and feelings. For 2. Preoperational (2-7 years): example, a 15-year-old might say, Using words and symbols; “I’m complicated! I’m sensitive but thinking mostly about can be shy.” themselves; starts to understand that some things · Emerging Adults: This stage is stay the same even if they marked by visions of a “possible look different. self,” filled with dreams during early 3. Concrete Operations (7-11 adulthood (ages 17-22) that become years): Understanding that more realistic by ages 28-33. things can change and go back; thinking is still about  William James and The Me- real things. Self; I-Self 4. Formal Operations (12+ years): Ability to think about -I-Self: The subjective self that is ideas and concepts, not aware of its actions, characterized just what is real. by:  Feeling like the agent of behavior, believing actions impact the environment.  Recognizing uniqueness, perceiving oneself as different from others.  Experiencing continuity, being the same person daily. MARIANE FAYE GARGAR  Having awareness of one’s IMPORTANCE OF ALIGNMENT: own awareness. -Rogers highlighted that aligning -Me-Self: The objective self that can the ideal self with the real self be described, encompassing: leads to well-being (congruence) and higher self-worth.  Material: Physical traits and possessions. - A big gap between the two  Social: Social skills and causes (incongruence), which can relationships. result in maladjustment and  Spiritual: Personality, values, difficulty responding to life’s and character. demands. Personality Development and the MULTIPLE VS UNIFIED SELVES: Self-Concept:  William James- believed Rogers- a humanistic psychologist, people have many social said that behavior is driven by the selves based on others' desire to reach full potential. perceptions,  Roy Baumeister- argued that -Through interactions with the true selfhood requires a environment, people develop a unified identity from diverse self-concept—a changing pattern experiences, raising the of thoughts and values. question of whether we have one self or multiple selves. - A positive self-concept leads to happiness, while a negative one UNITY OF CONCIOUSNESS: causes dissatisfaction.  Human experience is unified, IDEAL SELF VS REAL SELF: meaning we feel and act as one conscious entity. · Ideal Self: The person you aspire  Descartes and Kant- argued to be, shaped by influences such as: that our mind is not divided but aware of multiple actions and 1. Parental expectations. experiences at once. 2. Admiration for others. 3. Societal norms. ONE SELF OR MANY SELVES? 4. Personal interests.  Contemporary psychology- · Real Self: The actual you, suggests the self isn't singular, reflecting your thoughts, feelings, but made up of multiple sub- and behaviors in the present selves, challenging the idea of a moment. single, unified self.  Allport’s Personality Theory: Allport's personality theory- states that everyone has unchanging traits that define how they think, feel, and act. MARIANE FAYE GARGAR  Berne's transactional CHAPTER 5: THE SELF IN WESTERN analysis- adds that people have AND ORIENTAL/EASTERN THOUGHT three "ego states": Fiske, Kitayama, Markus, and -Parent (authority), Nisbett (1998)- People and culture shape each other. -Adult (rational), -Different cultures have unique -Child (playful, curious, or reactive) rules and expectations, causing which influence how they people to think, feel, and act communicate. differently, especially between Eastern and Western societies. DOMAINS OF THE SELF: WESTERN CONCEPT OF SELF:  Gregg Henriques- proposed three domains of the self:  The Western concept of self- focuses on individuality, -Experiential self (the conscious influenced by thinkers like experience tied to memory), -Descartes with "I think, therefore I -Private self-conscious (the inner am." It views reality in parts narrator making sense of (analytic), emphasizes a unitary experiences), self created by God (monotheistic), values self-expression -Public self/persona (the image (individualistic), and prefers you show to others). logical, material explanations (materialistic/rationalistic). TRUE SELF VS FALSE SELF: EASTERN CONCEPT OF SELF  Winnicott’s (Hinduism): -"True Self" is the real, natural you.  Hinduism- Vedas are ancient texts forming the basis of Hindu -The "False Self" is a protective philosophy and dharma mask created in response to early (cosmic order). experiences.  They present a nondual universe where everything is -A healthy false self works with the unified with the creator. true self.  Humans' true nature is “Brahman”, the divine -An unhealthy one makes you feel consciousness within all. like you have to pretend.  Hinduism teaches to change your perception to see -When supported as a child, the Brahman in yourself and true self grows strong, leading to a others. stable, happy life. MARIANE FAYE GARGAR Eastern Concept of Self Taoism on Self: (Buddhism): Taoism- rejects a hierarchical Buddhism- teaches that the self is view of the self, society, and the not a fixed entity but a dynamic cosmos. process that is interdependent and ever-changing. - Unlike Confucianism, it doesn’t -The doctrine of anatta means “no- see the self as defined by social self,” stating that the belief in a relationships. permanent self is an illusion. -This misunderstanding causes -Instead, the self is a manifestation suffering because people cling to of the Tao and part of the what is constantly changing. universe's unity. -Buddhism focuses on experiential practices to help - Chuang-tzu emphasized individuals realize the true nature selflessness, stating, “The perfect of the self, requiring effort to man has no self.” His teachings overcome the illusion of stability. focus on self-transformation for a balanced life in harmony with nature and society. Confucian Philosophy on the Concept of Self: Islamic Concept of Self: Confucianism- teaches that Arabic- “self” is Nafs, referring to everyone is born with four the psyche or soul in the Qur’an. beginnings, which form a “pre-self” or “potential self”: -It has no inherent good or evil qualities. 1. Heart of Compassion → Leads to Jen (goodwill and -Instead, the Nafs needs nurturing generosity) and self-regulation to develop into 2. Heart of Righteousness → a good or evil state, through Leads to Yi (duty and thoughts and actions. rightness) 3. Heart of Propriety → Leads - In Islam, the self is understood to Li (proper behavior) both individually and collectively. 4. Heart of Wisdom → Leads to Chih (practical wisdom) Individualistic Self: -These virtues develop moral Individualistic cultures -like the character. Personality is USA and Australia, people value achieved through moral personal autonomy and self- excellence shaped by family reliance. and society, not just individual traits. -The belief that “I am my own man” shows that individuals shape their own lives. MARIANE FAYE GARGAR -They prioritize personal goals -These aspects exist in over group interests and resist everyone but vary by culture. societal interference. -Individualistic cultures -Relationships are seen as loosely emphasize the private self, connected, focusing on individual achievements rather than group -Collectivist cultures focus on identity. the collective self, influencing behavior according to group -This self-concept highlights traits norms. that make individuals unique and aims to enhance their The Self in Confucian Thought: psychological well-being. -Confucianism- emphasizes that Collective Self: the self develops through relationships and spiritual growth. collectivist cultures- like the Asia, family defines personal identity -Li means "proper conduct," linked and provides support. to rituals for social harmony. Today, it represents a human- -Asians prioritize interdependence, centered way of life. valuing harmonious relationships and obligations to extended family -Self-development is a lifelong and social networks over process that involves study, ritual individual desires. practice, and discipline. Closing the Gap: -The self is defined through connections with others, -Western self-concept theories maintaining its identity by being often overlook the importance of open to relationships. interdependence CHAPTER 6: THE SEXUAL SELF -Eastern collectivist cultures. Erogenous Zones of the Body: Baumeister (1986) suggested a three-part self-concept: Erogenous zones- are sensitive areas of the body that can be 1. Private: Personal sexually stimulating due to a high perceptions of traits (e.g., "I concentration of nerve endings. am honest"). 2. Public: How others view you -They respond strongly to touch, (e.g., "People think I’m pain, and pleasure. honest"). 3. Collective: Self-view within a group (e.g., "My family expects me to be honest"). MARIANE FAYE GARGAR Skin as an Erotic Stimulus: The Understanding the Human skin has two types of erogenous Sexual Response: zones: Sexual Response Cycle: This is the Nonspecific Type: sequence of physical and emotional changes during sexual 1. Normal skin with activity. standard nerves. 2. Sensations feel Phases: heightened, like tickling. 1. Excitement: Body prepares 3. Examples: neck, for sex; heart rate and blood armpits, sides of the flow to genitals increase. chest. 2. Plateau: Changes from excitement peak; increased Specific Type: sensitivity and muscle tension occur. 1. Found in sensitive 3. Orgasm: Climax with areas with mucous muscle contractions; and skin. intense pleasure; ejaculation 2. Highly sensitive spots: in men. genitals (prepuce, 4. Resolution: Body relaxes penis, vulva), and returns to normal; perianal skin, lips, sense of well-being follows. nipples. -Women may have multiple Definitions: orgasms;  Prepuce: Skin covering the -Men need recovery time before penis or clitoris. another erection.  Penis: Male organ for urine and semen. Diversity of Sexual Behavior:  Vulva: External female genitalia, including the clitoris  Role of Sex: Essential for and labia. reproduction and more than  Perianal Skin: Skin around just that. the anus.  Sexual Orientation:  Lips: Soft skin around the Attraction to same sex, mouth, sensitive to touch. opposite sex, or both.  Nipples: Tissue on breasts  Desire Complexity: connected to sexual response o Heterosexuals can areas. occasionally have same-sex desires without acting on them.  Current View: Gay, lesbian, and bisexual orientations involve stable, strong same- sex desires. MARIANE FAYE GARGAR Gender Identity: Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity:  Difference from Sexual Orientation: Sex: Assigned at birth (male or o Sexual orientation: female) based on physical traits. Emotional and erotic attraction to others. Gender: Socially constructed o Gender identity: roles and relationships between Sense of being male men and women. or female.  Relationship to Biology: Gender Identity: One’s internal Gender identity usually sense of being male, female, both, aligns with biological sex or neither, which may differ from (chromosomal and assigned sex. phenotypic), but not always. Sexual Orientation: Lasting WHAT IS LGBTQ+: An umbrella attraction to the same or opposite term for various gender identities sex. and sexual orientations. Sexually Transmitted Diseases  L: Lesbian – Women (STDs): attracted to women.  G: Gay – Men attracted to  Definition: Infections men. spread through sexual  B: Bisexual – Attracted to contact or bodily fluids. both men and women.  Transmission: Can also  T: Transgender – Gender occur from mother to child, identity differs from birth blood transfusions, or assignment. shared needles. o Trans Woman: Male-  Asymptomatic: Many people to-female. may not show symptoms o Trans Man: Female- but can still spread to-male. infections.  Q: Queer – For those questioning their identities.  +: Other identities like intersex (mixed traits) and asexual (lack of sexual attraction).