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THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE PLATO A student of Socrates PHILOSOPHY Philosophy of the self can be Finding answers to serious questions explained as a process...

THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVE PLATO A student of Socrates PHILOSOPHY Philosophy of the self can be Finding answers to serious questions explained as a process of about ourselves and about the world we live self-knowledge and purification of in. the soul. Philos which means "love" He believe that the existence of the Sophia which means "wisdom" mind and soul. Mind and soul is given in perfection PHYTAGORAS with God The first to use the term Philosophy Dichotomy between ideal (World of Forms) and material world. SELF IN PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE SOUL HAS THREE PARTS SOCRATES 1. Rational Soul Is known as one of the most 2. Spirited Soul important philosophers in history. He 3. Appetitive Soul is often described as the father of Western philosophy RATIONAL SOUL Concerned with the problem of the Reason and Intelect self. His philosophy underlies in the SPIRITED SOUL importance of the notion "KNOWING Emotion and Passion ONESELF" APPETITIVE SOUL An Examined life is not worth living Basic Needs Every man is dualistic Composed of Body and Soul ST. AUGUSTINE - Two important aspects of his He is originally named Aurelius parenthood. Augustinus and was the bishop of BODY Hippo in Northern Africa. - Imperfect and He believed that the human body is impermanent. consisting of both body and soul, SOUL where body takes control of senses - Perfect and such as imagination, reason, Permanent. memory and mind through which the soul experienced the world Two Dichotomous Realm Physical Realm RENE DESCARTES Changeable, transient, imperfect A french Philosopher and the father Body belongs to this realm of modern philosophy. His concept of self revolves around Ideal Realm the idea of mind-body dualism. Unchanging, eternal, and immortal. Soul belongs to this realm  He wanted to penetrate the nature of He doubted basic ideas of individual reasoning process and understand character; and contended that there its relationship to human self. is no lasting "self" that proceeds He thinks that the act of thinking of after some time. about the self, of being self There is no permanent self because conscious is a proof that there is a impressions of things are based self. from our experiences where we can Theory of rationalism create our ideas and knowledge. Thus, it may improve or totally be LOCKE replaced. English Philosopher self = a collection of different His work on the "SELf" is most perceptions which rapidly succeed represented by the concept each other. "TABULA RASA" blank slate/clean self = in a perpetual flux and slate movement SELF is the product of what we acquire through our experience of IMMANUEL KANT the world. was a profoundly influential German Stated that the person is born with philosopher who is often referred to knowing nothing and that is as the "father of modern philosophy." susceptible to stimulation and Born in Königsberg, Prussia (now accumulation of learning from Kaliningrad, Russia), in 1724, his experiences, failures, references work spanned a wide range of and observations of the person. topics. Experiences "WRITES" knowledge and understanding as the individual CONTRIBUTIONS matures. Experiences are important EPISTEMOLOGY:The theory knowledge. in the establishment of who that METAPHYSIC:The study of the person can become. fundamental nature of reality. ETHICS: The study of morality. HUME AESTHETICS:The philosophy of beauty. Scottish Philosopher “the self is nothing but a bundle of KANT'S KEY IDEAS impressions and ideas" Kant's philosophy is complex and Impression multifaceted, but some of his most - basic objects of our include: experience/sensation The Categorical Imperative: A moral - forms the core of our principle that states that you should thoughts act only according to that maxim Idea whereby you can, at the same time, - copies of impressions will that it should become a universal - not as "real" as law. impressions- feeling Phenomena and Nomena: The mo lang yun! distinction between the world as it  appears to us (phenomena) and the Freud proposed three components of world as it is in itself (noumena). personality: Transcendental Idealism:The idea Id: The primitive, pleasure-seeking that our minds structure our part of the mind. experience of the world. Ego: The rational, reality-oriented part of the mind. SIGMUND FREUD Superego: The internalized moral The Father of Psychoanalysis standards and ideals. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of GILBERT RYLE psychoanalysis. His groundbreaking was a British philosopher, principally theories about the unconscious known for his critique of Cartesian mind, human sexuality, and the dualism for which he coined the origins of psychological problems phrase "ghost in the machine." have had a profound impact on - Born: August 19 1900 psychology, sociology, and culture. (Brighton, England) - Died: October 06 1976 Key Concepts in Freud's Theory: (Oxford) The Unconscious Mind: - Freud proposed that much of CHURCHLAND our mental life operates Canadian philosopher known for his beneath conscious studies in neurophilosophy and the awareness. The unconscious philosophy of mind. is a reservoir of repressed - Born: October 21, 1942 (age desires, fears, and memories 81 years), Vancouver, that can influence behavior Canada and emotions. The self is the brain Psychosexual Development: For Churchland, the physical brain - Freud believed that and not the imaginary mind, gives us personality develops through our sense of happiness. a series of stages, each focused on a different MEROLEAU-PONTY- erogenous zone. Fixation at Maurice Jean Jacques any stage can lead to Merleau-Ponty Was a French psychological issues in phenomenological philosopher, adulthood. strongly influenced by Edmund Dream Analysis: Husserl and Martin Heidegger. - Freud argued that dreams - Born: March 14, 1908, are the "royal road to the Rochefort unconscious" and can reveal - Died: May 3, 1961 (age 53 hidden desires and conflicts. years), Paris,France A philosopher and author. The Structure of Personality: Emphasizing the body as the primary site of knowing the world  "self" is an embodied subjectivity sharing similar characteristics, and Emphasized the body as the primary whose members identify themselves site of knowing the world. as part of the group. Social Network SOCIOLOGY ties that connect you to the social group THE SELF AS A PRODUCT OF MODERN SOCIETY AMONG OTHER SOCIAL GROUP IS EITHER ORGANIC CONSTRUCTIONS OR RATIONAL THEODOR ADORNO Organic Not only the self Is entwined in naturally occurring and highly society: it owes society its existence influenced by one’s family;gives in the most literal sense feeling of rootedness; implies less freedom and greater conformity. Rational Sociology posits that socially formed. made up of different people coming norms, beliefs, and values come to exist from different places; formed as a within the person, thus, developing the matter of shared self- interest. person identity. MEAD AND THE SOCIAL SELF Some Filipino Value According to We learn a lot by watching other Sikolohiyang Pilipino people. - Hiya (behaving the right way) Looking Glass Self - Utang na loob (Debt of gratitude) - Pakikiramdam - Pakikisama DEVELOPING THE SELF (MEAD) - Kagandahang-loob 1. LANGUAGE - Kapwa o Pakikipagkapwa. 2. PLAY 3. GAME Key characteristics of modernity Modernization has significantly changed ANTHROPOLOGY society, and this influences how the individual develops his or her self-identity. Anthropology is the study of the origin and - Industrialism development of human societies and - Capitalism cultures. Culture is the learned behavior of - Institution of surveillance people, including their languages, belief - Dynamism systems, social structures, institutions, and material goods. Social Groups and Social Network Example of Anthropology Social Group Cultural Anthropology characterized by having two or more Linguistic Anthropology people interacting with one another, Bilogical Anthropology  Archaeological Anthropology He was an American philosopher Femist Anthropology and psychologist who first offered Paleoanthropology psychology courses in the United Forensic Anthropology States in 1875 at Harvard University Urban Anthropology Department of Psychology He was known as the "father of American Anthropology answer your Question Psychology" (Wikipedia, 2019). Who are you? He was also one of the popular What makes you? proponents of the school of What is your place in this world? functionalism in psychology and pragmatism in philosophy PSYCHOLOGY From the word PSYCHOLOGY WHAT IS THE SELF? comes from the greek word PSYCHE meaning SPIRIT, SOUL, Almost 130 years ago, William and the greek word LOGIA meaning James introduced the distinction the study of SOMETHING between "Me" and "I" to the debate Is the scientific study of behavior about the self. and mental processes. The "I" self refers to the Psychology is considered a science understanding of the self as an of behavior or scientific study of the object of an experience, while the behavioral activities & experience. "Me" self is a subject of experience. - I-Self THE SELF AS A COGNITIVE - Also known as "The CONSTRUCTION Thinking Self" - Cognitive Cognitive Construction - Self as an object of is a cognitive approach that focuses experience on the mental processes rather than the observable behavior. This How we interpret the world You were talking approach will assist individuals in to your crush, in your head you thought that assimilating new information to their your crush likes you but in reality it was only existing knowledge and make your interpretation and your crush already appropriate modification to their has someone else. existing Intellectual framework to accommodate their new Information. - Me-Self - Empirical. WILLIAM JAMES - Based on the personal experiences He was born on January 11, 1842, in of a person. New York City, New York, and died at the age of 68 last August 27, 1910 3 SUBCATEGORIES (Wikipedia, 2019). MATERIAL SELF 2. SELF MULTIPLE - Someone's role - The material self is every material is not to stop being her or him. thing that a person values or His/her responsibilities and sense of desires. self. Clothe 3. SELF AS LOOKING-GLASS - Other House people serve as a mirror in which we Food can see ourselves. People develop a these things deeply affect us because of our sense of WHO THEY ARE AND investment in these things WHAT TO THINK OF THEMSELVES by watching the SOCIAL SELF reactions of the people in their - The social self refers to the social "primary group" as well as those relationship of the self within the they meet throughout their lives. We society. "Not only the self is see ourselves through the eyes of entwined in society; it owes society other people, even to the extent of its existence in the most literal incorporating their views of us into sense. our self-concept. 4. SELF AS STRUCTURE - The self, SPIRITUAL SELF as that which can be an object to - The spiritual self refers to the itself, is essential to a social unseen part of the physical self. structure and it arises in social experience. 5. SELF AS FLOWER - The self in this SPIRITUALITY view is like a flower, potentially connection to a divine being. own ways of growing into full bloom. relating to a god. 6. SELF AS SELF-CREATIVE - "Man is nothing else but what he makes of RELIGIOSITY himself." Rejecting any traditional, organized spirituality has rules to follow essentialist idea of human nature, Sartre adds: "In other words, there is GLOBAL freedom". To clarify: "You are Refers to the general value that a person nothing less than your life" places on himself or herself. combining all your projects, actions, and choices. The self, in his view, is DIFFERENTIATED SELF not an iceberg, nor a passive Refers to your ability to separate your own reflection, nor a flower that may feelings and thoughts from others. grow; it is what we make it, but it is somewhat atomistic 10 DIFFERENTIATED MODEL OF SELF 7. SELF AS ONION - This model is indicated by the phrase "hidden 1. SELF CONSCIOUSNESS - depths" and reflects the notion that Self-consciousness is a heightened one may not know someone, just the sense of self-awareness. GOFFMANESQUE presentation of the different selves acting in different  roles and circumstances, which may Multiple versus Unified Selves be camouflage and masks. - Having a flexible sense of self in 8. SELF AS IDENTITY - Our different context is more socially self-concept is our identity. It is the adaptable than force oneself to stick concept you develop about yourself to one self-concept. that evolves over the course of your life. This may include the aspects of Multiple selves your life that you have no control - The capacities we carry within us over, such as where you grew up or from multiple relationships. the color of your skin, as well as - These are not ‘discovered’ but choices you make in life, such as ‘created’ in our relationships with how you spend your time and what other people. you believe. Unified selves 9. SELF AS UNICORN - It is party - A person is essentially connected unknown, even unknowable with selfhood and identity. because it is so below - The ego remains at the helm of the consciousness and in progress. mind, coherent and organized, 10. SELF AS CHAMELEON - staying at the center Chameleon because it is multiple, mutable, adaptable, and selective in Real and Ideal Self presentation. These selves may be - According to Carl Rogers, a complementary contradictory, or humanistic psychologist, the conflicted. personality is made up of the Real 11. SELF CONCEPT - Is defined as the Self and the Ideal Self. They are totality of an individual’s thoughts terms used to describe the domains and feelings having reference to of a person's personality. her/him as an object. Lifestyle, in Real Self many ways, is an outward - The real self is otherwise called the expression of one’s self-concept. actual self. It can be defined as the 12. REAL SELF - The REAL SELF is reflection of the true nature of the who we are. It is how we think, how individual. we feel, look, and act. The real self - It includes the true characteristics, can be seen by others, but because feelings, and inclinations of the we have no way of truly knowing individual. how others view us, the real self is Ideal Self our self-image. - The ideal self can be understood as 13. IDEAL SELF - The IDEAL SELF, is the self we would want to be or how we want to be. It is an idealized would like to be. image that we have developed over - It is believed as the individual’s true time, based on what we have self. It is the desired image of the learned and experienced. The ideal individual self could include components True Vs False Self  - Donald W. Winnicott introduced the - examination of own functioning, evaluation concept of the true self and the false of the effect of other people's action on self in human personality. them. True Self - is a sense of authentic selfhood, rooted in bodily experience and Self-efficacy feeling of wholeness and integrity. - refers to the belief in one's ability to False self achieve desired outcomes through - is a protective shield built to navigate their actions. Those with high social expectations and maintain self-efficacy are more willing to take relationships, often sacrificing on challenges as they believe they authenticity for conformity. can succeed, while those with low self-efficacy tend to avoid challenges SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC or perceive tasks as more difficult - Albert Bandura suggests that than they are. humans have the ability to act and make it happen. THE SELF IN WESTERN AND ORIENTAL/EASTERN CULTURE Social Cognitive Theory - individuals - are seen as proactive and agentic, INDIVIDUALISTIC VS COLLECTIVE SELF meaning they have the ability to control their own lives and Individualistic definition consciously influence their - Value or view that prioritize environment in a way that promotes independence and freedom psychological well-being. Collective definition - Interdependent, connected to others According to Albert Bandura core features Individualistic personal identity of human agency are: - Based on personal achievements, traits, and aspirations Intentionality Collective personal identity - refers to acts done intentionally. - Tied to roles within family, community, and society Forethought - enables the person to anticipate the likely Individualistic relationship consequences of prospective actions. - Voluntary, based on mutual benefits; prioritize self Self-reactiveness Collective relationship - monitoring progress toward fulfilling - Deeply interconnected; prioritize choices. group harmony Self-reflectiveness Individualistic communication - Direct, focused on self-expression and assertiveness Collective communication - he believed that the origins of the - Indirect, focused on maintaining self came from the mind harmony and avoiding confrontation - “I think therefore I am” Individualistic focus Immanuel Kant - Individual, personal freedom, and - Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) is one self-expression of the most influential philosophers Collective focus in the history of Western philosophy. - Group, collective well-being, and His contributions to metaphysics, social harmony epistemology, ethics, and aesthetics have had a profound impact on Individualistic achievements almost every philosophical - Measured by personal success and movement that followed him. individual goals Collective achievements 1. Inner Self - Measured by contribution to - The inner self is comprised of collective good and social harmony our psychological state and our rational intellect The social construction of the self in 2. Outer Self western thought - The outer self includes our sense and the physical Western Country world. When speaking of the Australasia inner self, there is Europe apperception. America The self as embedded in relationships and Liberated through spiritual development confucian - showing freedom from social thought conventions or traditional ideas Individualism Confucianism - the habit or principle of being - Confucianism is a way of life taught independent and self-reliant by a philosopher and teacher named - A social theory favoring Confucius in the 5th century BCE in freedom of action for China. individuals over collective or - It is the system of ethics ,education state control and statesmanship, stressing love by humanity ancestor worship, Rene Descartes reverence for parents, and harmony - was a french philosopher and in thought and conduct mathematician, credited as a Confucius foundational thinker in the - Confucius, also known as “kong development of western notions of Qui” or K’ung fu-tzu was a Chinese reason and science philosopher, teacher and political figure.  - He developed concept about education, government and society He believed that lower level gives and hoped it would help create order obedience to the higher while those in China. of a higher level protect and mentor lower “Do not do to others what do you not want done to yourself” According to Confucius UNPACKING THE SELF - Personality is not seen as inherently THE PHYSICAL SELF existing, but as something that is being formed through upbringing the self is impacted by the body. Refers to and environment. the body which we interface with our - Every person is born with four environment and fellow being. It also beginnings, but saying that they describes how an individual views his health cannot develop them to destroy condition, body, and physical appearance. themselves WILLIAM JAMES 4 BEGININGS HEARTH OF COMPASSION LEADS He considered body as initial source of TO JEN. sensation and necessary for the origin and HEARTH OF RIGHTEOUSNESS maintenance of personality. It is an element LEAD TO YI. of spiritual hygiene of supreme significance. HEARTH OF PROPRIETY LEADS TO LI. SIGMUND FREUD HEARTH OF WISDOM LEAD TO CHIH. In psychoanalytic school, construction of the self and personality makes the body and the According to Confucius core of human experience - He believed that mankind would be harmony with universe if everyone WILHELM REICH understood their rank in society and were taught the proper behaviors of Argued that mind and body are one, all their rank psychological processes, he postulated, are - All human life takes place within a a part of physical processes, and vice versa system of relationship - Confucious constructed a system of FACTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF interdependent relationship. THE PHYSICAL SELF 5 RELATIONSHIP Ruler - Subject HEREDITY (NATURE) Parent - Child the transmission of traits or characteristics Husband - Wife from parents to offspring. Oldersibling - Youngersibling Friend - Friend ENVIRONMENT (NURTURE) the sum total of the forces or experiences Our body image, which includes our that a person undergoes from conception to perception of ourselves and our own body old age. and the manner in which we feel about our body, is influenced by a variety of factors. SELF ESTEEM DOES CULTURE IMPACT OUR BODY Self esteem is how we value and perceive IMAGE? ourselves. The culture around us greatly affects our THREE TYPES OF SELF ESTEEM self perception and views on our body image. Cultural traditions play a role in 1. INFLATED SELF ESTEEM shaping body image and can impact it in either a positive or negative way. People hold high regards for themselves. Better to the point of underestimating THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY others. 1. SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE AND 2. HIGH SELF ESTEEM INCLUSION 2. SELF-ESTEEM AND CONFIDENCE This is a positive self esteem, which makes 3. CULTURAL IDENTITY AND the person be satisfied with themselves. EXPRESSION 3. LOW SELF ESTEEM THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY This person does not value themselves and Beauty plays a crucial role in shaping body does not trust their possibilities. image and self-esteem. The societal standards of beauty, often defined by HOW SELF ESTEEM AFFECTS PEOPLE cultural norms and media portrayals, set benchmarks for how individuals perceive Self-esteem impacts your decision making themselves and their bodies. process, your relationships, your emotional health, and your overall well- being. THE DIGITAL SELF THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY IMAGE AND SELF ESTEEM: THE The digital self is the persona you use when IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY you 're online. Some people maintain one or more online identities that are distinct from THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY their " real world" selves. IMAGE Self and other Cyberspace Body Image is an individual’ s perception, thoughts, and feelings about their body and Cyberspace physical appearance (Cash and Pruzinsky 2002). refers to the virtual computer world, and a social identity that an Internet user more specifically, an electronic medium that establishes in online communities and is used to facilitate online communication. websites. It can also be considered as an actively constructed presentation of oneself. Digital literacy means having the skills you need to live, User ID learn, and work in a society where communication and access to information. a unique identifier, commonly used to log on to a website, app, or online service. It may Online Disinhibition be a username, account number, or email Is the lack of restraint one feels when address. communicating online in comparison to communicating in person. SELF PRESENTATION STRATEGIES AND IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT RA|0627 RA|0175 Self - Promotion - refers to the practice of 10627, or the Anti-Bullying Act of 2013, as purposefully trying to present oneself as well as Republic Act No. 10175, known as highly competent to other people. the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012. These acts provide the legislative Ingratiation - refers to behaviors that a framework for defining what constitutes person illicitly enacts to make others like bullying, including cyberbullying, and outline him or her or think well of his or her qualities the penalties for the perpetrators. Oct 19, as a person. 2023 Exemplification - is defined as a strategic CATEGORIES OF ONLINE DISINHIBITION self presentational strategy whereby an individual attempts to project an image of Benign Disinhibition integrity and moral worthiness show vulnerability, and share our deepest Intimidation - is intentional behavior that fears. We help others, and we give willingly would cause a person of ordinary to donates on sites like the Red Cross. sensibilities to fear injury or harm. Toxic Disinhibition Supplication - strategy for self - presentation that involves depicting oneself We're more likely to harass, abuse, and as weak, needy, or dependent so as to threaten others when we can't see their motivate others to provide assistance or face. We indulge our darkest desires. We care hurt people because it's easy, I, ME, MYSELF AND MY USER ID ONLINE IMPACTS OF ONLINE INTERACTIONS IDENTITY ON THE SELF Digital identity or Online Identity The development of the person's social aspects can be greatly influenced by technology due to an insufficient amount of many online environments people cannot real life social encounters. Although online see others. Nobody can judge the statement encounters are easy and more convenient. and image because of the cloak of invisibility. In the public mode, the post will POSITIVE IMPACT be treated as open book. Because of security, many online users are using Social media sites inform and private mode. Invisibility is also a gauge to empower individuals to change misrepresent oneself. themselves and their communities. Increased self esteem when PERSONAL/INDIVIDUAL VS SOCIAL receiving many likes and shares. IDENTITY ONLINE NEGATIVE IMPACT Identity is made up of both personal identity Extensive online engagement is and social identity. Social identity is usually correlated with personality and brain based on group affiliation. Like in social disorders. pornography. media many people identify themselves as Low self esteem due to risk of being members of certain group so that it will be exposed to cyber bullying and cyber easy for them to communicate _their concerns or issues BOUNDARIES OF THE SELF ONLINE. GENDER AND SEXUALITY ONLINE Personal boundaries are the set of guidelines, rules or limits that a person to A special concern is that boys raised in a creates identify reasonable, safe and traditional manner are socialized to conceal permissible ways for people to behave their emotions.Researchers have found that towards them and how they respond in case problem behaviors often characterize highly someone breaks these rules or overstep the masculine adolescents. Gender limits. intensification hypothesis states that psychological and behavioral differences SETTING BOUNDARIES TO ONLINE between boys and girls become greater SELF during early adolescence. Stick to safer sites. Guard your passwords. Be choosy about online friends. THE SEXUAL SELF Remember that anything you put online or post on a site is there DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEX forever, even if you try to delete it. CHARACTERISTICS Don't be mean or embarrass other people online. Female sexual behavior and reproductive Limit what you share. development begin to significantly change during puberty, which is driven by the PUBLIC VS PRIVATE production of key sex hormones, particularly estrogens and progesterone. Male During puberty, significant changes Menstruation: If fertilization does not occur, occur in the male body, including the the lining of the uterus is shed during development of sexual behavior and the menstruation, and the cycle begins again. ability to be aroused by various stimuli. This process is largely driven by hormones, EROGENOUS ZONE particularly androgens, which are the male sex hormones. Erogenous zones repair to parts of the body that are primarily receptive and increase The human reproductive system is a sexual arousal when touch in a sexual complex network of organs and structures matte that work together to produce, maintain, and transport reproductive cells (sperm in males May vary from one person to another. Some and eggs in females) and to facilitate the people may enjoy being touched in a certain process of reproduction. This system is area more than the other areas. divided into male and female reproductive systems, each with specific organs and UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN functions. RESPONSE THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Understanding the human sexual response involves knowing how our bodies and minds MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM react during sexual activity. - The primary function of the male reproductive system is to produce PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL sperm and deliver it to the female RESPONSE reproductive system. Excitement Phase FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Sexual climax - The female reproductive system is Plateau phase responsible for producing eggs, Resolution phase facilitating fertilization, and supporting the development of a THE BASIC BIOLOGY OF SEXUAL fetus BEHAVIOR REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS According to anthropologist Helen Fisher (2016) there are three stages of falling in Fertilization: During sexual intercourse, love. In each stage, a different set of brain sperm is ejaculated into the female chemicals run the show. These stages are reproductive tract. If an egg is present in the lust, attraction, and love. fallopian tube, fertilization may occur, resulting in the formation of a zygote. Understanding the chemistry Lust: Lust Pregnancy: The zygote implants in the refers to a strong desire or craving, uterine wall, where it develops into an especially of a sexual nature. It is an intense embryo and eventually into a fetus. longing or appetite for someone or something.  Solitary behavior refers to engaging in THE BASIC BIOLOGY OF SEXUAL activities or play alone, without the presence UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMISTRY OF or involvement of others. LUST,LOVE, AND ATTACHMENT Solitary sexual behavior refers to sexual activities that an individual engages in Attraction is the sense of closeness, alone. The most common form of solitary interest, or desire you feel toward someone. sexual behavior is masturbation, which involves self stimulation of the genitals to TYPES OF ATTRACTION achieve sexual pleasure and orgasm. SEXUAL ATTRACTION Heterosexual sexual behavior involves This involves an intense desire for intimate sexual activities between individuals of sexual contact with others of the same or opposite sexes, typically between a male different genders and a female. This type of sexual behavior is often associated with procreation, but it PHYSICAL ATTRACTION also serves as a means of expressing love, This involves the desire for physical contact affection, and emotional connection but not in a sexual or romantic context (e.g., between partners. hugging ) Homosexual sexual behavior involves EMOTIONAL ATTRACTION sexual activities between individuals of the This involves a desire for closeness or same sex. This includes relationships connection that may not include any between two men (gay) or two women physical contact. (lesbian). Homosexual behavior is as natural as heterosexual behavior and is ROMANTIC ATTRACTION observed across many species, not just This involves a combination of physical, humans sexual, and emotional feelings toward someone. THE DIVERSE OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: BISEXUAL, AND TRANSSEXUAL ATTACHMENT Bisexual Attachment can be defined as a deep and enduring emotional bond between two People from different cultures have opted to people in which each seeks closeness and change their features in an attempt to meet feels more secure when in the presence of the cultural standards of beauty, as well as the attachment figure. their religious and/or social obligations. THE DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR: Transexual SOLITARY, HETEROSEXUAL, HOMOSEXUAL a person who experiences emotional, romantic and/or sexual attractions to, or engages in romantic or sexual relationships with, more than one sex or gender  PILLS SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES CONDOMS (STIS) A sexually transmitted infection (STI) is a THE MATERIAL SELF/ ECONOMIC SELF serious condition that can occur after sex, with common symptoms like itching and This topic focuses on how people maintain burning around the genital area. While extensions of themselves through material many STIs can be cured with treatment, not possessions and maintenance of particular all types are curable. Even after successful lifestyles. In the context of what the society treatment, it' s possible to get an STI again. values as needs and wants, this topic discusses how an individual acquires METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION goods, the factors that shape his/her (NATURAL & ARTIFICIAL) economic decisions, and what these things say about one’s sense of self. METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION (NATURAL) Material Self - Pertains to the objects, places, or even NATURAL people which have the label "mine". Such Type of birth control that depends with possessions are viewed as extensions of observations on woman's body through individual identities. (William James) monitoring and recording different fertility - There are two subclasses of material self: signals during her menstrual cycle. The bodily self - these aspects of the self where entities are clearly described as an CALENDAR METHOD intimate part of who we are. eg. arms and CERVICAL MUCUS legs The extracorporeal (beyond the body) BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE self - includes other people, pets, LACTATION AMENORRHEA possessions, places, and the product of our METHOD labors. (Scheibe, 1985) METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION "We are what we have" (ARTIFICIAL) MATERIALISM ARTIFICIAL Materialism is the focus on acquiring wealth and possessions as the main goal in life. Artificial methods of contraception are techniques used to prevent pregnancy The meaning of the Things through medical, chemical, or physical means. These methods allow individuals or "The things people use, own, and surround couples to control when and if they have themselves with might accurately reflect children, providing a range of options their personality. Not surprisingly, the depending on their health, lifestyle, and clothes one wears, the car one drives and family planning goals. the furnishings of one's home, all are expressions of one's self and sometimes, even act as disguises rather than as is a form of material culture facilitated by the reflections" Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi market, which thus created a particular "I shop, therefore I am: I have, therefore I relationship between the consumer and the am?" goods or services he or she uses or consumes. CONSUMERISM Consumerism, in simple terms, is the Identity may refer to: belief and practice of buying and consuming 1. A social category defined by goods and services in large quantities. membership rules, characteristic It often involves a strong focus on attributes, or expected behavior. acquiring and owning material possessions 2. Socially distinguishing features that as a way to seek happiness, status, or an individual takes pride in having fulfillment. Consumerism is driven by the idea that THE ROLE OF CONSUMER CULTURE ON buying and having more things can lead to a THE SELF better life or a higher social standing. 1. WHAT WE BUY It encourages us to Consumers are often portrayed as purchase products and services as a way to "victims", exploited by greedy companies. express ourselves. However, we should take note that every 2. HOW WE BEHAVE Advertisements and person has free will. marketing campaigns often depict ideal lifestyles associated with certain products. CONSUME 3. WHAT WE VALUE It can sometimes lead is defined as "use up, to spend wastefully, to to a mindset where one's self-esteem is tied destroy (Gusdorf, 1978). The definition to their ability to acquire shows that consumption has a negative connotation. There is, however, a positive side to consumptions that is often THE SPIRITUAL SELF neglected. SPIRITUAL SELF PRODUCTION It is the authentic self, the unconditioned the act of making or manufacturing from part, the you without patterns. It's the part of components or raw materials, or the you that is connected to everything. process of being so manufactured RELIGION IDENTITY & CONSUMER CULTURE defined as "any set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices pertaining to supernatural power, IDENTITY whether that power be forces, gods, spirits, is a symbolic idea (Mach, 1993). It is an ghosts, demons". image we build for ourselves through social interaction. It is dynamic and context SUPERNATURALISM dependent a belief in an otherworldly realm or reality that, in one way or another, is commonly CONSUMER CULTURE associated with all forms of religion.  robot". The dungan must return, or the THE PRACTICE OF RELIGION:BELIEF IN person will die. SUPERNATURAL BEING AND POWER Ginhawa ("Breath of Life "): This is the vital life force that sustains physical life. The Religion involves beliefs and practices ginhawa and dungan must stay together to related to supernatural beings and powers, keep the person alive. If either leaves while the worldview is broader, permanently, the body dies. encompassing the shared ideas of a culture about the nature of reality. Religion is THE FUNCTION OF RITUALS distinct from spirituality, which is more individually focused on the sacred. All They create a bridge between the mundane cultures have religion, spirituality, a and the sacred, marking the presence of the worldview, and magic (Haviland, 2007). divine in daily life. MYTH FUNCTIONS OF RELIGIOUS RITUALS A myth is a sacred story that explains the core aspects of human existence, including Spiritual Connection: They provide a our origins, purpose, and destiny. means for individuals to connect with the divine or the sacred, fostering a sense of RITUALS spiritual fulfillment and peace. Rituals are symbolic acts or procedures, culturally prescribed, that guide community Community Building: Participating in members through personal and collective rituals can strengthen the bonds within a transitions in an organized manner. religious community, creating a sense of unity and shared purpose. SUPERNATURAL The supernatural is around you all of the Moral and Ethical Guidance: Rituals often time, especially in non- industrialized reinforce the moral and ethical teachings of societies. In a lot of cultures, health, wealth a religion, guiding adherents in their daily and daily things are related to supernatural lives “the concept of dungan, spirit or soul” Cultural Identity: They help preserve and transmit cultural and religious traditions The babaylan belief system presents a across generations, maintaining a sense of deep understanding of the soul and its identity and continuity connection to life and consciousness. RITUALS AND CEREMONIES Dungan ("Companion Spirit"): This is the spirit that provides a person with intellect, TYPES OF RELIGIOUS RITUALS. emotions, and consciousness. It can temporarily leave the body (such as during 1. Rites of Passage: These rituals sleep), but if it departs while the person is mark significant transitions in a awake, the body becomes lifeless like a " person’s life, such as birth, coming of age, marriage, and death  2. Worship and Prayer: Regular practices like attending church It can be practiced as part of a religious services, praying five times a day in belief system, such as Wicca, or Islam, or participating in Hindu pujas independently. are central to many religions. 3. Festivals and Holy Days: Many FINDING AND CREATING MEANING religions have special days or periods of celebration and VIKTOR FRANKL observance. 4. Sacrificial and Offering Rituals: Viktor Frankl, an Austrian psychiatrist and These involve giving something of Holocaust survivor published a book entitled value to a deity or spirit. " Man ' s search for a meaning " wherein it' s not all about his professional life but he Religion, Magic and Witch craft also conclude his personal life. Religion Later on, He proposed the Logotheraphy Theory or the search for a meaning of life. Religion typically involves a system of beliefs and practices centered around the "Meaning is something to discover rather worship of deities or the sacred. It often than to invent. " It has the same concept includes rituals, moral codes, and a with inner happiness, life satisfaction, community of believers. self-actualization and deep spirituality. Religions provide a framework for THREE WAYS OF DISCOVER THE understanding the world, offering MEANING OF LIFE ACCORDING TO explanations for existence, the afterlife, and VIKTOR FRANKL moral guidance. EXPERIENTIAL VALUES Magic It is an approach that involves experiencing something or someone we value and the Magic refers to practices intended to love we feel towards another, e.g., family, manipulate natural or supernatural forces to relatives, friends and workmates. achieve a desired outcome. CREATIVE VALUES It can be seen as a way to exert control over It is the traditional existential idea of the environment or influence events. Magic providing oneself with meaning by often involves rituals, spells, and the use of becoming involved in one ' s projects, or symbolic objects. better, in the project of one ' s own life, e. g., creativity and passion. Witchcraft ATTITUDINAL VALUES Witchcraft is a specific form of magic that include practicing virtues such as often involves the use of spells, charms, compassion, bravery, a good sense of and rituals to influence events or people. humor, and the like.  The political self is shaped by citizenship frankl' s most famous example: Achieving and the collective identity shared with others meaning by way of suffering in the political community. Ultimate goal: Self-transcendence Through citizenship, individuals align their political identity with the rights, THE POLITICAL SELF responsibilities, and values of their natio WHAT IS POLITICAL SELF? IDENTITY Political self is a form of social identity marking membership of certain groups that One important component of political self is share a common struggle for a certain form identity, the person ' s understanding of who of power. and what he or she is. ORIGIN OF POLITICAL SELF THEORIES OF POLITICAL SELF FAMILY Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura) The hierarchical structure of the family According to the social learning theory, a influences the political self through the person can acquire learning through obligation and expectations. observation and imitation. SCHOOL Cognitive Theory The school’ s responsibility is to teach Another theory in political self is the moral, spiritual, and political values that will cognitive theory which suggests that the help the students to become patriotic and mental activities (e.g., knowledge, morally upright citizen. perceptions, ideas) of individuals are important determinants of behavior (e.g., CHURCH political attitudes). Church helps the shape ideals of citizenship and democracy through the religious Theory Of Symbolic Interaction teachings, values and tradition. The theory of symbolic interaction suggests that behaviours are products of POLITICAL SELF AND IDENTITY communication, meaning, and symbols. The political self shapes our understanding People give meanings to symbols and they of GOVERNMENT, CITIZEN RIGHTS, and express these meanings through language the relationship between the state and its and communication. PEOPLE. It organizes political knowledge, guiding how we define government Theory of Political Participation structures, functions, and civic This is defined as the citizen's action or responsibilities. activities anchored in politics. The extent and scope of political participation may be CITIZENSHIP an important criterion for assessing value or quality symbols and meanings that the people ascribe to politics. GOODLUCK MY BABIES!!! Establish a “you can do this” mindset - katie