Directional Term Vocabulary List PDF

Term Definition Superior/ Cranial Toward the head/above Inferior/ Caudal Toward the feet/toward the tail Lateral Away from the midline Medial Toward the midl...

Term Definition Superior/ Cranial Toward the head/above Inferior/ Caudal Toward the feet/toward the tail Lateral Away from the midline Medial Toward the midline Anterior/Ventral Toward the front Posterior/dorsal Toward the back Proximal Close to the point of attachment *Appendages -​ Ex. elbow is proximal to the wrist Distal Away from the point of attachment Superficial Toward the surface Deep Away from the surface/Toward the internal space Body Planes Coronal/Frontal Divides body into front and back side Sagittal Divides body lengthwise Median Divide the body in half lengthwise → only down the middle Transverse/ Cross Divide the body into top half and bottom half Tissue A group of cells with similar structure and function Matrix Non-living material (or tissue) between cells Bicep Several muscles have two points of attachment at one end ❖​ Simple → single layer of cells Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified, ❖​ Stratified → 2 or more layers of cells Transitional ❖​ Pseudostratified → arranged in layers of differing sizes ❖​ Transitional → several layers of cells that flatten when stretched (Epithelial cell shapes) Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar ❖​ Squamous → flattened scale-like shape ❖​ Cubital → cube-shaped ❖​ Columnar → column-like Connective Tissue ❖​ Supports, connects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in  the body ❖​ Carries nutrients, stores fat, helps repair damaged tissue ❖​ Cell body = spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus ❖​ Ground substance = transparent material, thin gel → contains fibers? Cell body, Ground substance, ❖​ Fiber → give support to and help muscles contract for movement Fiber/Protein ❖​ Protein = made up of amino acids → perform many functions in the body ❖​ Ground substances and fibers make up the extracellular matrix Osteocyte One of 4 types of bone cell → structural support, tension resistance Plasma A clear, yellowish fluid that carries blood cells and is a part of the blood ❖​ Tendon = a cord of strong, flexible tissue → connects muscles to Tendon/ Ligament bones and allows for movement ❖​ Ligament = tough, fibrous band of tissue that connects bones and supports other organs Adipose Stores energy as lipids/fat Types of muscle tissue ❖​ Skeletal muscle tissue = moves the body by pulling skin and bones Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth ❖​ Cardiac muscle = contracts to dispel blood ❖​ Smooth muscle = squeezes substances through organs by contracting and relaxing Intercalated disk Complex structures that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells Nervous Tissue ❖​ Made up of neurons and glial cells/neuroglia ❖​ Monitors and regulates functions of the body ❖​ Neurons = send neurotransmitters and chemical signals to Neurons/ Neuroglia communicate information ​ Made of axons, cell bodies, and dendrites ❖​ Neuroglia = give structure to, connect, and protect neuron cells ❖​ Voluntary movements = skeletal muscles that control movement Voluntary/Involuntary willingly ❖​ Involuntary movements = essential, unconscious movements such as digestion and heartbeat ❖​ Bone = Gives structural support and resists tension ​ Compact bone & spongy bone ❖​ CTP = Binding tissue, resists mechanical distress ​ Can be loose or dense and elastic ❖​ Cartilage = Structural support resists compression → Avascular Bone, CTP, Cartilage, Blood ​ Hyaline, fibro, and elastic cartilage ❖​ Blood = transports O2, CO2, nutrients, hormones, and waste throughout the body ​ Made of white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets, and plasma Avascular Having few or no blood cells Muscle Tissue It is composed of cells that contract to create movement of the body parts ❖​ Endocrine = glands which secrete hormones or other substances Endocrine/ Exocrine directly into the blood. ❖​ Exocrine = secrete substances into ducts of the body’s surface Innervated Supplied with nerves Sheet of cells that covers internal and external surfaces of the body and body Epithelial Tissue cavities ❖​ Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception Polarity In cells, differences in structure, composition, and function between at least two poles of a cell. Medial/ Lateral ❖​ Medial = toward the midline ❖​ Lateral = Away from the midline Chondrocytes Form cartilage cells → exist in the cartilaginous matrix Apical Surface the top of the epithelial cell, which faces the external environment Regeneration the process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body parts to full function