Biology Chapter on Joints and Tissues

A type of joint where bones are connected by fibrous connective tissue, allowing for little to no movement.

A type of joint where bones are connected by cartilaginous connective tissue, allowing for little to no movement.

Most common type of joint, allowing for the greatest range of motion. Bones are covered with cartilage and articulate within a fluid-filled cavity.

Decreases the angle between two bones.

Increases the angle between two bones.

Movement towards the midline of the body.

Movement away from the midline of the body.

A circular movement that combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction.

A type of epithelial tissue with two or more layers of cells. Found lining internal pathways and cavities.

A type of epithelial cell with a flattened, seal-like shape. Often found in areas where diffusion or filtration occurs like capillaries and alveoli.

A type of epithelial cell with a cube-like shape. Found in glands and ducts, where they help with secretion and absorption.

A type of epithelial cell with a column-like shape. Found in the lining of the digestive tract and respiratory system, where they help with absorption and secretion.

A type of connective tissue responsible for binding and supporting other tissues. Can be loose, dense, or elastic.

A type of connective tissue that provides structural support and resists compression. Comes in hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage types.

A type of connective tissue that provides structural support and resists tension and compression. Comes in compact bone, which is hard and dense, and spongy bone, which is lighter and contains marrow.

A type of connective tissue that transports essential substances throughout the body. Contains red and white blood cells.

The main, central shaft of a long bone, containing the medullary cavity filled with yellow marrow.

The ends of a long bone, primarily composed of spongy bone.

The basic structural unit of compact bone, composed of concentric rings of bone tissue.

Mature bone cells responsible for maintaining the bone matrix.

Bone-building cells that secrete collagen and enzymes.

Bone-resorbing cells that break down bone tissue.

The breakdown of bone tissue by osteoclasts, releasing calcium and other minerals.

Process of programmed cell death, where cells self-destruct.

Specialized cells that provide support and protection for neurons in the nervous system. They are known for their star-like shape and are crucial for the healthy functioning of the nervous system.

The process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment, despite external changes. It involves numerous physiological mechanisms that work together to keep things within a narrow range.

A process where the output of a system reduces or shuts off the original stimulus, preventing excessive change and maintaining balance. Most homeostatic mechanisms function this way.

A process where the output of a system amplifies the original stimulus, accelerating the change. It is less common than negative feedback but is essential for specific physiological processes.

The process of blood cell formation, which occurs in the bone marrow.

The group of bones that make up the central axis of the body, including the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum. It provides protection for vital organs and supports the body's weight.

The group of bones that make up the limbs and their attachments to the axial skeleton, including the arms, legs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle. It allows for movement and locomotion.

A condition that develops when the ability to maintain homeostasis is impaired. This can happen when negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed by a continuous stressor or when positive feedback takes over, leading to unhealthy conditions in the body.

Myosin is a protein found in muscle fibers, responsible for creating movement by interacting with actin.

Actin is a protein found in muscle fibers, responsible for creating movement by interacting with myosin.

A sarcomere is the basic unit of contraction in a muscle fiber, made up of repeating units of myosin and actin.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum, a network of tubules within muscle fibers, stores and releases calcium ions (Ca2+). Calcium ions trigger muscle contraction by binding to troponin, which then moves tropomyosin off the binding sites on actin.

The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber, which transmits electrical impulses that trigger muscle contraction.

The T-tubules are extensions of the sarcolemma that help to deliver electrical impulses to the interior of a muscle fiber.

A myofibril is a long, cylindrical organelle found within muscle fibers, composed of multiple repeating sarcomeres.

The epimysium is a connective tissue sheath that surrounds the entire muscle, helping to hold muscle fibers together.

Toward the head or upper part of the body.

Toward the feet or lower part of the body.

Away from the midline of the body.

Toward the midline of the body.

The front of the body.

The back of the body.

Closer to the point of attachment.

Further away from the point of attachment.

A clear, yellowish fluid that forms the liquid part of blood and carries blood cells throughout the body.

Cells that store energy in the form of lipids (fat).

Specialized cells that send neurotransmitters and chemical signals to communicate information with other cells.

Cells that provide support, structure, and protection for neurons. They are like the 'glue' that holds nerve cells together.

A type of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones, allowing for movement.

A type of connective tissue that connects bones to other bones, providing stability and support.

Muscle tissue found in the heart, responsible for pumping blood through the body.

Muscle tissue found in the walls of internal organs, responsible for squeezing and moving substances through the organs.

Muscle tissue attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movement.

A type of connective tissue that forms a structural support network, resists compression, and provides flexibility. It is found in several types: hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage.

The space between the neuron and the muscle fiber where neurotransmitters are released.

The neurotransmitter that carries the signal across the synaptic cleft.

Organelles within the neuron that store and release neurotransmitters.

The specialized region on the muscle fiber where ACh receptors are located.

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber, responsible for transmitting electrical impulses.

A network of tubules inside a muscle fiber that stores and releases calcium ions (Ca2+).

Extensions of the sarcolemma that carry electrical impulses deep into the muscle fiber.

Long, cylindrical organelles within muscle fibers, composed of repeating sarcomeres, responsible for muscle contraction.

Bundles of muscle fibers enclosed by perimysium, fascicles are groups of muscle cells working together.

A band is a dark band within a sarcomere, containing both actin and myosin filaments. It does not change length during contraction.

A light band within a sarcomere, the I band contains only actin filaments and shortens during contraction.

A structure in the center of the A band, the H zone contains only myosin filaments and disappears during contraction.

Part of a sarcomere, the Z line represents the boundary between two sarcomeres. It gets pulled closer to the next Z line during contraction.

The attachment point of a muscle to a bone that moves during contraction. Often connected through a tendon.

The attachment point of a muscle to a relatively stationary bone, anchoring it for leverage.

The arrangement of your muscle origin and insertion affects your motion. A longer distance between these points creates more force, but less speed. A shorter distance allows for speed but less force.

The location of a muscle's origin and insertion determines its function. A muscle that crosses a joint will have attachments on both sides allowing it to move that joint.

A strong connective tissue, often found in tendons, that attaches muscles to bones.

The tough, flexible connective tissue that joins muscles to bones.

The process by which a muscle contracts to pull its insertion point closer to its origin point.

Understanding the specific origin and insertion points of a muscle is crucial for comprehending its function within the musculoskeletal system.