Biology Chapter on Joints and Tissues

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Questions and Answers

Which of these is NOT a type of movement at synovial joints?

Opposition

Rotation

Dorsiflexion

Ossification (correct)

Which of these is an example of a cartilaginous joint?

Hip joint

Discs between vertebral bodies (correct)

Knee joint

Sutures between flat bones of the skull

What is the primary function of the synovial fluid in synovial joints?

To lubricate the joint and reduce friction (correct)

To produce red blood cells

To provide structural support to the joint

To form a barrier between bones and prevent them from touching

Which of the following movements is NOT a movement of the foot?

Protraction (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

Covers internal and external surfaces of the body (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of epithelial tissue lines pathways for absorption that are open to the external environment?

Simple epithelial tissue (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific type of movement that refers to the act of turning the palms of the hands towards the anterior plane?

Supination (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

Consists of cells with large intercellular spaces (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?

Maintaining blood glucose levels. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neuroglia?

To provide support and protection to nervous tissue. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between negative and positive feedback mechanisms?

Negative feedback reduces the intensity of a stimulus, while positive feedback increases it. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a tissue that regenerates easily?

Epithelial tissue of the skin. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?

Protecting vital organs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of blood cell production?

Hematopoiesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

If a person is experiencing a homeostatic imbalance, what might be happening?

Their negative feedback systems are overwhelmed, allowing positive feedback to dominate. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of bones?

Calcium and phosphate. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bone is primarily responsible for weight bearing?

Long bones (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of osteoblasts in bone tissue?

Producing new bone matrix (B) Signup and view all the answers

Where does blood production occur within the bone?

Red marrow (D) Signup and view all the answers

What structure surrounds the cavity filled with yellow marrow in long bones?

Diaphysis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of the muscular system?

Maintaining posture (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the basic unit of bone structure called?

Osteon (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of osteocytes in bone tissue?

Monitor and maintain bone matrix (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movement and is striated?

Skeletal Muscle (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates cardiac muscle from smooth muscle?

Striations in the muscle fibers (B) Signup and view all the answers

What organelle is primarily responsible for regulating calcium ion levels in muscle fibers?

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the endomysium in muscle tissue?

Encases each individual muscle fiber (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue exhibits rhythmic contractions?

Smooth Muscle (A), Cardiac Muscle (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures is NOT part of a muscle fiber?

Endomysium (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the speed of contraction in skeletal muscle compare to that of smooth muscle?

Skeletal muscle contracts faster than smooth muscle (B) Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs and is controlled involuntarily?

Smooth Muscle (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about the function of connective tissue?

Connective tissue binds tissues together and gives structure to organs. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue can regulate the movement of substances within the body by contracting and relaxing?

Smooth Muscle (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue?

Epithelial Tissue (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic that distinguishes skeletal muscle from other types of muscle tissue?

The presence of striations. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the mucous membrane?

Creating serous fluid for lubrication of internal surfaces. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of all connective tissue types?

Origin from the mesenchyme. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cartilage is known for its elasticity and is found in the ear and epiglottis?

Elastic cartilage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of neurons as a type of nervous tissue?

To generate and transmit signals throughout the body. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue provides structural support and resists compression, but is avascular?

Cartilage (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue that connects muscles to bones and allows for movement?

Tendon (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for involuntary movements like digestion and heartbeat?

Smooth muscle (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the specialized structures that connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells?

Intercalated disks (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of neuroglia?

Sending neurotransmitters (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of voluntary movements?

They are controlled by skeletal muscles (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of connective tissue that is made up of ground substance and fibers?

Connective tissue proper (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of gland secretes hormones directly into the blood?

Endocrine gland (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a function of adipose tissue?

Storage of energy as lipids (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for tissue that is arranged in multiple layers and can flatten when stretched?

Transitional (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the position of a structure that is closer to the midline of the body?

Medial (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which body plane divides the body into top half and bottom half?

Transverse (D) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of tissue is responsible for supporting, connecting, and giving structure to other tissues and organs?

Connective tissue (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinguishing characteristic of cuboidal epithelial cells?

Square or cube-shaped (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to describe a structure that is located further away from the point of attachment?

Distal (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a type of epithelial tissue structure that has a single layer of cells?

Simple (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the plane that splits the body into anterior and posterior sections?

Coronal (C) Signup and view all the answers

What structure releases acetylcholine (ACh) into the synaptic cleft?

Synaptic vesicle (D) Signup and view all the answers

What causes the muscle cell membrane to allow ions to move across, generating an action potential?

The binding of acetylcholine to receptors on the muscle cell. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a structure found inside a muscle fiber?

Synaptic vesicle (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between myofibrils, actin, and myosin?

Myofibrils are made up of actin and myosin filaments, which are responsible for muscle contraction. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the T tubule in muscle fibers?

To conduct the action potential into the interior of the muscle fiber. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct order, from smallest to largest, of the following structures: muscle, muscle fiber, fascicle, endomysium, perimysium, epimysium?

Muscle fiber, endomysium, perimysium, fascicle, epimysium, muscle (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sarcolemma in a muscle fiber?

To act as the cell membrane, regulating what enters and exits the muscle fiber. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following connective tissues surrounds a single muscle fiber?

Endomysium (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures within a skeletal muscle fiber shortens during contraction?

I band (A), H band (C), Sarcomere (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following connective tissue sheaths surrounds an individual muscle fiber?

Endomysium (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protein filaments that slide past each other during muscle contraction?

Myosin and Actin (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the arrangement of myofilaments in a sarcomere?

Thick filaments (myosin) extend the entire length of the A band, while thin filaments (actin) extend into the A band but not the H zone. (C) Signup and view all the answers

If a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract, what happens to the length of the I band and the H band?

Both the I band and the H band shorten. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cross bridges in muscle contraction?

Cross bridges are formed when the myosin heads bind to the actin filaments. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber?

A single motor neuron typically innervates multiple muscle fibers, and a muscle fiber can only be innervated by a single motor neuron. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the mechanism of muscle relaxation?

Muscle relaxation occurs when calcium ions are actively pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which reduces the concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm and allows the myosin heads to detach from the actin filaments. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of muscle insertion points?

To determine the lever system and movement of bones (D) Signup and view all the answers

Where are muscle origins typically located?

On relatively stationary bones that do not move much (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of tendons related to muscle insertions?

They provide strong, flexible attachment points made primarily of collagen fibers (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between muscle origins and insertions?

Movements occur at insertion points while origins remain relatively stable (D) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the insertion point of a muscle during contraction?

It moves closer to the origin as the muscle contracts (A) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Classification of Joints

Three types of joints exist: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
Fibrous joints: bones are attached by fibrous connective tissue, allowing minimal movement (e.g., sutures between skull bones).
Cartilaginous joints: bones are connected by cartilage, with limited movement (e.g., discs between vertebral bones).
Synovial joints: characterized by significant movement, enclosed in a capsule lined with a membrane that secretes a lubricating fluid (e.g., most joints in the body).

Types of Synovial Joint Articulations

Flexion: decreasing the angle between bones
Extension: increasing the angle between bones
Adduction: moving a limb toward the midline
Abduction: moving a limb away from the midline
Circumduction: circular movement of a limb
Rotation: movement around an axis
Pronation: rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly
Supination: rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly
Inversion: turning the sole of the foot inward
Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward
Elevation: moving a body part superiorly
Depression: moving a body part inferiorly
Plantar flexion: pointing the toes downward
Dorsiflexion: lifting the toes upward
Medial rotation: rotating a limb toward the midline
Lateral rotation: rotating a limb away from the midline
Opposition: movement of the thumb to touch other fingers
Protraction: moving a body part forward
Retraction: moving a body part backward
Gliding: sideways movement of one flat bone over another (e.g., between carpal bones)
Ball-and-socket: large range of movement, like the shoulder and hip joints
Hinge: movement in one plane, like elbow and knee joints
Pivot: allows rotation, like the neck joints

Tissue Outline

Epithelial Tissue: sheet of cells that cover internal/external surfaces of organs and body cavities.
- Functions: protection, absorption, filtration, secretion, excretion, and sensory reception.
- Characteristics: polarity (one side different from the other), specialized contacts (fit close together), supported by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, high regeneration capacity.
- Shapes: simple (single layer) and stratified (multiple layers). Cell shapes include squamous (flattened), cuboidal (cube-shaped), and columnar (column-shaped).
Connective Tissue: supports, connects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs, comprised of cells, fibers, and a matrix.
- Functions: support, connect, transport, and store nutrients and waste, protect and insulate organs.
- Types: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood.
- Unique Characteristics: originate from mesenchyme, varying degrees of vascularity, extracellular matrix.
- Connective Tissue Proper: loose & dense (irregular and regular).
- Cartilage: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage.
- Bone: compact & spongy, structure for support, protection, & mineral storage.
- Blood: transport of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products, helps in immune response.
Nervous Tissue:
- Function: transmit electrical impulses to communicate information throughout the body, coordinate body functions.
- Structure: neurons & glial cells, transmits information throughout the body, coordinates body functions.

Homeostasis

Homeostasis: body maintains internal stability when needs are adequately met.
Negative feedback mechanisms: oppose changes from the set point (e.g., maintaining body temperature, blood glucose).
Positive feedback mechanisms: accelerate changes from the set point (e.g., blood clotting, childbirth).

Skeletal System

Bones: composed of blood, nerves, and connective tissues, with a variety of shapes & functions.
Bone marrow: site of blood cell production (red marrow) and energy storage (yellow marrow).
Bone structure: compact (dense) and spongy (porous), Osteons (Haversian systems): structural units of compact bone
Bone cells: osteoblasts (build new bone), osteoclasts (break down bone), osteocytes (maintain bone).
Bone remodeling: continuous process of bone deposition and resorption, controlled by osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Effects of microgravity: bone loss is accelerated.

Muscular System

Three types of muscle tissue: skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), and smooth (involuntary, found in organs).
Skeletal muscles: attached to bones, responsible for movement, voluntary control.
Cardiac muscle: found only in the heart, involuntary control, responsible for pumping blood.
Smooth muscle: found in organs and walls of blood vessels, responsible for involuntary movement, slow, rhythmic contractions.
Connective tissues: surround and support individual muscle cells (Endomysium) and groups of cells (Perimysium, Epimysium), tendons for attaching to bones.
Muscle filaments (proteins): actin and myosin.
Muscle fibers/cells= myocytes
Myofibrils= groups of myofilaments

Neuromuscular Junction

Neuromuscular junction: where a motor neuron meets a muscle fiber.
Motor neuron: transmits signals from the brain to the muscle.
Action potential: electrical signal that travels down the axon of a motor neuron.
Neurotransmitters (e.g., acetylcholine): chemicals that transmit signals across the gap (synaptic cleft) from the neuron to the muscle.
Synaptic cleft = narrow space between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber.
Sarcolemma= muscle cell membrane
T-Tubules= tubular invaginations of sarcolemma that extend into the muscle fiber.
Sarcoplasmic reticulum = specialized ER in muscle fibers, stores calcium ions.

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Test your knowledge on the different types of joints and tissues in the human body with this comprehensive quiz. Questions cover synovial and cartilaginous joints, epithelial tissue characteristics, and vital bodily functions related to movement and homeostasis. Ideal for students studying biology and anatomy.