History Study Guide PDF

unit 2 unit 2: conflicts between america and britain ​ new france ○​ 1608 - quebec first french settlement (samuel de champlain) ○​ around st.lawrence, great lakes, mississippi river ○​ made money (beaver furs) -> led to exploration of north america ○​ sma...

unit 2 unit 2: conflicts between america and britain ​ new france ○​ 1608 - quebec first french settlement (samuel de champlain) ○​ around st.lawrence, great lakes, mississippi river ○​ made money (beaver furs) -> led to exploration of north america ○​ small populations ​ only catholics, huguenots not allowed ​ hard to farm, iroquois resistance ​ by 1700s - 18,000 french and 250,000 english ​ since french already had a lot of land in france, didn’t want much from the americas ○​ jesuits ​ catholic missionaries aimed to convert indians to separate them from fur trade (made french more money) ​ french and indian relations ○​ champlain - allied with huron tribe ○​ battled against iroquois (british allies) ​ resisted french attempts at settlement, so allied with british ​ french started paying more attention to the caribbean (sugar + rum) ​ english and french tensions ○​ french made forts from quebec to new england ○​ detroit ​ ​ founded by antoine cadillac to slow british expansions to ohio valley ○​ robert de la salle sailed mississippi river, claimed it to stop spanish expansion ​ new orleans -1718 ○​ english settlers pushed further west to french claims ​ clash of empires ○​ imperial wars between france and english mostly involved trappers and colonists not regular military groups (guerilla warfare) ​ both sides allied with indians ​ french -> algonquin ​ british -> iroquois ○​ treaty of utrecht 1713 ​ ends queen anne's war ​ britain gets nova scotia, hudson bay, and newfoundland unit 2 ​ also gets trading rights in spanish america ○​ king george's war 1744-1748 ​ began as war of jenkins ear 1739 ​ fought against spain - caribbean + georgia ​ french allied with spain ​ 1745 new englanders capture french fort louisbourg ○​ 1748 peace treaty ​ england exchange louisbourg for madras in india ​ americans angry , as they needed louisbourg for safety ​ deerfield massacre (1707) ○​ french and indians attack deerfield, massachusetts ○​ 50 killed and 111 taken prisoner out of 1300 people ○​ prisoners were marched to canada ○​ english colonists responded by attacking french strongholds ​ into ohio valley ○​ french needed ohio valley to keep mississippi valley connected to canada ​ french building forts to protect its claims ​ included fort duquesne (pittsburg) ○​ 1750s americans settling into ohio river valley ​ iroquois didn't like - that was their home ○​ americans asked britain for forts to protect claims ○​ 1754 - george washington sent by governor dimwiddie of virginia to tell french to leave territory ○​ french refuse and defeat washington at fort necessity ​ french and indian war (7 years war) 1754-1763 ○​ global war - france vs england ​ multi theatre war ○​ hard to defeat america as the colonies weren’t united ○​ fort duquesne 1755 ​ british general braddock sent 1850 soldiers to attack fort ○​ indians attacked using guerilla warfare ​ british not prepared ​ 976 british killed ○​ native americans raided frontier from pennsylvania to north carolina ○​ british attacked several wilderness forts, french won repeatedly through 1756 ○​ william pitt ​ british secretary of state unit 2 ​ showed increased commitment to war in america ​ shifted focus from west indies to canada ​ put new generals in charge ​ fought in america to create global british empire ​ promised british would pay for war, 1 million euros or wtv, 300,000 soldiers sent to america ​ wanted to eliminate france as a rival ○​ king george II supported pitt’s idea ○​ 1758 british take louisbourg, fort frontenac, fort duquesne ○​ invasion of canada ​ quebec (1759) ​ attacked via st lawrence river ​ british forces defeated french ​ british navy stopped french reinforcements from arriving in canada ​ montreal 1760 ​ attacked via hudson river and lake champlain ​ fall of montreal signaled end of french presence in north america ​ albany congress (june 1754) ○​ americans went to albany to meet with iroquois and keep them as allies ​ only 7 out of 13 colonies attended ○​ unite colonies so they would be able to defeat french ○​ iroquois - britain, huron - french ○​ benjamin franklin developed albany plan for union ​ includes: ​ grand council (chosen by colonial legislature) ​ would meet once a year ​ given all powers of the colonial legislature (army, taxes, lands, laws, etc…) ○​ rejected by colonial legislature and king ​ money - colonies didn’t want to share ​ george III didn’t want the colonies to unite and form a rebellion against him or become too independent ​ treaty of paris 1763 ○​ ended the french and indian war ○​ france gave england all of canada and lands east of mississippi to appalachian mountains ○​ french lose trading posts in senegal (west africa) and india unit 2 ○​ french kept sugar islands (martinique and guadeloupe) in west indies in exchange for canada ○​ spain gave florida to britain in exchange for cuba ​ effect of french and indian war ○​ british won, established itself as the world's supreme naval power (india->mississippi river) ○​ americans frustrated with british ​ american officers/soldiers insulted, treated them with condescension ​ americans weren’t given credit for help of the fight ​ quartering act ○​ americans had to feed, house, and take care of british soldiers so they would be able to fight in the french and indian war ○​ salutary neglect (british laws not enforced in american colonies/trade) ○​ british frustrations with america ​ americans would trade with france + spain ​ americans were reluctant to provide soldiers ​ geography/demographic rivalries inhibited inter-colonial compassion ​ lack of unity in the colonies ○​ benefits for americans ​ gained combat experience + confidence (americans learned to fight along with the british) ​ shattered myth of british soldier invincibility (americans saw that the british weren’t perfect and after seeing them being defeated gained confidence to challenge british authority) ​ discovered commonality between colonies ○​ france eliminated as a threat to americas ​ stopped being interested in north america ○​ spain and indian threats reduced significantly ○​ indians lost significant european ally (french)that would have helped them to limit british power and american expansion ○​ benjamin franklin argued new land would make americans more loyal to england ​ offer plenty of land and opportunity for america to expand into, people would like that ​ proclamation of 1763 unit 2 ○​ established north to south border where british colonists weren’t allowed to settle - reserved for the natives ○​ british land vs native american land ○​ george III forced it upon the colonies ​ believed that the natives were his subjects as well ​ roots of revolution 1763-1775 ○​ war skyrocketed british dept ​ throughout the century multi theatre wars caused britain a lot of dept ○​ british people forced to pay a lot of taxes (so the government could pay back the money they took) ​ primarily gentry + middle class ○​ british had to increase revenue from america ​ at the time, the colonies were costing them more than they were benefitting, which was the opposite of the point of the colonies ​ political trends in colonial america ○​ cultural change from europe england and colonies in america ​ traditional english culture didn’t want to change ​ ​ politics politics in england politics in america ​ purpose of the government was to ​ republicanism preserve the king’s peace, or keep ​ government happens for the order for the peace common good ​ individuals should benefit ○​ they should give up self-interests for purpose of the greater good ​ non-monarchies (opposed hierarchy) ​ selflessness, civic involvement ​ whig ideology ○​ type of republicanism ○​ whig theory: there are 2 threats to political freedom ○​ 1.) moral decay - civil virtue is a big thing unit 2 ​ the problem with society is that people have too many opportunities to ruin virtue (alcohol etc) ​ what if people don’t live up to their values ​ then bad rulers will come ○​ 2.) the imbalance of executive and legislative power ​ laws becoming unfair ○​ whig theory was a strong influence in america ​ however the king wasn’t a big fan ​ privy council and board of trade ○​ privy council - council of advisors for monarch ​ governed colonies ○​ king was more interested in europe and not america, so he told the privy council to take care of it ○​ privy council passed on the job to the board of trade ○​ in 1763 the board of trade start to use british military to enforce laws ​ good idea ○​ 3 big benefits by doing this ​ there would be more jobs in england ​ americans would start to pay more money on tariffs ​ americans could also be better monitored ​ navigation acts (ACTS IMPORTANT) ○​ only allowed british colonists to buy and trade with other british colonists ○​ british prime minister/treasury george grenville wanted to raise money for wars with the british vs france ​ revenue act of 1764 (sugar act) ○​ grenville decided to do this ○​ decided to lower the taxes, but also start to enforce them ​ also regulated trade by implementing tariffs ​ punished smugglers ​ strengthened royal admiralty courts to be able to do this ​ salutary neglect ○​ admiralty courts ​ military court ​ guilty until proven innocent ○​ civil courts ​ more fair ​ innocent until proven guilty unit 2 ○​ protests ​ colonists once again felt as if the act was unfairly benefitting british merchants and caribbean sugar people ​ because unlike the colonists, the sugar lobby had official representation in parliament ​ many navy officers would take ships unfairly ​ ex. st john incident, polly incident ​ the protest was more on trade and not taxation ​ americans begun to explore the nature of their rights ○​ british response to riots ​ backed off completely ​ didn’t want to kill all colonists -> showed the king truly respected british colonists ​ renewal of the quartering act ○​ colonists say no - french are gone, so no need for army ○​ whig believed that the british government wanted to do this to take away their rights ○​ believed they didn’t have fair representation in parliament ​ currency issues ○​ arbitrary value ○​ there wasn’t a lot of gold left after the 7-years war (lack of bullion) ○​ started using paper money ​ had problems - counterfeits, also led to inflation ○​ currency act 1751 ​ prohibited printing of paper money in new england ​ colonists angered, they wouldn’t be able to trade as easily anymore ​ led them to believe that george III only cared about british merchants ​ in 1754, the currency act was extended to all 13 colonies ​ stamp act (march 22 1765) ○​ taxes on every piece of paper ​ fined, jailed, and even prosecuted if didn’t pay ○​ grenville believed this was fair because the tax was lower than a similar law in britain ○​ protests ​ virginia resolve (may 31, 1765) ​ house of burgesses argued it was unfair unit 2 ​ stamp act congress (october 1765) ​ 9 out of 13 colonists sent representatives to new york ​ protests increased power of admiralty courts ○​ also showed unification of colonies (against britain) ​ nonimportation agreements ​ boycott british goods coming into the colonies ​ sons of liberty (the loyal nine) ​ working class ​ wanted the repeal of the stamp act ​ samuel adams - bostonian ​ secret terrorist organization ○​ punished tax collectors by use of tarring and feathering ​ many tax collector resigned in fear before law was passed ○​ debates over stamp act ​ americans didn’t want to lose their rights as englishmen ​ until the stamp act, colonies accepted themselves under the british empire ○​ but this idea started to change ○​ “parliament has no authority over us” ​ americans believed that since they weren’t represented in parliament, then the parliament shouldn’t tax them ​ sugar and stamp act took away their rights ​ grenville believed that americans DID have representation in parliament, so believed that taxation was fair ​ “virtual representation”, every parliament member represents every american / british citizen ​ if you don’t pay taxes then that's treason because you’re going against the british government ○​ effects of protests ​ caused lots of chaos ​ british merchants wanted stamp/sugar acts repealed as much as colonists (acts impacted over 13% of trade) ​ 1766 grenville was kicked out of parliament and replaced ​ colonists resented internal taxes (ones that affect everyone), but were fine with external taxes (ex: import/export taxes) ​ ACTS ○​ 3/22, 1765: stamp act unit 2 ​ created a tax on every piece of paper ​ funded british military presence in colonies ​ however there was no colonial representation, so americans didn’t like it ​ ironically, duty of the tax was less than the similar tax in Britain ○​ 1765: quartering act ​ americans had to feed, house, and take care of british soldiers so they would be able to “protect” the colonies ​ americans believed there was no point in british military presence, since the threats were neutralized ○​ 1751: currency act ​ prohibited printing of paper money in new england ​ enacted after paper money caused rapid devaluation of money ​ angered americans, who believed that this was just to benefit british traders / merchants ○​ navigation act(s) ​ only allowed british colonists to buy and trade with other british colonists ​ resulted in large-scale smuggling of goods ​ ○​ 1764: sugar act ​ enforced molasses act (which was previously ignored) ​ lower taxes, but strictly enforce them ​ worsened colonial economies and trade ​ before, molasses tax was not collected, leading to a lowered revenue, but now the tax was being collected, and grenville lowers it to help increase the mood of the colonies while still increasing britains revenue ○​ 1766: declaratory act (from amsco reading) ​ stamp act repealed ​ declared the right for the parliament to tax and make laws for the colonies “in any case” ​ worsened relations between americans and british gov. ​ set the stage for more “taxation without representation” unit 2 ​ declaratory act (march 1766) ○​ parliament repealed the stamp and sugar acts ​ however this didn’t make the colonial argument correct (british believed that the colonies did have representation in parliament) ​ british believed americans were well-represented and were just complaining about having to pay a fair tax ​ parliament has the authority to tax ​ if there is tax, then tax must be payed ○​ may 2, 1766 ​ colonists find about the law 6 weeks after the issue ○​ all the colonies (minus virginia) wrote letters to king george III thanking him ​ they saw the king as the protector of the colonies ​ parliament was the real problem in colonial eyes ​ townshend acts (1767) ○​ passed by the PM who was appointed by william pitt (july 1766) ○​ townshend wanted to make royal officials independent of popular control and increase british control of east india company ○​ wins power struggle, takes control of government in march of 1767 ○​ revenue act (1767) ​ import tax on lead, glass, paint, and tea ​ money would go to the salary of the governor, so the colony technically had more money ○​ commissioners of customs act (1767) ​ new legislative board - american board of customs commissioners ​ new government officials made to enforce tax ○​ suspending act (1767) ​ veto NY assembly law until NY obeyed quartering act ○​ most british tax collectors were corrupt ​ american response ○​ merchants didn’t like to boycott as it hurt businesses ○​ john dickinson ​ dialogue between farmer+englishman unit 2 ​ believed parliament was violating the rights of american colonies as english-people - regulation is different from taxation (believed american constitutional rights were violated) ​ sovereignty ​ john locke ideas ○​ circular letter ​ meant for one person but also should be shared ​ townshend violation of rights ​ insured coordinated response across colonies ​ boston massacre (march 1770) ○​ british sent troops to america in response to protests ○​ americans didn’t like this ​ since quartering act wasn’t obeyed, the soldiers had to find jobs, which lowered jobs for americans ○​ biggest protests were in massachusetts (sons of liberty) ○​ colonists would constantly harass british soldiers ○​ there were high tensions ○​ accounts of both sides of the boston massacre are completely different ​ sam adams - massacre by bloodthirsty soldiers ​ john adams - defended soldiers in trial ○​ 5 killed, including a freed slave (crispus attucks) ○​ in the eyes of bostonians, this was the beginning of the war ​ britain backs down (again 💀) ○​ lord north becomes PM in 1770 ​ ordered all townshend acts to be repealed ​ only kept a 3-pence tea tax ​ symbolic tax (if i wanted to tax you, i would) ○​ committee of correspondence ​ sam adams ​ continued to spread revolutionary ideas ​ kept communication within the colonies ​ virginia extended these ideas across colonial borders ​ boston tea party (december 16 1773) ○​ tea act ​ tax wasn’t enough ​ east indian company went broke unit 2 ​ british government used it expanding west to give more power to the colonies ​ lowered price of tea to encourage consumption ​ colonists were suspicious ​ conspiracy theory that this was just a way for the british government to further tax colonies ​ tea symbolized british tyranny ○​ americans stopped tea shipments in colonies, but tea was still widely consumed ○​ internal legislation against tea ○​ governor hutchinson refused to be bossed around ​ even though he wasn’t the biggest fan of tea tax, he believed he had to follow the rule of law and enforce the tax (on the side of parliament) ○​ colonists dressed up as a natives (to disguise identity, and for the fun of it) and threw a bunch of tea into the harbor ○​ established british resolve to establish legislative dominance over colonies ​ intolerable (coercive) acts (1774) ○​ designed to punish boston ○​ boston port act ​ bostonian port couldn’t trade until east india company was reimbursed ○​ massachusetts government act ​ reduced power of colonial assembly ​ banned town meetings ​ converts from self-determination (democracy) to royal-controlled government ○​ administration of justice act ​ royal officials/soldiers tried in england ​ colonists believed that would make trials unfair ○​ [renewal] quartering act ​ now even private property is required to be used to house soldiers, tax collectors, etc ​ quebec act ○​ expanded quebec’s borders to ohio valley ○​ no representative assembly and special rights to catholic church ○​ ruled as a royal colony ​ church still operated though unit 2 ○​ colonists don’t like this ​ see it as another intolerable act ​ felt as if the ohio valley was being taken away from them (even though it wasn’t theirs to begin with) ○​ catholics -> too much power (protestantism vs catholicism) ○​ reaction of the colonies was super organized ​ first continental congress ○​ september 5 - october 26 1774 ○​ all colonies + caribbean colonies + canada invited ○​ only 12 colonies (no georgia) went ○​ 56 delegates in philadelphia ​ patrick henry - virgina ​ samuel & john adams - massachusetts ​ george washington - virginia ​ john dickson, joseph galloway - pennyslvania ​ john jay - new york ○​ john adams - 3 groups ​ patriotic sons of liberty (sam adams) ​ slight loyalists ​ complete loyalists ​ declaration of rights and grievances ○​ argued that colonies could only be taxed by their own assemblies ​ taxation without representation ○​ britain ignored everything ​ americans decided that's it - time for rebellion ​ suffolk resolves ○​ endorsed in the first continental congress ○​ called for the immediate repeal of the coercive/introlerable acts ○​ called for the colonies to resist by preparing military & boycotting british goods ○​ recognized parliament’s power to regulate trade, not taxation ​ paul revere’s ride (april 18 1775) ○​ massachusetts began collecting military supplies from concord ○​ british - destroy supply base ○​ capture sam adams (john hancock) ​ went to countryside to warn sam adams ○​ lantern signal system ​ battle of lexington and concord ○​ lexington unit 2 ​ 70 american “minutemen” militia try to stop 700 british ○​ concord ​ british continued to concord and were met by a larger americans group ​ made british retreat ​ colonial militia used guerilla tactics to attack british army from woods as they retreated to boston ​ 300 british casualties ​ second continental congress (may 1775) ○​ met in philadelphia ○​ all 13 colonies present ​ didn’t demand for independence ​ established army and navy ○​ washington (from virginia) name chief of continental army ​ fort ticonderoga (may 1775) ○​ american troops captured the fort and its cannons and gunpowder ○​ brought cannons to boston ○​ early conflict helped prove ​ convinced british that the american colonial army could compete with the british army ​ convinced americans that they could stand up to britain ​ battle of bunker (breed's) hill (june 17 1775) ○​ british attacked fort ​ 1,000 british killed – american army standing up to british ​ olive branch petition (july 1775) ○​ drafted by delegates of second continental congress ○​ war isn’t gonna be easy ○​ second continental congress offers a peace treaty to england ​ stated american loyalty to britain ○​ king refused to accept in august 1775 ○​ king declared colonies in rebellion, so guilty of treason ○​ hessians fought with british ○​ prussians fought with colonies ​ invasion of canada by colonists (fall 1775) ○​ NY harbor, massachusetts bay, hudson river ○​ colonists believed canadians would join their side ​ canadians supported british as a result of the quebec act ​ also declined because of anti-catholicism unit 2 ​ 1776: george washington places cannons from fort ticonderoga on dorchester heights ○​ forces british general howe to flee boston ○​ further increased american militia moral ​ janurary 15, 1776: common sense published by thomas paine ○​ pamphlet calling for independence & forming a republic ○​ a place where people rule for themselves (i.e. voting) ○​ quickly gained popularity ○​ colonists were receptive to the ideas as they were already mad at the king and had experience w/ colonial assemblies, town halls, etc. ​ june 7, 1776: declaration of independence proposed by richard henry lee ​ july 2, 1776: declaration of independence passed ○​ formal statement of reasons for colonial independence ○​ thomas jefferson was the main writer ​ used british legal history ​ quoted natural rights from political thinkers like john locke ​ concluded by saying that americans tried their best to avoid this outcome patriots loyalists ​ ~40% of the population ​ also known as the “tories” ​ minority of patriots wanted a ​ about 16% of the population revolution ​ loyal to the british crown ​ militia controlled areas where british ​ believed that the british were going troops weren’t present to win the revolutionary war ​ responsible for “educating” the ​ also believed they would be people about the cause for rewarded by the british once the war revolution was over ​ most common in new england and ​ many left the colonies to return to the backcountry british, leaving their land behind ​ made up of mostly younger ○​ land was absorbed by generations: new lights surrounding population ○​ presbyterians & ​ mostly made up of older congregationalists generations: old lights unit 2 ​ first phase of revolution (1776-1778) ○​ mostly in the north ○​ 1776-1781: shifts focus to south believing colonists would take care of the north ​ most colonists fled or even didn’t fight at all ​ december 25, 1776 ○​ george washington washes the delaware river ○​ washington needed a victory before december 31 to restore faith ​ attacked trenton new jersey ​ battle of trenton: american victory, encouraged soldiers to re-enlist ​ battle of princeton (3 january 1777) ○​ american victory ○​ washington forced british to retreat from new jersey ○​ victories increased morale ○​ large increase in enlistments ​ burgoyne’s march on albany (june-oct 1777) ○​ isolate new england colonies ○​ burgoyne’s army surrounded and defeated by general horatio at saratoga, NY ​ offered formal recognition of american independence from britain ​ transformed american revolution into world war ○​ spain and netherlands(holland) join american side ​ british moves troops to southern sides ○​ (to be with loyalists) ○​ bigger fights, but more slow-paced ○​ 1778-1779: ​ georgia conquered ○​ may 1780: ​ charleston, south carolina taken ○​ tide turned at battle of cowpens (january 1780), kings mountain (october 1780) ​ hyperinflation ○​ created as a result of lessened trade ○​ britain shuts down ports, nearly no trade ​ continentals were the currency, but they became almost worthless ○​ american governments became almost bankrupt ​ some people profited by selling to both sides ​ 1781: battle of yorktown unit 2 ○​ american victory ○​ marquis de lafayette forced british (led by cornwallis) toward yorktown, virginia ​ british navy couldn’t get supplies in as a result of french navy ○​ october 19: cornwallis forced to surrender ​ effectively ended the war ​ washington kept troops in place to maintain peace ​ 1768 treaty of paris ○​ collapse of tory government ​ replaced by whig ○​ british defeats in america, west indies, india, caribbean, gibraltar, mediterranean(leads to the collapse) ​ pro-american whig government rises in power ○​ american delegates: ben franklin, john adams, john jay ​ france wanted america weak so they could be in control ○​ delegates knew this, so they wanted to prevent it ○​ as a result, america secretly arranged a treaty with britain ○​ france, spain, america, and britain sign peace treaty ​ england recognizing US independence ○​ US boundaries set at mississippi river ○​ US given trading access ○​ US allowed to fish on canadian water ○​ US made to pay debts owed to britain ​ why did britain lose? ○​ communication over sea was problematic ○​ loyalists didn’t provide expected support ○​ no single capital of US, leadership could be interchanged ○​ US had too much land, hard to control PRACTICE Answer i, ii, and iii. (i)​ Briefly explain ONE specific strength that Patriots had in the American Revolution in the period 1774 to 1783. (ii)​ Briefly explain ONE specific way that France influenced the American Revolution in the period 1774 to 1783. (iii)​ Briefly explain ONE specific role that Native Americans played in the American Revolution in the period 1774 to 1783. review video unit 2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YhqXNJngvTo ​ organization of new governments ○​ state governments ​ state wrote 10 constitutions (a legal government that says what a government is and how it works) ​ common traits ​ bill of rights (10 amendments) ​ separation of powers ○​ legislature, executive, independent judiciary ​ limited suffrage ○​ ability to vote (white landowning men) ​ republican ideas ​ articles of confederation ○​ made by second continental congress in november of 1777 ○​ structure ​ unicameral legislature, 3-year terms ​ supermajority (9 out of 13 states) needed for laws to be passed ​ unanimous consent to change articles (hard to change - amendment) ​ sovereignty of states (independence) ○​ powers ​ declare war, sign treaties ​ foreign diplomacy (interactions with other nations) ​ borrowing money ○​ restrictions ​ regulation of commerce ​ collecting taxes ​ no independent executive/judiciary ​ under the articles ○​ accomplishments ​ wins the war ​ uniting states in law ​ expansion of the US ​ north-west territories ​ ohio valley ​ land ordinance (1785) ○​ expansion west of appalachian mountains unit 2 ​ settled boundary disputes ​ northwest ordinance (1787) ○​ established rules for statehood ○​ no slavery (individual states chose whether or not to enforce) ○​ problems ​ financial ​ debt (to france, netherlands, veterans–primarily black slaves who had bought their freedom by fighting) ○​ unable to tax, can’t get money ​ each state had its own currency ​ unable to regulate international trade ​ foreign policy ​ threats from spain + britain ​ states conducted foreign policy ​ shays rebellion (1786-1787) ○​ poor farmers burdened with unpayable debts ​ US only able to trade with others using gold and silver, which they have limited amounts of ​ many were unpaid veterans ○​ summer of 1786, farmers in western massachusetts petitioned for their debt to be forgiven for a year ​ replaced a monarchy with another ○​ government refused, so farmers captured courthouses ○​ daniel shays ​ former captain of revolutionary war ​ led crowd to supreme court ○​ articles were unable to respond due to their lack of independent executive ​ congress needed to wait for a law to be passed ○​ henry knox ​ secretary of state ​ told congress to dispatch militia to quell rebellion–but there wasn’t a militia ​ the congress was passing laws similar to the ones at the time of the british monarchy ​ habeas corpus removed ○​ january 1787 unit 2 ​ farmers constantly wreaking havoc ​ privately funded army (general ben. lincoln) ​ shays assembled farmers to defend themselves ​ springfield arsenal left 4 rebels dead, and the rest of them (including shays, fled) ​ pardoned for their crimes ​ failure of the articles ○​ shays proved the articles insufficient ​ people now believed that the government was too weak to stop the rebellion, therefore they are too weak to protect simple liberties ​ there wasn’t an executive to react quickly to emergencies ○​ may-sept 1787 ​ constitutional convention (philadelphia) ​ fixed articles ​ replaced with the US constitution ​ constitutional convention ○​ 12 state delegates ​ rhode island didn’t want to expand centralized power ○​ george washington chosen to preside over convention (lend legitimacy) ○​ virginia plan ​ bicameral legislature (opposing to the unicameral articles) ​ inspired by house of lords and house of commons ○​ new jersey plan ​ unicameral legislature (each state = 1 vote) ○​ the great (connecticut) compromise ​ bicameral legislature ​ proportional representation based off of population ​ upper house = 2 per state ○​ three-fifths compromise ​ southern states believed slaves should count in numbers ​ northern states opposed - no political representation, don’t count ​ each enslaved person counts as ⅗ of a free person (for representation in congress) ​ US constitution ○​ 3 independent branches unit 2 legislature executive judiciary ​ congress (house of ​ president (vice ​ supreme court representatives, president) ​ interprets laws senate) ​ enforces laws ​ makes laws ○​ congress given power ​ collect taxes, commerce regulation, do things “necessary and proper” to fulfill function ○​ balance of powers -> nation and state governments ​ federalism ​ ratification ○​ when constitution was revealed (17 sept 1787), sent to states to be approved federalists anti-federalists ​ supported constitution ​ opposed constitution ​ believed having a strong central ​ believed a strong central government was good government would trample ​ established order sovereignty ​ lack of tyranny (independent ​ thought it would overpower branches) individual and state liberties ○​ checks and balances ​ ○​ resulted in 10 changes in the constitution - bill of rights ​ what the federal government can’t do (restrict freedom of speech, religion, etc…) ○​ ratified 21 june 1788 ​ washington for president ○​ won unanimous approval ​ federalists won majority in congress ​ john adams -> vp ○​ knew his choices would start and impact future traditions of the country ​ used prestige to build a strong chief executive ​ emphasized dignity and humility ○​ established cabinet ​ advisory unit 2 ​ let congress approve appointments ​ but president still has sole authority to remove laws ○​ retired after serving 2 4-year terms ​ republican self-sacrifice ​ american “copycats” ○​ inspired atlantic revolutions ​ liberty and sovereignty ​ successful independence ○​ examples ​ 1789 french revolution ​ overthrew king louis xvi, debate and support about this in america ​ haitian revolution 1791 ​ independence from san dominique, france ​ only successful slave revolt in history ​ latin american wars for independence 1808-1836 ​ washington farewell address (sept 1796) ○​ washington refused to serve 3rd term ○​ warned against… ​ sectionalism + succession ​ political parties ​ permanent alliances ​ rise of political parties federalists democratic-republicans ​ wealthy class ​ the people ​ strong central government ​ strong state government ​ manufacturing-based economy ​ emphasis on agricultural products ​ strong alliance with britain ​ strict interpretation of constitution ​ strong national bank ​ french ally ​ state-controlled banks ​ free trade ​ review ○​ 1781 - articles of confederation ratified ○​ 1787 - confederation put into place ○​ 1791 - bill of rights ratified ○​ 1st major american revolutionary war - battle of lexington and concord unit 2 ○​ common sense ​ thomas paine ​ advocated for independence for 13 colonies from britain ○​ legislations that led to the revolution ​ sugar act, stamp act, intolerable acts, townshend acts ○​ benedict arnold ​ military officer (american) ​ betrayed americans PRACTICE 1. Answer i, ii, and iii. (i)​ Briefly explain ONE specific strength that Patriots had in the American Revolution in the period 1774 to 1783. (ii)​ Briefly explain ONE specific way that France influenced the American Revolution in the period 1774 to 1783. (iii)​ Briefly explain ONE specific role that Native Americans played in the American Revolution in the period 1774 to 1783.