History Notes PDF

Unit 1: 1491-1750 Pre-Columbian America, Exploration, and Colonization Pre-Columbian Civilizations Mesoamerica + South America 33,000 BCE - Ice Age Historic c. Mexico - Honduras inhabited by native...

Unit 1: 1491-1750 Pre-Columbian America, Exploration, and Colonization Pre-Columbian Civilizations Mesoamerica + South America 33,000 BCE - Ice Age Historic c. Mexico - Honduras inhabited by native 3,000 - 9,000 BCE - migration into American civilizations with sophisticated agricultural systems, Continent urban centers and large empires 8,000 - 2,000 BCE - DOmestication of animals and ○ Maya, Toltec, Aztec, Inca sophisticated agriculture → cities! Native Americans of Richmond Politics - Powhatan Confederacy Culture + Society - Algonquien language ○ Leader: Wahunsenacawh ○ Matrilineal society ○ Chiefs: Weroance (m)/ Weroansqua (f) ○ Key center: Richmond Economy - Agriculture, trade, war ○ “Powhatan”, “Shocquohocan”, or “Shockoe” Unit 1 (European Exploration and Effects) What is happening in Europe in the 15th + 16th century? Reasons for Transatlantic Journeys Renaissance 3 G’s Strong nations → England, Spain, and Portugal ○ Gold, God, Glory Protestant Reformation Maritime Revolution European Exploration Begins Exploration Effects: Columbian Exchange Portugal = leader Exchange of goods, ideas, disease, and people ○ Slave trade between Europe and the Americas Oct. 12, 1492 - Christopher Columbus arrives in ○ From Europe: Guanahani (Bahamas) Livestock (horse, cattle, pig) Treaty of Tordesillas Diseases (smallpox) ○ Divide up the world (Spain + Portugal) Exploration Effects: Disease Exploration Effects: Multicultural Society About 90% of the Native American population died Castas - caste system in Latin America based on Europe → America: race ○ Flue, chopping cough, measles, plague, Less racial mixing in North America chicken pox, malaria America → Europe: ○ Syphilis Slavery Chattel slavery: owning human being as property 12 million enslaved Africans that could be sold, given, inherited (born into slavery) Unit 1 (European Interactions with Native Americans) European and Native American Interactions Latin America Spain Resistance + war Conquistadors = conquerors Europeans: Encomienda system: forced labor system ○ “Europeans are superior” + introduced alcohol + disrespectful Native Americans: ○ don’t want European culture, are more respectful Spanish North America Spanish North America 1600s  Florida + Southwest United States 1680 - Popé (Po’pay) mission system = forced conversion, pacification, ○ religious Pueblo leader and acculturation by the Catholic Church ○ conducts Revolt Mass occurring Spanish colonists and taking over Santa Fe Pueblo revolt Only successful revolt French North America French North America 1600s Samuel de Champlain established New France 1660s - Canada to Gulf Coast (1608) 1682 - Louisiana founded at Mississippi River delta “Western Sea” / “Sea of China” (after King Louis XIV) Beaver trade ○ Key trading point Alliances ○ French versus Spanish + England neglect of the crown Administration Dutch America (New Netherland) 1621 - established by Dutch West India Company fur trade Hudson River Valley conflicts with English and Indigenous people New York City = New Amsterdam Anglo - Dutch War (1664) = New Netherland lost Unit 1 (English Colonization) Background: England 1600s Early Settlements Lost Colony Protestant Reformation Sir Walter Raleigh pushes for exploration of North Queen Elizabeth I America naval and military power Virginia: first British colony in North America joint-stock companies Roanoke colony: first settlement attempt by England (1585 - 1587) ○ “Croatoan” English + Native Americans The Virginia Experiment “Noble Savages” 1607 - Virginia company settled Jamestown separated John Smith: “Soldier of Fortune”, and leader of Virginia colony ○ “he that will not work shall not eat” ○ alliance with Powhatan ○ Pocahontas The Starving time Tobacco saves Virginia 1609 - 500 colonists 1610 - John Rolfe, English venturer + Trader brings 1610 - 61 colonists tobacco to Virginia ○ Trade + crops decline ○ tobacco - cash crop ○ Violence married Pocahontas ○ Supply missions fail ○ bad leadership ○ Cannibalism (starving makes people desperate) Tobacco Labor The Virginia Paradox: 1619 headright system: land grant in British colonies 1619 - Virginia governor George yearly establishes indenture: labor contract between two people, and House of Burgesses which one person worked to repay an indenture 1619 - 1st enslaved people from Africa landed at indenture → slavery hampton, Virginia Virginia becomes a Royal Colony Opechancanough attacks → anglo--powhatan Wars 1624- King James I makes Virginia a royal colony 1610 - 1614 + 1622 - 1626 corruption, disease, War bankrupts Virginia  Company Unit 1 (Colonial Regions) [Northern Colonies] Government + religion Economy Theocracy Scattered plantations Society of “saints” fishing, ship-building, rum distilling discipline cities Religious Communities Pilgrims Puritans ○ Separatists ○ 1630 ○ Plymouth ○ reformers - “purify the Church of England” ○ Mayflower compact ○ “the elect” ○ Thanksgiving ○ Massachusetts Bay Colony ○ dominant in New England ○ believed in equality of adult male rule Mayflower Compact (Pilgrims) Dissenters (Puritans) “in the name of God” Roger Williams community/ Unity ○ disliked church-state Union Equality *male* ○ Fair dealings with American Indians Not specific ○ founded RI Meetings Anne Hutchinson Obedience/ promises ○ educated woman and preacher ○ attacked New England clergy ○ banished Social + Economic Tensions in the North Salem Witch Trials (1692) King Philip's War ( 1675) wealthy girls accused poor, old women of witchcraft ○ English take Wampanoag land = King 342 accused, 20 executed “Philip” (Metacom) lead attacks on MA villages ○ Deaths = 600 colonists + 3,000 Native Americans English colonists displaced to places like Salem, MA Economic / Social Divide: Salem Village Salem town ○ devout Puritans ○ less religious ○ farmers ○ traders/bargainers Unit 1 (Colonial Regions) [Middle Colonies] Middle colonies Government PA, NY, NJ, DE Royal governors elected legislatures Religion + Society Economy religious diversity farming, lumber, ship - building, textiles Quaker Pennsylvania Quakers PA - proprietary colony of William penn, Quaker “religious Society of Friends” leader Protestant “Inner Light” No weapons  no social classes abolitionists Unit 1 (Colonial Regions) [Chesapeake + Southern Colonies] Chesapeake + Southern Colonies Government MD, VA, NC, SC, GA Royal governors Religion Society Church of England High mortality Catholic Church (MD) women property rights Chesapeake + southern economy Conflicts Tobacco (VA, MD, NC) conflicts with Native Americans rice, indigo (SC, GA) ○ 1676 - Bacon's Rebellion: Nathaniel ○ headright system Bacon massacres peaceful tribes ○ Indentures ○ when asked to stop his men burnt ○ slave labor Jamestown ○ Effects ends attempts to convert Native Americans Responses to slavery ○ 1739 - Stono Rebellion: 100 enslaved men killed 20 white inhabitants of South Carolina Unit 1 (Transatlantic Slave Trade + Its Effects) From Indenture to Slavery What? - Transatlantic Slave Trade Headright system → indentured servitude → slavery Enslaved people = 20% of North American Population Triangular trade ○ Middle passage Northern Colonies profit from this trade Why? - Colonial Society: Economy How? - VA Slave Laws Mercantilism = economic system that maximizes Laws → institution based on slavery and racism exports and minimize imports ○ Cause of laws: turmoil ○ Goal = remove foreign supply Stono Rebellion, Bacon’s Navigation Acts (1651-1696) Rebellion ○ Only trade with British ships ○ All imports through British parts (taxed) ○ Sugar + tobacco sold only to England Unit 1 (Intellectual Movements) Context: Colonial Society - Society English Colonial America: The Enlightenment 1720s - wealthy landowners/ planters Upper-class, white, men ○ Europeanized education, fashion, Intellectual revolution that emphasized reason and manners logic Merchants John Locke = Great Britain philosopher - promoted ○ Economically restricted by England the idea of natural rights: ○ Life, liberty, and property In America: ○ Deism, representation, sovereignty, toleration Deism = balance between god and science - “God is like a clockmaker”  Benjamin Franklin ○ Pennsylvania Gazette ○ Join or Die ○ Diffusion of knowledge Lending library and philosophical society The Black Enlightenment Colonial Society: The Great Awakening Benjamin Banneker Open to everyone ○ Mathematician, astronomer, writer The Great Awakening: ○ Baltimore, MD ○ response to Enlightenment ○ Self-educated ○ religious revival Philis Wheatly ○ emphasized emotion and salvation ○ Poet Johnathan Edwards: ○ Enslaved in Boston, MA ○ “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” Lemuel Haynes ○ Reform ○ Protestant minister George Whitefield: ○ Indentured servant in Granule, MA (until ○ Founder of methodism 21) Unit 2: 1750-1800 American Revolution through the Early Republic Unit 2 (French + Indian War) Long Term Causes: France vs England How George Washington started a World War Native Allies: 1753 - VA Governor sent commander George ○ French - Algonquin Washington as an envoy to the French at Forks of ○ Britain - Iroquois the Ohio River Competition land and trade George Washington’s men kill French Commander ○ Ohio River Valley → French attack Fort Necessity → war ○ Great Lakes Land + frontier control ○ France building forts across Ohio River Valley Unifying the Colonies: Join or Die The French + Indian War/ Seven Years War The Albany Congress (1754) = delegates from 7 1754=1763 colonies to form plan: 1758 - Britain takes Fort Duquesne and Ohio Valley ○ Recruit troops 1763 - Treaty of Paris of 1763 ends the war ○ Make alliances with Native Americans ○ Collect taxes Effects of the War 1. British naval and land supremacy 3. Colonial Resentment 2. Instability with Native Americans Proclamation of 1763 = prevented Pontiac’s War = 1763 rebellion lead by colonists from expanding westward Ottawa leader in Great Lakes/ Detroit 10.000 British troops still stationed in America 4. British Resentment + End of Salutary NEglect Debt Cost of frontier defenses ○ Want to tax colonists Unit 2 (Road to Revolution: Taxes + Acts) Taxation Without Representation Colonial Resistance: Economic + Social Debt and maintenance of troops after French + Sons of Liberty Indian war → duties/taxes: ○ Boycotts ○ Sugar Act (1764) ○ Destroying effigies ○ Quartering Act (1765) - soldier housing ○ Violence ○ Stamp Act (1765-1766) - taxed paper Nonimportation of British goods to America goods ○ Daughters of Liberty ○ Declaratory Act (1766) British parliament can pass any laws they want in the colonies More Taxation WIthout Representation… Colonial Resistance: Violence 1767 - The Townshend Duties: taxes on glass, paint, Britain sends 4,000 troops to Boston lead, paper, and tea imports Boston Massacre = March 5, 1770 Goal - pay royal governors with customs rev. NOT $ ○ British soldiers fire into a crowd of from colonial assemblies American colonists (5 killed, 6 injured) Colonial Cooperation Even More Taxation Without Representation 1772 - Samuel Adams, a Boston merchant + 1773 - Tea Act lowers Tea cost for East India Co. politician, organized committees of correspondence (lower than smuggled tea) to save them from ruin to coordinate action against Britain Dec 16, 1773 - Boston Tea Party: ○ Disguised Americans dump tea cargo from British ships The Final Acts  Intolerable Acts of 1774 - punish Americans for ○ MA Government Act Boston Tea Party ○ Administration of Justice Act ○ Boston Port Act ○ Quartering Act Unit 2 (Road to Revolution: Ideological + Political Influences) Ideological Influences: The Enlightenment Ideological Influences: The Great Awakening Enlightenment Ideas: Rejected power structures ○ Church + state separation All humans equal and free in the eyes of God ○ Consent of the governed Religion = unifying force → American identity ○ Checks + balances John Locke’s second Treatise on Gov. = life, liberty, property Revolutionary Ideologies: Independence Thomas Paine = English immigrant, political radical, wrote Common Sense advocating the absurdity of monarchy Unit 2 (The American Revolution) The War Begins Battle of Bunker Hill (Brad’s HIll) Sept 1774 - First Continental Congress June 17, 1775 ○ “Mass problem” Tactical victory for the British “Nobody wants independence” - British Underestimated the Continental Army GW British engage Hessians (Paid German Soldiers) ○ Boycotts, resists suspension of assemblies, petition King April 16, 1775 - Lexington + Concord ○ 700 Great British Soldiers ve. 70 minutemen (not trained) ○ Laid siege to Boston May 1775 - Second Continental Congress ○ Olive branch petition ○ Royal government plan to free enslaved Virginians* (Independence) ○ Established continental army Declaring Independence Battle of Trenton Declaration committee = 5 appointed men December 26th, 1776 Declaration of Independence adopted (with edits), Washington crosses the Delaware July 4th, 1776 surprise the British and Hessians ○ List of grievances, NOT declaration of war morale boost/ American victory Battle of Saratoga Winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania September 19 - October 7, 1777 December 1777 to June 1778 Turning Point Encampment (12,000 men, 400 women) led to Alliance with France 1700 to 2,000 soldiers will die of disease large battle (15,000 Americans versus 6,000 Great camp followers British) war shifts to the South British Surrender at Yorktown Recap of the Revolution October 19th, 1781 April 1775 - September 3rd, 1783 ( treaty) British General Cornwallis importance of local militias ○ surrenders to Washington Local printing press “the world turned upside down” local Reliance on supplies Continentals vs. Redcoats Continental Army (Patriots) Royal armies (Redcoats + loyalists) ○ approximately 19,000 troops, good ○ approximately 32,000 troops, largest army/  leadership (GW), defending Homeland, navy in the world, Mercenaries( Hessians), guerrilla methods, knew the land have a lot of money, highly trained + ○ no Navy, unorganized and undisciplined, disciplined inexperienced, short serving terms, few ○ unknown land, away from supplies (3,000 supplies, no money miles), No Capital to attack Unit 2 (Effects of the Revolution) Treaty of Paris Woman + the Revolution Treaty of Paris (1783) During Revolution: Great Britain recognized American independence ○ camping aids, kept businesses, raised ○ all troops withdrawn money ○ all lands east of Mississippi After revolution US make good on debts* ○ Republican Motherhood: woman to France and Spain are left out educate children as virtuous, citizens ○ no political participation allowed Abigail wants rights for women - “ Independence” Black Americans + the revolution Native Americans + the revolution During Revolution: During Revolution: ○ possibility of freedom (First RI regimen) ○ Ally with Britain ○ George Washington hesitant to allow black ○ Western attacks on white settlements Americans to join army After revolution After Revolution ○ Settlers → disease, violence, alcohol ○ Mass evacuation to Europe ○ Displacement ○ 1777 - 1784 - Vermont, Pennsylvania, ○ assimilation Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, eliminate slavery ○ lack of job opportunity Unit 2 (A New Republic) Challenges of the New Nation The Articles of Confederation Debt ($160 million) Ratified in 1718 - First American attempt at a Unpaid soldiers national government Economic depression “Firm League of Friendship” Native American conflicts Single chamber congress Some regions talking about rebellion Problems of the Articles Administration of the West No executive or judicial branch Northwest Ordinance (1787) - outlines process to ○ States are too independent admit new states Each state gets one vote 3 stages to gain statehood ○ Not representative of the population ○ As population size grew, the state would Doesn’t regulate interstate or overseas trade gain more power ○ Smuggling → loss of money Outlaws slavery in the north west ○ No control over what states can buy Can’t tax without consent of all states ○ No on can agree → one state may want to tax something state-specific Can't raise an army without consent of the states ○ No national security Testing the Article Calling a Constitutional Convention Shay’s Rebellion on Aug. 1786 - Jan. 1787 May 1787 - Delegates from 12 states (not Rhode ○ Daniel Shay vs. the MA government’s Island) meet in Philadelphia, PA failure to support veterans financially ○ New “founding fathers” Articles fail to protect Americans ○ James Madison - VA planter, wealthy, and quell rebellion Princeton law student, representative in the house of delegates  ○ Alexander Hamilton - Caribbean born, NYC lawyer, politician, King’s college graduate (Columbia) and war veteran Federalists and Antifederalists Federalists Antifederalists ○ Want: strong central government ○ Want: week central government ○ Hate: mob rule ○ Fear: Government Tyranny ○ Leaders: ○ Leaders: Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson James Madison Patrick Henry John Jay ○ No plans for debates ○ Nationalists or centralists ○ Agreed the confederation was weak ○ Prepped for debates ○ Localist government ○ “Elitists” ○ Bill of rights ○ Federalist Papers ○ Anti Federalist Papers 85 essays to convince people to 85 essays to convince people of ratify the Constitution the danger of the big government Ratifying the Constitution “Mr. President” 9/13 states needed for ratification / consent of the 1789 - George Washington = president people needed Set precedents People needed convincing ○ Established departments VP: John Adams Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson ○ Judiciary Act (1789) = established federal court system The Bill of RIghts James Madison led effort of 10 amendments to the Ratified by 1791 constitution = Bill of Rights Differing Visions of America Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton ○ Agrarian ○ Varied industry ○ Independent ○ Urban ○ Small government ○ Industrial ○ Feared big cities ○ Seen as “more European” Hamilton v. Jefferson: Finance/ Economy The 1790 Compromise US in $54 million of debt “DInner Table Bargain” Hamilton’s Plan: Compromise: ○ Federal government takes on state and ○ National government to assume state private debt debts ○ Whiskey tax ○ VA/MD get the capital - Washington DC by ○ Protective tariffs (on imports) 1800 ○ Create national bank ○ Investments Jefferson disliked this plan Hamilton v. Jefferson: Foreign Affairs The Constitution Tested 1789 - French Revolution 1794 - Whiskey Rebellion (Whiskey tax hurt small Should the US help France at war with Britain? farmers) ○ Hamilton - NO ○ PA ○ Jefferson - YES ○ George Washington deployd 13,000 army 1794 - John Jay, Chief Justice of supreme court and militia to end rebellion negotiates treaty to avoid war and keep trade with  Britain George Washington’s FInal Years The Election of 1796 Nation polarized into parties (Federalists v. Jefferson (Democratic - Republicans) v. Adams Republicans) (Federalists) 1793 - Jefferson quits ○ Adams = President 1796 - George Washington refused 3rd term. John ○ Jefferson = VP Adams nominated by Federalists (NOT Hamilton) ○ Federalists = House and Senate ○ Jefferson = VP John Adams’ Presidency The XYZ Affair 1796 - John Adams = President 1798 - France seizing American ships ○ Intellectual US sends 3 delegates to France ○ Not a people person France sends 3 agents: x, y, z, demanding a bribe ○ stubborn 1798 - 1800: Quasi War v. France in the Caribbean Republicans discredited Tripled size of the US Army Very bad for the republicans Protecting National Security? Republican Reactions 1798 - Federalist government passed the Alien and Acts discouraged immigration Sedition Acts 10 men convicted, most of them Democratic - ○ Naturalization Act Republicans/ newspaper editors critical og the ○ Alien Friends Act government Can deport non - citizens Madison and Jefferson write VA + KY Resolutions ○ Alien Enemies Act (1798) = declaring Alien and Sedition Acts Can deport non - citizens in constitutional times of war ○ Sedition Act Most controversial Election of 1800 Adams v. Jefferson House casts tie-breaking vote (36x) ○ Jefferson v. Aaron Burr Hamilton supports “not so dangerous” Jefferson ○ Problem: Jefferson and Burr both get 73 electoral votes Unit 3: 1800-1848 Transformations of American Society, Economy, & Democracy Unit 3 (Jeffersonian Era) Jefferson’s Vision for America Jefferson’s Judicial Troubles Jeffersonian Democracy 1801 - Adams appoints William Marbury justice of the ○ Yeoman Farmers = Educated peace in “Midnight Appointments” farmers, true republicans, virtuous Thomas Jefferson’s administration denies him office ○ Self - sufficient Marbury vs. Madison ○ Agriculture > industry ○ Judicial Review = Supreme court can reject ○ States > federal unconstitutional laws and can’t force people to do things Jefferson + Foreign Affairs Jefferson and his Vice President: Aaron Burr Problem = Napoleon Kills Hamilton 1803 - Louisiana Purchase = Napoleon sells Commits treason against the union LA to Monroe for $15 million Tries to invade the US Can the president buy property for the US? 1803 - 1806 - Lewis and Clark Expedition: explore the new land with Shoshone guide, Sacagawea Jefferson’s Hypocrisy End of Neutrality Sally Hemings = enslaved woman on Jefferson keeps neutrality in Napoleonic Wars (1804-1815) Jefferson’s house hold, had 4 of his children Britain violates it by impressment (6000 US sailors) and Jefferson condemned mixing of races attack on USS Chesapeake ○ Impressment = taking sailors and making them serve with the Royal Navy → Peaceable coercion Peaceable Coercion Non-Importation Act banned curtain Great 1807 - Embargo Act of 1807, no American exports to British exports foreign ports ○ Economic recession ○ Unemployed sailors ○ Bankrupt merchants ○ Jails full of debtors ○ Calls for was (England) Unit 3 (The War of 1812) Election of 1808 Tension in the Frontier 1808 = James Madison wins presidency US taking native lands for Republicans Tecimsen = shawnee chief, leads western tribes to unite against the US Result = Battle of Tippecanoe (1811) Effects = Tecumsen seeks alliance with Great Britain The War of 1812 Key Moments of the War June 1, 1812 - Congress declares war on 1. Britain Naval Blockade Britain 2. President's house burned Reasons: 1 + 2 = reasons why the public was against the war 1. Violation of Neutrality 3. Star Spangled Banner 2. War-hawks 4. Battle of Horseshoe Bend 3. Frontier Issues a. General Andrew Jackson 4. Underlying Cause: Economic b. Alabama recession 5. Battle of New Orleans War happened in Canada because the a. General Andrew Jackson British Navy was too strong b. Symbol of Democracy > European aristocracy  Effects of the War of 1812 Treaty of Ghent - status quo ante bellum Hartford Convention (1814) = fall of Federalists Global recognition ○ New England’s grievances Westward expansion ○ Secession? War-hawks and war heroes dominate ○ Proposed constitutional Amendments government Abolishment of ⅗ clause Industry Congress = vote to declare war and admit Nationalism new states President = single term No embargos longer than 60 days ○ Regional divisions Unit 3 (Era of Good Feelings) Good Feelings: Politics Good Feelings: Culture James Monroe = VA Republican, veteran, president Effects of war of 1812 from 1817-1825 Celebrating American Revolution and “Founding Goodwill Tour (1817-1819) Fathers” ○ Rotunda Growth of natural culture ○ Songs ○ Webster’s dictionary Good Feelings: Economy The Protective Tariff Republicans adopt Federalist ideas to improve US = Tariff = aims to protect western manufacturing from American System (by Henry Clay) European Competition ○ Protective Tariffs ○ New England = against ○ Internal improvements (roads, canals, etc) ○ South = for, patriotic ○ National Bank (2nd) - bus to fund western ○ West = for, manufacturing expansion Internal Improvements National Bank Failed Legislation attempts to internal improvements Panic of 1819 - Economic depression of 1819-1821 ○ State vs. Fed? (Who does internal Caused by land speculation in West improvements) ○ Unemployment ○ Seen as unconstitutional ○ Foreclosures ○ Bank closures ○ Debtors jail The Missouri Compromise (1820) Foreign Policy 1808 - Congress abolished the Slave trade Monroe Doctrine = (1823) Message to congress Missouri = slave state about US and Europe’s role in the Americas Maine as free state to union ○ Avoid war (unless US interests involved) NO slavery in Louisiana Purchase land North of 36° ○ America ≠ European colony 30’ parallel ○ European colonization = “unfriendly act” Sectionalism - different geographic areas have Written by John Quincy Adams (wanted Westward competing beliefs expansion) Unit 3 (The Market Revolution) Reasons of Industrial Success 1. Embargo Act of 1807 2. “American System” (PIN) 3. Immigration (Irish and German) 4. Idea of American Progress (Manifest Destiny) Unit 3 (The Market Revolution) [Transportation Revolution] Transportation Revolution Steam Boats Before 1800’s - weak infrastructure of rivers (N → S) Sail upstream Fixes: ○ Steamboats, canals, railroads Canals Railroads State funded Privately funded Erie Canal = great lake to NYC (West to industrial 1833 - 800+ miles North) 1850 - 9000 miles Locks systems 1860 - 30000 miles Unit 3 (The Market Revolution) [Effects] {Cultural Impact} Romanticism Intellectual and artistic movement focused on: nature, religion, heroism, nationalism ○ Hudson River School Unit 3 (The Market Revolution) [Effects] {Social Impact} Social Trends Women Alcoholism Lowell Factory system = Hiring young, unmarried Wage workers = less and less skilled women, who lived in company boarding houses Owners = more and more money ○ “Boss” (1829) Middle class Decrease in fertility rate ○ 3.6 in 1830s “ Cult of Destiny” African-Americans in the North new jobs raise questions about women's “proper” by 1804 - North States outlawed slavery ( roles gradually) ○ separated spheres many are inventors, own businesses, and raise ○ “ make the home a Haven for their money for abolitionism husbands” for ideal qualities of women: ○ Piety ○ Purity ○ Submissiveness ○ Domesticity Immigration: nativism Immigration: know-nothings Nativism = protecting interest of native born know-nothing party = Anti-immigrant, anti-catholic Americans political movement against German and Irish ○ Political → potential votes immigration ○ Economic → “ taking jobs” ○ Religious → Catholics x ○ Cultural → “ drunks”, “ violent”, “ dirty” common schools Unit 3 (The Market Revolution) [Effects] {Regional Effects} Regional specialization effects on the North and Midwest South = plantations 1. North and Midwest now interconnected north and east = manufacturing and businesses 2. Urban growth West = farming and trade a. Chicago (railroads) b. Cincinnati (river)  c. St Louis (gateway to the West 3. German and Irish immigration impact on the south: “ King Cotton” domestic slave trade cotton becomes king 1808 - Congress boats to end Atlantic slave trade ○ shipped to Northern factories slave trade within us continues slavery expands West cotton belt = SC, ga, fl, al, ms, tn, la, ar, TX 1820 → over 1 million slaves sold “ down the river” 1820 - 1860 → over 1 million slaves sold West What was the market Revolution? “A positive good” Early 19th century - shift from subsistence economy most Southerners didn't own slaves to a commercial one yet, they defended slavery as a “ necessary evil” fueled by: and a “ positive good” for the US ○ new technology ○ Bible ○ classical history ○ family Unit 3 (The Market Revolution) [Effects] {Resistance to Slavery} The violence of slavery Underground Railroad violence was the tool of enslavers network of secret routes for enslaved people to escape North Harriet Tubman extremely dangerous Daily resistance violent resistance disrupt work Gabriel's Rebellion ( 1800) = led by educated marriage and Families artisan in richmond inspired by Haitian revolution Religion ○ 35 enslaved people executed ○ David Walker and black evangelicalism, Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831) = led by enslaved freedom's Journal preacher in Virginia believed God had chosen him to Music lead others from bondage ○ Spirituals = African American religious ○ 55 white people killed songs with underlying messages of ○ 200 black people executed freedom ○ new laws ( no reading, writing, or Bibles) Unit 3 (The Age of Jackson) Election of 1824 Election of 1828 John Quincy Adams ( who can write) versus Andrew Andrew Jackson = president ( 1828- 1836) Jackson( who can fight) ○ founding of Democratic Party ○ birth of American populism ( Andrew ○ popular support Jackson) Critics ○ party tickets ○ “ spoils system” = giving political corrupt bargain → Adams = president supporters public offices ○ “ kitchen cabinet” ○ “ reign of king mob”, “ despot” Jacksonian Democracy Jackson as a symbol Universal white male suffrage = voting rights “ Common Man” expanded “ Indian fighter” ○ no property qualifications “ hero of New Orleans” ○ more popular voting “ self-made man” “ anti elitism” “ Auntie big government” Unit 3 (The Age of Jackson) [Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency] #1 Jackson's Indian Removal Act #2 Jackson and the Nullification Crisis Indian Removal Act ( 1830) = federal law to remove debate over “ Tariff of Abominations” Eastern tribes and forced West of Mississippi River John C Calhoun calls for nullification = voiding ○ 100 million Acres of Indian Land → 32 unconstitutional law million Acres of public lands Congress adopted compromise tariff in South Context Carolina accepted but hardened sectionalism ○ westward expansion ( industrialization) ○ “ Five Civilized Tribes” - American government Cherokee Nation versus Georgia ( 1831) and Worchester versus Georgia ( 1832) = states have no rights to impose regulations on native American land Trail of Tears ( 1831) = Force displacement of Cherokee tribes → 8,000 deaths #3 Jackson and the party system #4 Jackson and the bank Whigs context ○ Henry Clay, Daniel Webster ○ Constitution Barred States from printing ○ strong federal government money ○ lose interpretation of Constitution → independent Banks opens ( ○ Northeast / Mid-Atlantic 1830--1837) ○ Urban professionals ○ Bank of the US = $35 million (2x annual Democrats expense of the federal government = ○ Jackson economic influence was huge) ○ state rule/local government Henry Clay and Webster (whigs) to recharter ○ free trade and cheap land Second Bank ○ equal white male suffrage ○ Jackson vetoes it ○ South and West (farmers) ○ Jackson moves money to State Banks “ ○ Urban workers( immigrants) pet Banks” ○ disrupted entire US economy ○ 1837 - $59 million in paper bills ○ 183* - $14 million in paper bills - $ 10.5 Million in gold #5 Jackson's westward expansion #6 Jackson's “Specie circular” 1832 = boom in land sales → General land office Land speculation in West → inflation ○ Settles → Mexico ○ 1836 - specie circular = presidential 1835 - Rebellion by Samuel Houston = Annex order that requires buying of land with gold texas? No or silver ○ provoke war with Mexico ○ Results - paper money loses value, land ○ recognized as an independent country sales decline ○ slave state Martin Van Buren and the panic of 1837 log cabins and hard cider 1836 - Martin Van Buren ( Democratic Republican) 1840 - William Henry Harrison (Whig) becomes elected president president 1837 - economic depression High voter turnout ○ 9 out of 10 East factories closed 1841 - John Tyler = president ○ shops empty ○ 7 years long = “ hungry forties” ○ Martin van ruin” ○ Bankruptcy protection in end of debtors prison ○ Democratic Republic Party losing grip Unit 3 (Second Great Awakening and Antebellum Reform) Causes of Reform Cause: Transcendentalism Jeffersonian + Jacksonian Democracy (“common Themes: Anti - industry, nature, pacifism, Anti -  man”) slavery Market revolution ○ Henry david thoreau Anti - rationalism ○ Transcendentalism ○ Second great awakening Cause: The 2nd great awakening Effects of the 2nd Great awakening Intense religious revival and movements (1820’s - New denominations 30s) Utopian societies Main ideas: Abolitionism ○ Millennialism Moral reform ○ Relationship with god ○ Democratic religion Social Reform: Public Education Social Reform: Temperance “Common schools” American temperance society ○ State funded ○ Moderate alcohol consumption ○ Free and compulsory ○ Defense of family and morals ○ Literacy ○ Protestant work ethic ○ assimilation Social Reform: Mental Health Social Reform: Woman’s Suffrage Dorothea Dix = improved conditions for the mentally Seneca Falls convention (1841) = 1st women's right ill convention, seneca NY Jails → asylums, almshouses, workhouses ○ Declaration of sentiments ○ Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton Intersectionality: Abolitionism and Sufferage Moderate vs Radical Abolition Black women left out of suffragists movements Moderate - American Colonization Society proposed Harriet tubman freed people settle in liberia Harriet jacobs Radical - immediate abolition, no compensation for Sojourner Truth = preacher, abolitionist, feminist enslavers ○ William lloyd Garrison ○ Frederick Douglass Unit 4: 1840’s-1877 Sectional Conflict, the Civil War, & Reconstruction Unit 4 (Manifest Destiny) Manifest Destiny The Overland Trails Manifest Destiny = belief that US expansion into Journeys west took about 4 months American continent was inevitable and justified Overland trails = routes to OR and CA used by ○ Christianity American emigrants ○ Nationalism ○ Santa Fe Trail ○ Expansionism ○ Oregon Trail Opposed by Whigs Unit 4 (Manifest Destiny) [Northwest Expansion] Manifest Destiny + Politics: Oregon Manifest Destiny + Gold: California US wants OR, but Britain controls part of it CA gold rush = (1848-1850) sparked by discovery of 1844 - Expansionist, Democrat, from TN, James K. gold in CA Polk wins presidency with expansionist slogan, Results: “50-40 or fight” ○ Boom towns, Radical Tensions (Chinese immigrants), citizenship question, slavery question Unit 4 (Manifest Destiny) [Southwest Expansion] Manifest Destiny + Slavery: Texas Texas Revolution (1836) - Sam Houston Unit 4 (Manifest Destiny) [The Mexican American War (1846-1848)] Causes of the War The War Border disputes over boundaries of Texas Whigs criticize war Resentment over Alamo and atrocities Bear Flag Revolt (1846) = rebellion by American Expansionist policies of the US settlers in CA (independent republic) ○ Polk wants CA Gen Winfield Scott takes Mexico City, Sept, 1847 Peace Treaty and Cession The War’s Effect: Sectional Conflict Guadalupe - Hidalgo Treaty ends war in Feb, 1848 Should the new territories be free or slave states? Mexican Cession: Failed Solution #1: Expand the Missouri compromise ○ TX (at Rio Grande boundary) Failed Solution #2: Wilmot Proviso = prohibit slavery 36°N - $15 mil in acquired Mex. territory ○ Increased US territory by 64% Possible Solution #3: Popular sovereignty = inhabitants of new territories decide the issue of slavery ○ This will be adopted in a compromise in 1850 Unit 4 (Road to War) The Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Clause Compromise of 1850 by Henry Clay Renewed Fugitive Slave Act harsher measure allows 1. CA free state any citizen of the US to capture and return fugitive 2. NM + VT → popular sovereignty slaves 3. DC ends slave trade ○ No trial by jury 4. TX - NM boundaries ○ Harsh punishments 5. Fugitive slave law Cultural Reactions Physical Reactions  1852 - Harriet Beecher Stowe published Uncle Tom's Network of secret routes for enslaved people to Cabin - novel depicting the horrors of slavery escape north Fredrick Douglas’s “what to the slave is the 4th of Harriet Tubman July?” Extremely dangerous Political Reactions Lingering Problem: Unorganized Territory Democrats ALMOST split bit united after the 1852 1854 - Stephen A. Douglas (Dem.) proposes Kansas election of Franklin Pierce - Nebraska Act = popular sovereignty in KS and NE New party - Republican Party = Northern (wants transcontinental railroad) abolitionists and unhappy democrats Opposition: ○ South and North ○ Free - Soil movement see act as conspiracy for slavery Kansas - Nebraska Act → Violence A Bad Decision: The Case 1854 - 1859 - Bleeding Kansas = violence over Dred Scott v. Stanford case slavery during rush to settle KS ○ 1857 - Dred Scott, MO enslaved man who 1856 - Caning of Charles Sumner = SC lived in free territory (IL + WI), but was representative, Preston Brooks (Dem.), beat MA never given freedom senator, (Rep.) Charles Sumner, with a care for Dred Scott Decision = Chief Justice Roger B Taney anti-slavery speech declares: ○ Enslaved people cannot sue for freedom ○ Scott is not a US citizen (nor are Black people) ○ MO compromise is unconstitutional IL Senatorial Election of 1858 Rising Tensions Stephen A Douglas Abolition ○ Experienced politician ○ Photography ○ Democrat ○ Raid on Harpers Ferry ○ Kansas - Nebraska ○ Publication of Darwin’s on the Origin of ○ Believed in superiority of white people Species ○ Popular sovereignty Pro - Slavery Abraham Lincoln ○ Average price of enslaved people ○ Inexperienced lawyer increasing ○ Free soiler → republican ○ African Labor Supply Association ○ Self - educated ○ New state’s laws ○ Slavery wrong Oregon and Arkansas ○ Didn’t believe in social/ political equality of races Rising Tensions in 1859 Election of 1860 Oct. 16, 1859 - Raid of Harpers Ferry = John Brown, Abraham Lincoln (IL) radical abolitionist, lead raid to federal arsenal in WV ○ Republican ○ Believed he was “instrument of God” ○ Moderate on slavery (restrict expansion) ○ Hanged → martyr for northern cause ○ Westerner South sees republicans as responsible John C. Breckinridge (KT) ○ S democrat ○ Supports popular sovereignty Stephen Douglas (IL) ○ Northern Democrat ○ Pro - slavery Secession Commissioners The Deep South Secedes Lincoln wins Dec. 20, 1860 - SC votes unanimously for secession After the election, Southern states (SC, GA, AL, MS) (AL, MS, FL, GA, LA, TX follow) sent delegates to consult and convince other Feb. 4, 1861 - 7 states form the Confederate States southern states to secede of America Jefferson Davis - President Alexander H Stephens - VP